Alien Biosphere Evolution #8: The Arthropod Recipe

[@Phrenotopia]

Thanks for watching! There's an embarrassing blunder halfway, where I state that hairs & nails are made of chitin. Of course, they're made of keratin, so I should actually have said: "...chitin, which has a similar structural function as the keratin that nails and hairs are made of. "

[@xuanluu4873]

What are the next body plan you will cover?

[@rissmebesce71]

Hola. Entiendo perfectamente ingles y a mi encantaria apoyar tu contenido. Gracias a tus videos logro desarrollarlo un poco mas ademas de ver aspectos de biologia en otro idioma.

[@abhayprasad9580]

Nice video man but why you upload so late...

[@isaacthedestroyerofstuped7676]

I think it's worth putting a quick note in the video or the description. If you want to replace the "hair and nails" part with the structural integument for fungi, I think that would be good. Up to you though.

[@thelaughinghyenas8465]

Phrenotopia, this is a REALLY good video, error or not. It's thorough and well organized.

[@krakenpots5693]

"How does one cook up an arthropod?" With butter. And a few herbs... fried in a pan until whistling and red! Lovely!

[@HuckleberryHim]

Sad that a marvel of nature, as described in the very video you're watching, is reduced to merely an edible object in your mind.

[@ajarofmayonnaise3250]

@@HuckleberryHim my dude it’s sarcasm

[@misterskeleton_yt7854]

@@HuckleberryHim so? its healthy

[@JanetStarChild]

@@misterskeleton_yt7854 In fairness, far too many people abuse the comments section by littering it with half-baked jokes (or worst, memes) and not enough intellectual discourse. That said, the OP's comment is the rare exception of legitimately witty humor.

[@halfdemonantman6949]

@@HuckleberryHim That's entirely toxic and unnecessary.

[@humanoid9787]

I have a question : do you ever consider how the physics (Eg. Gravity, atmospheric gasses) of the other planet affect the alien species evolution?

[@Phrenotopia]

I will eventually, but even slight increases of e.g. gravity will make significant differences on how life will evolve. For now, I want to stick planets very similar to Earth. I can recommend the new NetFlix series "Alien Worlds" which offers some interesting insights on some of the differences.

[@humanoid9787]

@@Phrenotopia I think it'd be really interesting to see a video that takes place on a planet with different physics every once in a while. A part of the reason I'm so drawn to this kind of content and your channel is because I like seeing something really alien, so that would be really cool imo Also yes, looking forward to checking Alien Worlds out

[@a3van609]

@@humanoid9787 Just looking up Alien Biosphere in youtube will get you many videos that itch that curiosity

[@user-ft3jq5vi2l]

@@humanoid9787 look up a KZbin channel called Biblaridion. Dude made his planet 20% less dense than earth and put 1% H2S poison gas into the athmosfere, which ended up having some serious consecuences down the line (including huge chemotrophyc rainforests and acid megahurricanes).

[@jupiter7795]

That middle part explaining the evolution was fucking awesome

[@p00bix]

Craziest thing is, most of that story has been figured out only within the past 10 years. It required a ton of investigation into the genetic relationships between the 8 Ecdysozoan phyla, as well as detailed examination and re-examination of Cambrian fossils (including the identification of4 whole new species), in order to piece together the events that led to the origin and diversification of the Ecdysozoa. This video goes from straight from first Ecdysozoan (the common ancestor of Priapulids and Arthropods + 6 other phyla--shown at about 10:00) to the first gilled lobopods (common ancestor of Arthropods, Tardigrades, and Onychophorans--shown at 10:40), but there's a middle step that didn't get mentioned. After the ancestors of Arthropods diverged from the ancestors of Priapulids and Kinorhyncans, but before the emergence of any Lobopodian features, Ecdysozoans developed an increasingly sophisticated nervous system anatomy, most notably including vibration-sensitive hairs used to provide a simple sense of touch and hearing, as well as a variety of chemoreceptors to provide a sense of smell/taste. You see these same features in the modern Nematodes and Ribbon Worms, which at a glance don't look too different from Priapulids, but are in fact far more 'advanced', Arthropod like creatures. There's also some features that all 'Panarthopods' (Arthropods as well as Tardigrades and Velvet Worms) share with eachother, rather than being completely unique to Arthropods. Their 'lobe feet' ended with claw-like hooks to keep anchored to the seabed, but which would later adapt for various other purposes, such as legs for tightly gripping and climbing trees, or as mouthparts for grinding prey. Their frontmost segment, rather than ending as a pair of limbs, was modified into a pair of sensory appendages which are quite likely direct ancestors of the antennae of most modern panarthropods. Also, each segment includes a pair of nephridia, kidney-like organs not found in other Ecdysozoans. The gill branches are unique to true Arthropods and their very closest extinct cousins (most famously Anomalocaris)

[@thunderwazp7653]

I see why this episode took so long to make, great work mate and Godspeed to your future projects

[@LimeyLassen]

Wow! The algorithm really pulled through for me this time. This channel is a treasure, I don't think I've seen this balance of creativity and thoroughness anywhere else.

[@Phrenotopia]

Wow, thank you! That is a very kind thing to say, especially since being creative and thorough is exactly what I want to be. It's a shame about that one embarrassing blunder in this video, though. That still "bugs" me. 😅

[@bdd6764]

Check out biblaridion, he does a very similar thing

[@team4games884]

0 dislikes as it should be

[@Phrenotopia]

Alas, there's one now. 😁

[@eduardovieira303]

I'm so sad the playlist ends here... For now?

[@violetlight1548]

I know it's been a while not, but I hope you'll continue this series! It seems worms are something that will probably evolve in any biosphere. I'm interested in seeing how you describe the evolution of other phyla of animals!

[@Phrenotopia]

Absolutely! They just take a lot more time to research and think about.

[@xydya]

Awesome, I love the deep dives. Can't wait to see your alien arthropods.

[@rajastannation2438]

Great video. Im currently keeping a athropod that you may know as a roly poly (armadillium valgare) . Im selective breeding them and studying their behavior. This video allowed me to learn more about these athropods history.

[@Phrenotopia]

I love isopods like that and used to play around with them a lot as a kid. Arthropods are a really interesting group that I'll be digging into more (pun not intended).

[@user-ft3jq5vi2l]

Selectively breeding them for...what traits exactly?

[@birdie394]

What traits are you selecting for? I've been interested to do the same, and was wondering what traits others breed for.

[@dirandrous7682]

The return of the king.

[@richardcollins5189]

HEY KNOCK-OFF DEVILJHO

[@wolfumz]

This video owns

[@maartendj2724]

'If you want to make an arthropod from scratch, you must first invent the universe.' ~Carl Sagan, sort of

[@ybbond_]

8:25 - 10:55 is a very great evolution process illustration! It gives me the same feelings as my 13 yr old watched evolution process in"Walking with Monsters". anw, what animal is that on 5:50? doesn't seems like horseshoe crab, but I never see a water arthropod like that

[@Phrenotopia]

Thanks! it's a Triops.

[@chrisgaming9567]

Welp, there's a lot that I hadn't known before

[@sachacendra3187]

Breaking new : scientists discover planet inhabited by krebs, confirming Phrenotopia's hypothesis that segmented body plan would convergently evolve on other planet !

[@kennethferland5579]

Chitin and Karatin while functionally similar are chemically VERY different, the former is protein, while the later is basically sugar.

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you. I became quickly aware of my blunder right after upload. Please check my pinned comment.

[@dylanvellut]

5:35 kératine, not chitine. The first is made of proteins while the other one is more closely related to sugars polymers if I remember.

[@OctavioSalguero]

This bothered me too.

[@Phrenotopia]

And it bothered me greatly as well. I was aware of the blunder right after upload and must feature it in an upcoming blunders compilation. Please check my pinned comment and the captions that rectify my mistake.

[@irrelevantirrelevant7332]

A very nice and thorugh video. I enjoy your teaching style with clear hypothesis, argumentation and repetition in your conclusion. Little scientific hickup: nails and hair are made of keratin, not chitin.

[@Phrenotopia]

Yes, that was an embarrassing blunder. See my pinned comment. My point was of course that these are both tightly packed tough materials that are non-living.

[@Phrenotopia]

Although there may be a point to the nature of chitin specifically constraining a group's evolution towards an arthropod-like body plan. 🤔 I hadn't thought of that, but it's worth considering! I may need to think about constraints and their meaning for evolution on a deeper, molecular level.

[@kurumachikuroe442]

The only good bug is... a bug filling an important niche, in order to maintain ecological balance :) (except mosquitos, fuck those guys)

[@groque1654]

The only good mosquito is a dead mosquito

[@Frankslaboratory]

Hi, just discovered your channel, love this content, will binge watch everything :D

[@Phrenotopia]

Thanks!!! Hope you enjoy!

[@Grand_History]

keratin and chitin are not the same thing. Chitin is a carbohydrate while keratin is composed of proteins

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you. I became quickly aware of my blunder right after upload. Please check my pinned comment.

[@OdinComposer]

Thank you for this series! I took a media program in high school, so I never learned biology even though I've always been very interested. I'm learning so much here! Really hope to see a new episode soon 🙏

[@RoanCritter]

Great to see you again, Phren! Amazing to think that arthropodoid creatures may exsist all over the universe. I don't think we'll frind creatures exactly like insects, arachnids and crustaceans, but just the idea that we'll see almost identical body plans to our bugs? Incredible. Great logic there!

[@Phrenotopia]

Some day I'm gonna start comparing the different arthropod groups. Chelicerates (spiders etc.) are actually quite different from Mandibulates (myriapods, crustaceans, insects etc.). The most significant difference are the jaws. Some day, I'm gonna dig more into that particular issue and think about how different arthropodoids might be.

[@petersmythe6462]

There's some other really noticeable difference. Look at arachnid eyes vs insect eyes?

[@JoseELeon]

I thougth i would never see the day, but at last... new video, and i loved it

[@xydya]

Ay, finally! Havent even started the video, just commenting for the algorithm.

[@Phrenotopia]

If only I had remembered to set the comment moderation settings back to normal... 😅

[@danb596]

super interesting making me itchy tho

[@Spectrulus]

Succinct presentation with excellent diagrams. Looking forward to your next video!

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you! Homing in on the main points and illustrating these as good as I can is exactly what I'm trying to do all the time. I'm really thinking about how to present things as lucid as possible for you guys.

[@dudec7583]

Good stuff. Looking forward to the vertebrate evolution episode. Would have been cool to see the inverting of the mouth to show the toothed appendage going in and out of the body, but I understand an animation like that would be very difficult.

[@Phrenotopia]

Yes, I've been struggling with that and realized it looked odd, but didn't want to spend more time on it. There are of course extensive skin folds involved that make it harder to visualize with 2D lines.

[@shanerooney7288]

This video flew under the radar. Maybe because of the time of year it was posted. Hope the algorithim picks it up again. It was highly worth the watch. Especially 7:38 to 10:58

[@ekszentrik]

Just commenting for the algorithm. By the way, I had an interesting thought recently: a bilateral organism developing radial symmetry via some intermediate stage of prehensile tail -> limb analogue -> migration of the head to an elevated central position. Boom, 5-radial bilaterians. Do you think that could happen realistically?

[@Phrenotopia]

It already happened in the echinoderm lineage.

[@LimeyLassen]

Kinda like spider monkeys? I can see how it happens, but it's not clear what the advantage is.

[@guilhermeduarte7192]

Honestly, I was worried about your hiatus, but it's more than justified given the quality you have presented us. Thank you very much for such rich content, and know that we're looking forward for your next entries.

[@user-ed8ce8bg4e]

Ah this made my day. Nothing like some exploration of evolutionary principles.

[@danthiel8623]

Phrenotopia you heard of Biblaridion? He is also doing something similar to what you are talking about.

[@PedanticNo1]

Is this your first channel? I'm shocked by the quality on display here, I hope your channel goes viral!

[@greenben3744]

WTF is up with that tardigrade? It looks like an elder god!? 3:18

[@ocaracujonomecomecacomsaas3038]

We need the next episode!

[@fatdad2156]

i feel like sponges and sea dollars are more alien like, how they don't have eyes muscles or bone structures even remotely similar to what we have.

[@abhayprasad9580]

Thanx for video

[@chrisgaming9567]

Already liking this video before I start watching

[@wojtekimbier]

I was always somewhat mildly interested in biology and evolution, but this series has scrathed my imaginative itch. Being an engineer I very much enjoy watching what I feel is a very technical analysis, the implications and predictions about body patterns of earthly and extraterrestrial creatures. You can tell by the amount of drawings and schematics that it took a lot of work to make every video of this series. Bravo

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you! I really do try to look at evolving creatures as trying to find technical solutions to their immediate conditions. Glad to hear you can appreciate my angle here.

[@Phrenotopia]

Also, you may find it interesting I just discovered an fascinating paper that suggests that: "...arthrodization (sclerotization and jointing of the exoskeleton) evolved to facilitate swimming". Check out my community tab!

[@nikolaanicic3944]

@@Phrenotopia As a fellow engineer, I couldn't have said it any better than the OP. It's a very fun angle to take for this kind of thing.

[@Phrenotopia]

@Nikola Anicic I agree and I like this angle. This is also what makes humans stand out so much in the animal kingdom. There are many highly intelligent animals on Earth, but the human species seems to have specialized itself in General Intelligence. This makes it possible for us to "cheat" evolution by actively finding solutions to real world problems, rather than letting natural selection shape our bodies to meet those challenges. But when it comes down to it, natural selection is really just finding engineering solutions in an analogous way.

[@MagnaFire39]

Beautiful. Wish your videos were around when I was a kid, such informative content wrapped in great presentation.

[@Phrenotopia]

Wow, thank you and thanks for watching!

[@Dedicatedfollower467]

I love this series so much. It has really helped me with strategies for evolving alien life forms on my speculative worlds. This video in particular is really good; I love how your videos focus on what lifestyles lead to what kinds of body plans!

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you and yes, it's really important for me to keep in mind that awesome body designs aren't just conjured up by sheer will. It's circumstances that drives life to ever more interesting forms.

[@Phrenotopia]

I just found an interesting paper that suggests that: "...arthrodization (sclerotization and jointing of the exoskeleton) evolved to facilitate swimming". Check out my community tab!

[@lowlyworm9323]

3:19 is that the tardigrade from Star Trek Online sjsjshsks

[@nick-sx5ob]

Just a off-topic question. Is the narrator by any chance dutch?

[@zheyer94]

Chitin isn’t found in nails and hair keratin is found in it

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you. I became quickly aware of my blunder right after upload. Please check my pinned comment.

[@adrianmoisa2281]

This channel is way too underrated. Please keep going on this videos. They are amazing!

[@Dedicatedfollower467]

this is still one of my favorite series on youtube. are you thinking about ever coming back to this series? maybe looking at another phylum, like molluscs or vertebrates?

[@EmperorZelos]

I think teh channel is dead.

[@Phrenotopia]

The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.

[@ashenen2278]

Thanks a lot for the video ans sorry again for the pre-timed criticism 😅 But I learned a lot of new stuff about Ecdysozoa👀

[@Phrenotopia]

No worries! Glad you enjoyed it!

[@v10lentv10let]

Even if it takes you another year, I know I'll be waiting patiently for you to continue this series. I have always had a fascination with spec evo and consume a lot of this sort of content, but the Dunning-Kruger effect has always scared me away from seriously tackling it myself. There's just so many factors to consider that it's difficult to even know where to start. These videos have provided an excellent foundation, and I might take the plunge someday yet. The depth and clarity here is inspiring, it's practically befitting of an entry-level university lecture. Keep up the great work!

[@matheussandbakk9959]

I thought hair and nails were made from keratin, not chitin? Edit: Nevermind I see that you adressed my question in one of your other comments

[@Phrenotopia]

Yes, but it was embarrassing nonetheless.

[@matheussandbakk9959]

@@Phrenotopia It's totally ok, such mistakes happens all the time, plus it was an accident

[@tach5884]

3:17 You sure that's a tardigrade? Looks like it has a torso.

[@deadbzeus]

Just stumbled across your channel, great video, definitely subbing.

[@jackd.ripper7613]

Hit the like just for the sandworm on Arrakis scene. Seriously, this was informative and you got me coming back.

[@humanimal6457]

I've learned something New today, Keep up the good work. Subscribe.

[@Phrenotopia]

Welcome aboard!

[@schnizzyfizz7832]

Liked and subbed! This is good stuff!

[@xuanluu4873]

YES! He has return!

[@PinkProgram]

hair and nails are keratin not chitin. Fungi and invertebrates have chitin. Most vertebrates have keratin.

[@dontmindmyname1234]

he knows, did you read the pinned comment?

[@davidbrewer9030]

There would have to be a way of designing a light but strong exoskeleton, otherwise the animal would collapse under its own weight. The largest living arthropods are probably the King Crabs but that is because water has some six times the supporting ability of air. If you double the size you triple the surface area which means tripling the mass of the exoskeleton.

[@idle_speculation]

The biggest problem is the constraints of molting

[@andypandy8745]

well presented video, excellent job, thank you

[@sienielain9222]

Could you make episodebabout the evolution of conciousness?

[@Phrenotopia]

Eventually ☺️

[@bobsstory2254]

Bumpy burrowing sea cucumbers? I’m glad I’ve learned about them now rather than later! Also it’s good to have you back - with each video I’m bound to learn something that intrigues me. We appreciate your work!

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you and I appreciate your praise! ☺

[@a2pabmb2]

Holy robotic worm, batman! 8:53

[@frequencycentral]

The music is really intrusive and detracts from the subject matter.

[@humanoid9787]

Amazing episode

[@carlpeters6675]

I think you have an excellent voice for narration. You should do that instead of the robot voice from now on.

[@Phrenotopia]

Ehm... What robot voice?

[@pacotaco1246]

I like this recipie style approach to learning about how organism groups form and could form! Im going to "cook up" more alien concept art!

[@Phrenotopia]

Glad you enjoyed! More recipes forthcoming!

[@pacotaco1246]

@@Phrenotopia sounds delicious! o7

[@Cooliostuff]

so much info, ty!

[@tylerlogan4747]

85 mins to go and four likes xD

[@1jotun136]

Mamal hair and nails are made from keratin not chitin.

[@Phrenotopia]

Thank you. I became quickly aware of the blunder right after upload. Please check my pinned comment.

[@anubhabmaiti9658]

Did phrenotopia just bilblaridionise

[@Phrenotopia]

I was first.

[@karstenschuhmann8334]

Insects and cordate started as segmented bilateral worms. Was this the last common ancestor or convergent evolution.

[@IWouldLikeToRemainAnonymous]

I just found this series and decided to binge-watch it. It was amazing! Very interesting and informational.

[@kingmasterlord]

There are canadaspis enemies in the NES game Rygar, in the big underground level. They're blue.

[@salmonslayer4549]

700th like

[@trinidaitobago2]

Just search Mi-Go. Its a Lovecrafitian alien species. Thank me later.

[@Lugg187]

To think that in an absolutely perfect, orderly, idea world, life wouldn't even exist. This video helped me realize that life and all its adaptations is literally a cope for the environment. For what purpose though, no idea.

[@anonymoususer6251]

Nice video!

[@filippozauc]

Awesome work! You need more subscribers!

[@minoadlawan4583]

How did these early animals envelop themselves with chitin?

[@ataberkin]

I am glad to find this chanel...Subded!!!!

[@RookieAssassin]

Are you Dutch? I hear a Dutch or maybe South African accent!

[@graphictwitch-5355]

Great video, as always!

[@Echo-Echo-Echo]

Good video!

[@chaosfuel3027]

its been an amazing series thus far! Would love to see a continuation

[@Robotose]

I wish I had found this a few days ago before I had an essay on this...

[@youngcato718]

Do a video like this for vertebrates and mollusks too.

[@matheussandbakk9959]

You think you could do a video on "The Vertebrate Recipe", with endoskeletons? Also a video on the possibly the evolution of jaws would be neat For example while there are many different jaw types from modified limbs in arthropods, radula in snails and the cephalopod beak, but all vertebrates with the exception of the Agnatha, jawless fish, have jaws which originally evolved from gill arches, are there other ways a similar structure could evolve?

[@Phrenotopia]

Working on it!

[@matthewtopping2061]

Fascinating educational content. 10/10

[@XXcreeps]

Oh, nice video :). Subscribed

[@petersmythe6462]

Would scale worms have the same molting constraints as Arthropods? I feel like the answer should be no.

[@Phrenotopia]

Yes, that is indeed a very interesting question to explore. There may be something to the notion that "molting" is the most important part of the arthropod recipe.

[@arminarlert7273]

Hair and nails are made out of keratin not chitin. You see chitin is a little different from keratin. They may look similar but their molecular structures are a bit different. You made a mistake there.

[@Phrenotopia]

I'm painfully aware and wish I had changed this while I still had the chance. See my pinned comment.

[@casualsleepingdragon8501]

2:31 that reconstruction is actually upside down and backwards

[@Phrenotopia]

No way!!! 😲

[@MrRocksW]

Wow great video really enjoyed it

[@paolopanizzon1840]

DOn't forget to mention that God induced the evolution of animals

[@idle_speculation]

Which part specifically? Changes in behavior, in the environment? Genetic mutations? All of it?

[@traildoggy]

"How does one cook up an arthropod in the first place?" Looks at lobster... sorry 'bout this buddy... tosses into boiling water

[@dproduzioni]

This was the first video I saw from you but I'm going to watch a lot more! This was brilliant! Keep up the good work!

[@jacobgillispie1175]

Can't wait for next part.

[@socrabate]

Great, great work and professionalism! Very useful to expand the imagination and understand life on earth better.

[@Titantr0n]

I randomly came across this video and I think I'm going to love this channel.