An Astrophysicist's Top 10 Unsolved Mysteries

There are a lot of unknowns in space but here are my top 10 unanswered questions. Go to brilliant.org/DrBecky and sign up for free. The first 200 people that go to that link will get 20% off the annual premium subscription.
Here's my top 10 in no particular order, let me know in the comments if you think I've missed anything!
1. What’s inside a black hole?
2. What’s the Universe expanding into?
3. What is dark energy?
4. What’s dark matter made of?
5. Where is all the antimatter?
6. What happened in the first 10^-43 seconds of the Universe?
7. What came first: the galaxy or the black hole?
8. What causes fast radio bursts?
9. Why does the Sun’s magnetic field flip?*
10. Does life exist on other planets?
* See pinned comment below on possible explanation of this due to planetary alignments. Note this is still a hypothesis, not an accepted theory so this question still remains on my list.
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📹 Dr. Becky also presents videos on Sixty Symbols: / sixtysymbols
and Deep Sky Videos: / deepskyvideos
👩🏽‍💻 Dr Becky Smethurst is an astrophysicist researching galaxies and supermassive black holes at Christ Church at the University of Oxford.
drbecky.uk.com
rebeccasmethurst.co.uk

[@DrBecky]

A few of you have pointed out that Anton Petrov (and recently SciShow Space) did a video on a possible explanation for the 11-year solar cycle to do with the alignment of Venus-Earth-Jupiter every 11 years or so. That idea comes from a paper that was published last year that looked into a few other explanations for the cycle as well, but it's still only a hypothesis, not a fully accepted theory, so I've still included "Why does the Sun's magnetic field flip every 11 years?" in my list. Here's Anton's video explaining the alignment hypothesis in more detail: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qnO2lKyfjq6biZY And SciShow Space's video: kzbin.info/www/bejne/iKq8qWWEr6t3q7s And here's the journal article that this idea came from: arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08692.pdf

[@arctic_haze]

I do not think that paper closed the matter. There is still the problem of missing mechanism of turning the minuscule gravitational changes into visible changes of the Sun magnetic field activity.

[@oldmansolo572]

Dr. Becky that as very nice of you to mention Anton who I also watch and enjoy. I watch both your presentations with an open mind and at 63 I guess I'm not sharp enough to have noticed any conflict between yours and his content.....I'm just agog at all of it....

[@Jake12220]

@@arctic_haze miniscule on a human scale but quite large on a mass the size of the sun. Same as we don't notice the change in gravity from the moon, but the effects are clearly seen on the ocean.

[@arctic_haze]

@@Jake12220 Gravitational forces work per mass unit making the Sun mass argument meaningless. Sorry.

[@8948380]

@@arctic_haze Jupiter does a lot of gravitational damage compared to the other planets, and paired with venus and earth the effect will be increased

[@SrinivasanAnanth]

Happy birthday! What's inside a black hole is a 3D library-like tesseract created by 5D beings so that an unsuspecting human who falls into it can communicate with his daughter.

[@tehbonehead]

I'm planning to travel to the Mexico City Public Library and shout "DON'T LET ME GO, MURPH!!!" I'm hoping someone gets it, but I'll probably just be arrested...

[@lyreparadox]

@@tehbonehead Be sure to get it on video!

[@tehbonehead]

@@lyreparadox I'll see what I can do. ;)

[@wiseguy8828]

Every black hole has its own Matthew McConaughey

[@skaphanatic5657]

Contact, Interstellar, etc...

[@aner_bda]

After no. 1 I was expecting a different clip of "No one knows." after each question. I was not disappointed. 😄

[@davidlafleche1142]

They missed one: What was the exact cause of the famous Tunguska Explosion?

[@orsemcore]

@@davidlafleche1142 no one really questions that

[@annapmark536]

@@davidlafleche1142 One: nobody can say for sure since it happened 100 years ago in a remote area so there were very few witnesses back then. The situation could have been similar to Chelyabinsk Meteor with a bigger meteor. Two: this unsolved mystery is the only thing that keeps local forests from falling the victim to deforestation that would harm them way more the explosion did. So it'd be better to leave it as it is.

[@davidlafleche1142]

@@annapmark536 "Deforestation" occurs much more quickly through fires than by man. There is absolutely nothing wrong with harvesting trees, since doing so would drastically reduce the recurrence of forest fires. All we have to do is plant saplings to replace them.

[@seancostello26]

@@davidlafleche1142 factual, but hard for some people to comprehend. Removing deadwood forests would greatly reduce the burden on our forest firefighters, which has steadily increased in the last 2 decades

[@k0chum]

Oh my god, I just recently found your channel and subscribed because I am pursuing a physics degree with dreams of being an astrophysicist and- I just watched this and we have the same exact take on extraterrestrial life. I just posted this long blurb on Reddit about this exact thing. I really needed the little pep talk at the end, wow. Thank you

[@rosellabill]

Her books are great also.

[@eamonia]

You've done it again, Doc. This might be one of my new favorite videos on KZbin. Thanks for all your hard work, we all greatly appreciate it :)

[@Allan_aka_RocKITEman]

_"DIVIDE BY ZERO"_ sounds like a great name for a band...😉

[@ZlothZloth]

Rock bands love to stick it to authority figures. Most play their songs in 4 4 time, some in 3 4, a few in 5 8... we play in pi zero time. We stick it to the underpinnings of reality itself!

[@mr.brazilian5167]

Tbh that sounds like a threat

[@Shifter-1040ST]

Aliens: "It's never earthers."

[@jjhhandk3974]

Haha

[@davidlafleche1142]

How about "The Honeyearthers" (Stan Freberg).

[@jjhhandk3974]

Flatearther

[@KatorNia]

Another Alien: - Earthlings don't exist dude! How would they survive on a flat planet with no gravity? & that "Voyager 1 probe" that supposedly bumped that millionaire's spacecar in orbit was a hoax. Please, do yourself a favor & learn some Astrology before speaking about these serious matters. 😒 - Marslings on the other hand... those *do* exist! They like building pyramids & sculpting faces in the desert you know. Them funny little green tripedal dudes... 😊

[@robinhodson9890]

Earthers, are also aliens, to aliens.

[@yavorshopov7958]

Luv your podcast ,listening to it all day,every day at work ,all episodes at least a dozen times!Keep up the great work feeding our curiosity

[@johngolding7182]

Hi Dr Becky, why havnt I seen your videos before, your 10 unanswered questions was brilliant and easy to understand because of your choice of language and down to earth style. I will be going over all them over the next few weeks, keep them coming.

[@noelwalterso2]

Can't believe KZbin decided to stuff an advert for a magical good luck bracelet into the middle of your excellent video.

[@OnoShinosMadeeqTuusmal]

@@shanesunshine1245 ❤️ u know me so well

[@jonnytheboy7338]

That's why ( at the start) I drag the cursor to the end and re-start the video ... Pushing the evil youtube algorithm into the void

[@FrazerKirkman]

I hope you reported it.

[@Inferiis]

@@shanesunshine1245 I kinda doubt they are personalized. Why would I get a rocket defense system? (and why are they advertising it anyway?)

[@sleekoduck]

@@shanesunshine1245 it's based on your zip code. I keep getting ads for fast food restaurants and I almost never go to them, I'm kind of a foodie and have a weak stomach to boot. I even went into my settings and asked not to see ads for them. Nothing worked.

[@DanielSanchez-it1ki]

Hello Becky. A follower from Nicaragua here. I've always been a science enthusiast and now I've been taking my first steps in amateur astronomy with a small and very basic telescope during the last months. I've recently discovered this channel and I'm truly loving your videos a lot. Please keep doing them !

[@bodilsoldeberg5412]

Que haces aca mae? 😂

[@rosellabill]

@@bodilsoldeberg5412 Hi Daniel. Tell me about your science programs @ your schools. I have no idea about your Counreies programs and how they do in relation to other places near your country. Here in Canada we do not promote astronomy. But if you are interested you can learn by going to a school with an Astronomy program. But most Canadian's do not do well @ math. I love it. I cannot do formulas, but try.

[@phillipcuff9410]

I love watching your clips. Love how excited you get talking about space. It’s nice

[@sentientdesign295]

Dr. Bex, we are truly blessed. You are so great at making the cosmos accessible, really can't sing your praises high enough.

[@simonbox5687]

I am feeling very restless at this moment and space videos always calm me down. So, Thanks.

[@DrBecky]

Glad I could help 👍

[@asashoryuLapisphilosophorum]

@@DrBecky hi there greetings, have a nice birthday, congrets later, when is it this week??? ???? Here 1 or 2 answers, ultra dark spheres are packet up to the Planck length, would be the question if even packed under the Planck length, and they are none black i guess, or glowing black Dark energy is the room the energy from two colliding universes, so called big bang, explores into, time and room is just the moment on its way, past should be just ashes and the future , the before, is 2 different rooms, Ps there must be a big lump of the second universe, somewhere? , hitchhike to the end of the univers, its the compressed second universe, would gues end of reality and next reality is the bounceback if this second universe, critically compressed it should big bang too, or it was a compact smal universe that got fizzled out to bigger? Gravity, is movment, vibrations and none movement, the less inside moving is tried to be set in motion by the more vibrating,, the more vibrating is towards the less vibrating, none the more gravitional pulling. (A black hole doesnt suck everything inside, its the outside towards the blackhhole/ultradarksphere,, every matter, moving towards the none vibrating, I guess inside the sphere the what ever particles (strings?) got packed up onto the prelast position in space, every more packed up particle gives evergy, the rays from "blackholes" " Would guess at this moment, its brocken up into strings, first particle that fits under the Planck length) Magnetismus , Would guess the fluidpotencial of metals have an effect, (it may have the possibility to swim/vibrate itself in the room towards the magnet,? (quantum effect? Metals are overpacked with strings?) magnets are low vibrating substances,? does electricity pack the particles stuffer, in an eletromagnet? This gravity Would explain, god dammed nazis, ufo technic, Centrifuge the red mercury compresses the metal, the particles get less vibrating, gravity of this spinning metalring gets equal to the compressed metal earth core, levitation starts, would guess they have to go denser before levitation starts, it is maybe plus a weight factor itself, but this could be an effect with the room, Didnt see ufo technical datas yet, would be interesting the calculation for the point of levitation, Pps is our sun a so called white hole? The beginning of this reality didnt start on one point, the collision of the two universes, more like a lot of firecrackers??both universes burn into each other on many places??? Tetrahydron theory would say everywhere maybe. is it the product we exist in, or is reality the backdraw of this collision? We are existing in front of the explision wave,? We are the explosion wave??when we are the product we are just ashes, I gues reality is the energy wave, like the Shockwave, Crystalizing infront and pushed by the destruction itself, both universes get destroyed when collided??? Pretty sure that this reality itself moves, the complet reality, Like a wave in water, giving forward the content/information

[@williammakepeace36]

@@DrBeckybelated happy birthday to you. You should know better then anyone E=mc2 is a worthless equation so says your fellow scientists at sixty symbols. E2=m2c4+p2c2 (?)or put a small 0 next to the m to show its static. Now you've put my single brain cell into melt down with the black hole mountain analogy. I wish you scientists would make up your minds.x

[@scottmuck]

Simon Box same!

[@jonatascardosodesouza8350]

Same!

[@roopapandit4931]

i love your lectures on the theoretical possibilities and realities of the universe! i just dont feel i could confidently do the math and physics like to some people it comes so naturally. i wish i had a second shot at school and maybe if i was interested enough i would have tried more. but i was never exposed to astronomy in school. all of the physics math and sciences we learned were void of astronomy, so i never got a chance to consider that aspect of science, even though technically i knew it existed. im happy for you that you discovered your lifelong excitement for astrophysics. i guess at a time i had a teacher for a non-science class that was an astrophysicist but again we did not discuss her expertise in that class. this is so awesome and i hope you are proud.

[@chrissennfelder7249]

I just love your enthusiasm. Thanks for all the great content!

[@Stan-Ran]

Becky "it's NEVER Aliens" Aliens "Hold my beer"

[@keanfo]

Becky "it's NEVER Aliens" Atheists. "It's Aliens" God. "Hold my Creation"

[@jekanyika]

It's never aliens, until it is.

[@billystokes3917]

@@keanfo Me, an atheist: Guys guys guys, clearly we're wrong! It isn't aliens. It's the ultra sophisticated, very diverse, island of lizard people that cannot be found on any map.

[@rockstonedread]

Flat earthers: its always aliens

[@Gunni1972]

Since we could not decipher Alien morsecode,I wonder why Dr Becky is so sure about that.

[@andyboybennett]

"The long-running joke in astrophysics is that we don't understand magnetic fields." Boy, those astrophysicists really crack me up. :)

[@flinkultur989]

Yeah, I was missing a punchline. Sounds more like a setup for a joke. 😁

[@fivish]

Cosmologists follow the maths not the observations. The maths is always wrong.

[@granander]

You have a beautiful mind! Passionate contagious curiosity. Thank you for sharing!

[@Budjones19]

Dr. Becky.., you’re awesome! Great info/presentation!

[@modalmixture]

In principle I know that stars are in constant motion, but seeing that animation of stars jiggling around Sgr A* in their wibbly little relativistic orbits blows my mind every time. Like, the fact that we can SEE them move over human timescales is just...

[@editorrbr2107]

Wibbly Relativistic Orbit is the name of my alt-punk band.

[@Echo3_]

you are super cool, I love people that are so incredibly intelligent, but humble and enjoy sharing knowledge with those of us curious but unable to do the leg work ;)

[@seancostello26]

she's the best lol i cant get enough of these videos

[@rogersledz6793]

Thank you so much for uploading this video. It is helping me get through the pandemic!

[@Todd5747]

Congrats on gaining a level! I hope you have many happy years, and more awesome videos. :D

[@Garresh1]

The wind analogy for dark matter was probably the best I've seen. I watch a lot of physics and science channels and you're probably one of the best at coming up with clever analogies to explain complex ideas.

[@pandapower5902]

Thank you so much for sharing the list at the beginning, instead of doing the clickbait, gimmicky thing so many videos do that slowly bring them out one by one, after ads! When you share the information generously like you did, it allows me to think deeper about what you are saying.

[@davecarsley8773]

"Clickbait" means you don't deliver what you promised to deliver. It doesn't mean "You said things slower that I PERSONALLY would like you to say them".

[@james8736]

I thought just the same thing!

[@qkcmnt1242]

That is so true Panda 🐼. I stopped and reviewed it right away. It set me right in the mood for listening to the rest of it. Thank you Panda Power, and thank you Dr Becky. 😌

[@qkcmnt1242]

@@davecarsley8773 Have you never been frustrated 🥴 by anticipating something promised, and having to wait till the very end before getting to the good stuff that you were expecting all along??!! It might as well have been clickbait.

[@pandapower5902]

@@davecarsley8773 not necessarily.. because they could say 'top 10 most life changing discoveries of 2021' or something, and really, you can't trust them, because this is youtube isn't it? You need to know before hand before wasting your time, because what if its just garbage or something not really so life changing, or stuff that you already knew about or stuff you just didn't care about.. then you sit through ads just for garbage

[@TcSearch]

I Subscribed because the way your mind works is so Elegant and Fascinating, which allows my brain to understand such a complex subject

[@jacobmanjooran4358]

Love the way you present this. Its perfect. Psychiatrist, but really into math and physics.

[@clickrick]

"Where did I put my phone?" I never knew you had such a wonderful singing voice! Can we please, please, please have you sing something? About black holes, natch :D

[@IRex-wm9pd]

The Universe Song seems fitting...

[@BenjWarrant]

Just remember that you're standing on a planet that's evolving And revolving at 900 miles an hour. It's orbiting at 19 miles a second, so it's reckoned, The sun that is the source of all our power. Now the sun, and you and me, and all the stars that we can see, Are moving at a million miles a day, In the outer spiral arm, at 40, 000 miles an hour, Of a galaxy we call the Milky Way. Our galaxy itself contains a hundred billion stars; It's a hundred thousand light-years side to side; It bulges in the middle sixteen thousand light-years thick, But out by us it's just three thousand light-years wide. We're thirty thousand light-years from Galactic Central Point, We go 'round every two hundred million years; And our galaxy itself is one of millions of billions In this amazing and expanding universe. Our universe itself keeps on expanding and expanding, In all of the directions it can whiz; As fast as it can go, at the speed of light, you know, Twelve million miles a minute and that's the fastest speed there is. So remember, when you're feeling very small and insecure, How amazingly unlikely is your birth; And pray that there's intelligent life somewhere out in space, 'Cause there's bugger all down here on Earth!

[@WayneTheSeine]

Amen.

[@rogerstone3068]

Would Bowie's 'Blackstar' be best? Or there's 'Black Gold' by Graham Gouldman, but the only lyrics in that are sung by a deep bass voice; or 'Black & Gold' by Sam Sparro asks a lot of meaningful questions about the existence of the universe. Ah! I got it. Muse, of course. Supermassive Black Hole.

[@jajssblue]

The "don't know" references are so on point! Love Queens of the Stone Age!

[@skatoulli]

Happy Birthday this week!! Admire your knowledge and enjoy your explainations of the mistery of the Universe we all belong to.

[@fluffybites6392]

Wonderful stuff! Thanks, keep 'em coming pls x

[@denisdaly1708]

What were the top 10 solved questions in astrophysics? Thanks.

[@alecj3454]

This is a great idea for a video! Someone tell Dr. Becky!!

[@DrBecky]

I like this idea! I’ll add it to my list

[@denisdaly1708]

@@DrBecky im guessing, Red shift, being able to understand the chemical composition of stars, the parameters for supernovae to form. The idea of dark matter. Lots and lots. It will showcase all the work astrophysicsts have done from their desks and on planet earth.

[@walterbushell7029]

1.The geometry of the solar system - by Galilo , 2. the dynamics of Newton. The rest are details, by comparison.

[@CaesarBro]

Gravitational waves are on this list for sure.

[@Vix2066]

You answer all my questions Dr. Becky! We’re lucky to have you i’m so glad you’re safe♥️♥️ And a very happy birthday to you!!💥⭐️

[@rodgersericv]

The video was about her top 10 UNANSWERED questions.

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

@dick prickenson it's "Anton's" and "math," genius. Learn to type.

[@redakumaproduction]

this chanel is gold !! i compare it to anton the wonderful person ! really both great great youtuber !! great research behind every sentance ! thank alot dr.becky !!

[@thatguywhocallsmebill5797]

Thanks Dr Rebecca. Really interesting topic. Your knowledge, enthusiasm and obvious passion is infectious. Unfair that you're so smart, charismatic and beautiful. Rare combination tbh. Take care x

[@danielschechter8130]

I want to know what happened in the first 10^-43 of a second of the universe, and I want to know what it's like inside a black hole. As for life on other worlds, Monty Python said it best: "Pray that there's intelligent life somewhere out in space because there's bugger-all down here on Earth."

[@hughmoore786]

I think Lily Tomlin said it first in a video titled . . . The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe

[@davecarsley8773]

So what efforts are you making in your personal life to get inside a black hole???

[@williamanderson5437]

Myself excepted please.

[@tSp289]

@@davecarsley8773 I bought £200 worth of vodka and pornography. (I didn't) (The porn was free)

[@jordan9604]

@@williamanderson5437 No, especially since you are the one saying you are intelligent.

[@HelenasAstrophotography]

Happy Birthday Dr. Becky! Keep the awesome content coming. 🥳

[@mirandahotspring4019]

Just stumbled onto this and I love it!

[@HONDOMACLEAN83]

@Dr. Becky. You should do an update on this video, I'd be intrigued to know if any progress has been made. I'd also be interested to know which of these do you think will get solved first

[@michelle_h]

Absolutely LOVE this video! I have always found these mysteries so fascinating. Thanks Dr. Becky!

[@lloydy68]

There have been a number of scientists over the years which really inspired me to get into astronomy. Carl Sagan was incredible, I was glued to his shows every week on the TV. Patrick moore, Brian Cox and now I can add you, Dr Becky, to the list. I could not get my head around the idea of Dark matter or antimatter, until I watched your videos on here, now I get it! This stuff is gripping if the delivery is good, yours is. Thank you!

[@davecarsley8773]

So you now "have your head around dark matter"??? Well... at least that makes 1 human on the planet earth.

[@williamanderson5437]

Sir Patrick Moore, please - and yes he was inspirational, even though I only met him once.

[@qkcmnt1242]

@@davecarsley8773 😂

[@sujimtangerines]

I've always been a bit interested (Cosmos when I was teen was revelatory) but a lot of these topics didn't really grab me until Prof Cox. Then I started looking for more on specifics in the universe. Found symbols & Dr. Becky thru another of Brady's channels. She really does make these astrophysics topics approachable so that even if I don't completely understand, she doesn't scare me off from learning more or figuring it out.

[@roopapandit4931]

are you a scientist or a science enthusiast?

[@vlademis-prime]

I'll tell you what I enjoyed about this video. All the compilations of movies clips to say, "We don't know." That's pretty funny.

[@brendan5539]

Informational paradox as well spectrography within two minutes = immediate subscribe! Per the "photos" of the "Black Hole", they were compiled as you know

[@rjonboy7608]

Dear Dr Becky, A belated happy birthday. The day you were born the world got a little brighter. Your genius for astronomy is supported by your ability to explain such lofty ideas in great detail without dumbing them down. I feel smarter for having watched your videos.

[@RipzOnNubes]

HAPPY BIRTHDAY DR. BECKY!!! THANK YOU FOR DELIVERING NEWS OF THE UNIVERSE TO US!! SPACE IS THE PLACE!

[@richardroush16]

Nice job. Keep it up. Thanks

[@hudaabdelsalam8560]

Soooo Interesting & Useful..Thaaanks❤❤❤🌹🌹🌹🌹

[@abbas1872]

My Aero-press coffee maker creates the best Dark Energy ever.

[@Cepheid_]

I literally have coffee brewing in mine! Can confirm.

[@lordgarion514]

Just remember that the darker the matter, the less energy it has.

[@BenGrem917]

@@Cepheid_ Same, except mines a cheap drip coffee machine. Does the job.

[@leemaples1806]

the coffee grinder is the black hole and the coffee grounds are dark matter which i extract some dark energy from. coffee science.

[@jonbold]

That is so good!

[@johnladuke6475]

"I'll just find a quick little five or ten minute video to wa... oh hey Dr Becky dropped a twenty-minuter!" Edit... oh goody, I was hoping that magnetar/FRB business would be in the next Night Sky News. Soon as I heard about that I thought how Dr B would be super excited about it.

[@farleyredfield3768]

Becky you make the facts so interesting. Your hair and dimples are so attractive. And your accent is Ausie? I just enjoy watching you. Thank you for being here.

[@haroldhotchkiss2836]

❤Thanks Dr Becky for explaining things so well. l don't know if you have the right contacts but it would be wonderful if you could contribute to The Sky at Night in someway as your enthusiasm for your subject is contagious

[@shogun2215]

Penblwydd Hapus! (I'm Welsh so you get a Welsh happy birthday 😅) I love these questions! Number 10 though is, to me, a hard yes. There must be life elsewhere, and the prospect of discovering it and how different it is to our biology and chemistry really excites me.

[@inerlogic]

"...you probably didn't notice..." I'm a ham radio operator.... we noticed......

[@jamesdriscoll9405]

milisecond duration bursts? If you heard it at all it's just a pop or snap in your speaker, If it's strong enough to detect. Too fast to be more than a pixel on your waterfall.

[@inerlogic]

@@jamesdriscoll9405 sunspots, which run on the same 11 year cycle, affect HF propagation on Earth. My comment was about the Sun's magnetic poles shifting... not FRBs

[@jamesdriscoll9405]

@@inerlogic I jumped the gun and assumed you meant FRB's - sorry, my mistake.

[@antoniomaglione4101]

I have been an ham for quite sometime. About 2% of the total RF noise at the input of a receiver is from the Big Bang radiation (2.7 Kelvin).

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Hello, I'm the daughter of KA0CLY, myself! He went silent key several years ago, but I still remember helping him string long wires all over our pasture, and putting up towers and such, and even winning him a nice, new rig at a hamfest one year, as a door prize!

[@UrFuture_56]

Happy Belated Birthday @DrBecky 🎂 🥳 🎉

[@leondarnell1]

Her answer to "what is the Universe expanding into" was great. It makes alot of sense. I"ve always wondered the answer to that question and she just solved it.

[@hendman4083]

The answer was: "we don't know". 🤔

[@martian.bass.priest]

"you're probably okay with not knowing what happened in the first one-times-ten-to-the-minus-forty-three seconds of the universe" doctor becky, it's three in the morning and i *need* to know!

[@shwetsam]

Poor becky. She just got proved completely wrong

[@HassanPlayz]

It's 4 in the afternoon, I *need* to know!

[@fred_2021]

Don't worry, we'll find out. It's just a matter of time.

[@alanclark7807]

Who knew that understanding the mysteries inherent in a banana could unlock the secrets of the multiverse?! *mind blown* P.S. Belated Happy Birthday, Dr. Becky!

[@gustavorabino9353]

First I wanted to say that I really like your videos because they make me think. And regarding some of these questions. Have anyone ever pondered if there might be other mirror dimensions/universes of antimatter created at the same time of the "big bang" and may have a spread gravitational interaction with ours, this would explain the gravitational effects alluded to "dark energy" which cause the universe to expand and the lack of antimatter. On the other hand, there might be very massive stuff affecting our observable universe beyond our visual reach that is pulling our universe apart. On the third-hand dark energy might just be space being created constantly like a balloon being filled with air in all directions.

[@empathyisonlyhuman7816]

Love the recognition of Anton Petrov and his "Hello wonderful person" introduction. Here are my ideas about how to answer your list of unanswered questions. 1. A neutron star who's Schwarzschild radius has grown larger than the radius of the star. Comprised of a unique form of neutronium wherein its constituent neutrons feature massively high numbers of quarks within an otherwise classic neutron architecture. Thus raising the neutron degeneracy pressure needed to superimpose two such particles to insanely large values. 2. The universe isn't expanding, but instead is just returning to its pre 'big bang' state of equilibrium in what might be an infinite expanse of space-time. As it flows past galaxies, a miniscule amount of kinetic energy is transferred into that matter causing the expansion to accelerate. 3. See the answer to number two. 4. Referring to the answer in number two, dark matter might be relativistic mass generated by space-time speeding past all the matter is the observable universe. 5. I don't know. The three words that signal the beginning of wisdom. 6. Referring to answers one and two. Having reached a point where neutronium could no longer generate more massive neutrons by adding quarks to the existing structures. Two by two at or near the core neutrons begin to superimpose and annihilate each other generating heat. Material naturally falls into the void left behind marking the point at which the neutron star/black hole implodes down to the size of a point with the diameter of a single plank length. With the phase shift into heat energy, space-time, no longer bound by mass is pulled outward omnidirectionally at faster than the speed of light. At some point this dispersion allows the temperature to cool sufficiently for matter to form again. And we have the various elements we understand as the evolution of the universe from the point of the big bang. 7. The only thing I can say on this is that matter existed first prior to coagulating into a form sufficient to form black holes. In other words I don't know. 8 & 9 are again things I have no idea of how to answer. 10. For this one, I would refer to an idea not of my own but which has been postulated. All life is an emergent property or consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Entropy (the measure of disorder or chaos) always increases in the aggregate. Contrary to current theory however I think that entropy is caused by the expansion of the universe as opposed to it being the cause of the universe's expansion. To explain the idea that life emerges from entropy consider that all life consumes other organic matter and or inorganic sources of energy. The results of this is that post consumption and even post death of any given unit of life. The material either expelled, or that remains post death. Is always in a state of higher entropy than what is consumed or what was alive. Thanks for reading my ideas. While this list isn't comprehensive. Please feel free to pick it apart with criticisms and or questions. I love discussing this stuff and welcome learning the reason this isn't the way we think our environment(universe) works. But yes I do understand that there are some elements that are unmeasurable / observable. Please do better than that if you'd like to engage me in conversation on this topic.

[@johnneuman9470]

HAAAAAAAAAAAPY BIRTHDAAAAAAAAAAAAAY! May all the frostings you encounter be light fluffy and EXCESSIVE! 🎂❤️

[@tomcastonguay2847]

Thank so very much. You take my favourite thing and exsplain it well and clearly. Astrophysics I've been trying to get a grasp of at least the basics. You have helped me a very good way on this. Peace love & stardust. TomCat

[@DanielJStromme]

I just asked many of these questions, on one of Dr. Becky's previous videos... as though she's listening specifically to me! I'm honored!

[@joedaodragon3565]

That was awesome! Thanks Doc!

[@daisyxfaith]

Now when anyone looks at me funny for eating everything in sight, I'm just going to tell them "I'm just accreting more matter".

[@nicklong27]

Except most people are thick as shit and will think that's just a posh way of saying your taking a shit.

[@SpaceCadet4Jesus]

We know you are accreting more matter, .....we saw it bulging out your last new outfit !!

[@CaesarBro]

Now imagine if two accretion disks met and joined together. It would be a love story of matter accretion.

[@Neilhuny]

Great start! Kudos to Editing Becky for the confetti

[@bornfree2237]

About your closing ad for Brilliant; second best life advice I was ever told was, "you're not bad at math, you're just lazy." Went from being basically a high school dropout to doing really well in college calculus after I learned how to learn in the military.

[@JatinSanghvi1]

4:34 - I guess things moving away from each other does not mean that there's dark energy, but that the expansion is accelerating requires dark energy to be present.

[@jamielondon6436]

I think this is one of the best videos on this channel, because it really raises the curiosity for more! And it's also clear that Dr. Becky is made of only the best, grade A+ atoms. ;-)

[@beckywilson8198]

My name is becky too and I love astrophysics

[@DrBecky]

👋🤗

[@TD5rage]

You are great to watch. I suck at all science’s and you make it seem easy.

[@Tim60076]

Love this lady...very intelligent and interesting...WEII DONE ‼️

[@ragnkja]

Gratulerer med dagen! (That’s how we wish someone a happy birthday, or congratulate them on another significant occasion, including the constitution day, in Norway.)

[@jordanr.2120]

"The problem is how we'd ever confirm that life existed on a planet elsewhere." Idk man I was hoping that Area 51 raid would go somewhere but since it didn't I'm fresh out of ideas.

[@ryanhegseth8720]

Just do what the “scientists” do, make up an assumption and declare it as fact.

[@adrianruiz1139]

@@ryanhegseth8720 might want brush up on the scientific method there, mate

[@altumurnemtzra2026]

@@adrianruiz1139 To be fair, when you see some studies and even worse "tv scientist". Not much of a scientific method there.

[@TomasTheTankEngine]

Idk dude I think we should give the area 51 raid another try

[@babypenguin8754]

@@ryanhegseth8720 That's not how PROFESSIONAL scientists do it

[@qa6theory664]

*Answering to the 1 through ten questions* (if anyone has a question, ask) *1-* Its not a "black" color nor "hole," a clear spin storm of inconceivable speed & compression of distiguised stars & other heavly matter. *2-* the Univers repititions from the anti to existance realm, simplistic energy become complex matter infinatly, it expands and collapse or mostly curves by "black-holes," through qusars/pulsar points to recycle purified pit stops like "white-holes" a new expand location. In range scales of infinity, brought eventually together in a time scale, at least under, forever, all by gravity. *3-* A partner or from both Combustion and Static energy, where combustion is no more. *4-* The power amplified from the imbalance of combustion energy with an only left off Static polarity of *raging gravity* to rejoyce with the gap of others celestial bodies to company. *5-* They are located on the non-existing side of existence, a bridge gap called *spontaneous combust* , if you break matters, you'll find seeds of imcompatible residues, suppose to lurk only of the *otherside* , if attempt tampering, can cause mass distruction in vast local area. *6-* a timelord cannot even answer that, because there was *No End To The Beginning* , in infinate areas of Space, gravity eventually, in a time scale at least, forever, lured them on colonels, called the "Great Cosmos." *7-* In cycle of natures Karma, like carnivore, vegetarian & plants, entity in space had to curv the exploting & the exploited, neither came first, because a "blackhole" is a collapsed combustion side power of a solar or massive planet or compress drwaf. *8-* Events of energy frequency waves slop in compression, as light attempts to rejoyce with other similar/complex energy traveling with, causing a dense pulse wave message, of super to ultra fast foward messages, based on how far by a combustion event or celestial mass senario happened. *9-* Anything of vastly size force can effect the solar system, like other solar systems, concluding other dwarf, super planets, dark matter, the hardest shell of a solar sytem and most briddle, is the surface top Corona. *10-* Yes, 1/23rd of an average galaxy will have near or enough similar or identical ways of solar systems possessing heavily body mass realms or atmosphere *fields* , with life sustaining among there. And thats not even including on OTHER neighbors galaxies & beyond.

[@PlayingLittleLife]

Thank you for this amazing video ❤️

[@tehbonehead]

Mathematician: Divides by 0 Big Bang: Oh, hai!

[@errexe0]

Alt title: Compilation of top 10 "we dont know" scenes existing in this universe

[@patrickwalsh2361]

The world can use more good news like this! Thanks Dr Becky!

[@gsmokeyjoe]

new subscriber, really enjoying your delivery of the amazing, so excited for JWST data, the way you say "Saturn" makes me chuckle too, you really attack the second half, you got a problem with Saturn? cheers, g

[@ericnist503]

Congratulations on completing another trip around the sun. (Happy Birthday) :-)

[@Hopeless_and_Forlorn]

I am going to go accrete some brownies with chopped walnuts.

[@jameswells6874]

I really enjoyed there was a Buffy clip in thos video! More please!!!!! ♥️

[@DavidSmith-jj7ll]

OMG tho "The Body" and now Joyce won't have any more fruit punch and Anya doesn't understand why and nobody will tell her. :(

[@kingof.london]

Very good list!

[@andrewshaw7998]

Thanks Dr. Becky! You've been added to a very exclusive , very short list - physicists who do such an exceptional job explaining astrophysics, that even I can understand a wee bit of it. :-) Dr. Carl Sagan, Dr. Neil deGrass Tyson, Dr. Brian Cox, MinutePhysics, and Dr. Becky.

[@debrawehrly6900]

Bill Nye too

[@shughy1]

This video is a good representation of a black hole, having so much information squeezed into it, except we can still see you 😁

[@frankrwalsh]

Happy Birthday Dr. Becky!

[@oregonbry]

To my mind "Why the discrepancy in the measurement of the Hubble Constant?" (Cosmic background versus supernova) deserves to be on this list.

[@romithromith]

It's my birthday today! Happy Birthday to us!

[@balaclavabob001]

A recurring thought I get while watching the bloopers : One day she's going to discover the secret of the universe ... and then drop it . That said . the song to accompany that will be epic lol Happy Birthday .

[@davidchess1985]

Great video. :) One small thing: on the multiverse theories, while this universe is expanding in the sense that things are getting further apart in the relevant senses, that doesn't mean that we are getting closer to other universes in the multiverse, or that those universes are getting smaller to make room. The entire thing (all of the universes, and the multiverse / metaverse itself) could be expanding in the relevant dimensions; just as in the usual "think about raisins in a loaf of bread" or "think about points on the surface of a balloon" metaphors.

[@Kim-qg7dk]

High School English Teacher here. I get curious about stuff all the time and have enjoyed your channel. You are very entertaining and informative. I have always told my students that there is no such thing as dumb questions, but this might be a dumb question. What is pure energy? You have mentioned this a few times and the best I can find is star trek quotes and videos about kinetic energy. Can you enlighten me?

[@MrKillerno1]

Nope, there is no such thing as a dumb question, there are only dumb people!

[@IraqWarVet03]

You have a awesome voice. Start doing parady songs about science!! Lol

[@davidstuart4489]

2 thoughts: (1) Imagine a bubble of compressed air being released at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. As the bubble makes its way to the surface, it expands. Once it reaches the surface, it pops. Is it possible that our universe isn't expanding because it's being "pushed" outward as it ages, but because the environment that surrounds our universe is becoming less able to contain us within some boundaries? I know, that suggests that an environment outside our universe exists and we are indeed expanding "into something", and that would challenge existing thought on space/time. (2) Life elsewhere. I suggest to others that the universe is actually teeming with life - we just haven't found it yet. The question is, "what form of life?" Even on Earth, paleontologists generally agree that any species that has gone provably extinct never reappears. If we consider the amount of acorns, dandalion seeds, sperm cells and other fertilizing material is required to get 1 viable organism going (a sperm whale will produce 420 gallons of sperm and if lucky produce 1 calf), we can assume the universe is no different anywhere else. So while we may not be "alone" in the universe, I think it's highly unlikely that any life form is just like us. That would make absolutely no statistical sense at all given the fact that the ration of homo sapien to all other life on Earth is something like 1:9,000,000 (and likely more rare than that if we knew the total number of unique species that ever inhabited Earth). But does vegetation exist? Have lifeforms evolved from algae elsewhere? Yeah, I think it's highly likely. They're just not zipping around in space ships, or making KZbin videos. And even if some "highly intelligent lifeform" does exist, physics applies to everyone. Why would they come here given what they are likely to observe of our galaxy, our solar system, and our planet from many (possibly millions or billions) light years away? Life finds a way - in whatever form presents the least resistance to existance. Life doesn't have to be like us. Nothing else on our own planet is.

[@tSp289]

Fun fact (unless you're trying to concieve): only about 8% of conceptions result in a live birth, even under ideal conditions. 92% end, but most of them are so early on that no one ever notices. Also if they do observe Earth from a great distance, they would need some very good equipment to notice anything interesting about it unless they're really quite close.

[@alexgrey5975]

As soon as she said the "objects in space" sentence I immediately thought of the Firefly episode, which I think was one the best.

[@paulg.anderson4221]

Dr Becky... All the best on your Birthday and congrats on your North American book launch...the supernatural Saturn is my favourite also!

[@missionzukunft7222]

Becky (like any rational scientist): "Aliens can't go fast than light" Me: "Warp drive?!"

[@wellusee]

So! Maybe the Higgs field collapsed and caused the universe and black holes are natures way of repairing the damage. That was an amazing video.

[@user-ui6kv2np8i]

Incorrect. If the Higgs field ever collapsed it would lead to 'vacuum decay' at the speed of light. Everything would literally fall apart. The universe would cease to exist.

[@wellusee]

@@user-ui6kv2np8i Aw! Thanks Kal taught I was on to something there.

[@user-ui6kv2np8i]

@@wellusee The Higgs Field is actually at quite a high rate of GeV (giga electron volts). Astrophysicists believe it could quite easily go lower. Though they think it can't because they believe it is in a sort of trough and would therefore need quite a helping hand to push it out of that. However it's not beyond the realm of possibility. And if any part of the field actually made it to a lower rate of GeV it would cause a cascade that would bring the rest of the field with it. Since our universe is built on a higgs operating at the level of GeV it is operating at, any change in that level would cause spacetime to literally unravel.

[@darkpassenger2852]

You are so adorably amazing!

[@Astronomo_Space]

Thanks Dr Becky for spreading Science to the masses and inspiring young people into it!