Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)- Working Principle, Main Components with Advantages and Disadvantages

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Anti-lock Braking System is an automobile safety system which prevents the locking of wheels during braking and avoid uncontrolled skidding. The modern abs system allows steering during braking which gives more control over the vehicle in case of sudden braking. The main advantages of using ABS system in vehicle is that it provides better control over the vehicle and decreases stopping distance on dry and slippery surfaces. Without ABS system, even a professional driver can fail to prevent the skidding of the vehicle on dry and slippery surfaces during sudden braking. But with ABS system, a normal person can easily prevent the skidding of the vehicle and get better steering control during braking.
Main Components of ABS System:
1. Speed Sensors
It is used to calculate the acceleration and deceleration of the wheel. It consists of a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil or a magnet and a Hall Effect sensor to generate signal. When the wheel or differentials of the vehicle rotates, it induces magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuation in this magnetic field generates voltage in the sensor. This voltage generated sends signals to the controller. With the help of the voltage the controller reads the acceleration and deceleration of the wheel.
2. Valves
Each brake line which is controlled by the ABS has a valve. In some of the systems, the valve works on three positions.
1. In position one, the valve remains open; and pressure from the master cylinder passed through it to the brake.
2. In position two, the valve blocks the line and separates the brake from the master cylinder. And this prevents the further rise of the pressure to the brakes. Valve operates in second position when the driver applies the brake harder.
3. In position three, some of the pressure from the brake is released by the valve.
The clogging of the valve is the major problem in ABS. When the valve is clogged, it becomes difficult for the valve to open, close or change position. When the valve is in inoperable condition, it prevents the system form modulating the valves and controlling pressure to the brakes.
3. Pump
Pump is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valve releases the pressure. When the controller detects wheel slip, it sends signals to release the valve. After the valve releases the pressure supplied from the driver, it restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system. The controller modulates (adjust) the status of the pump so as to provide desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping of the wheel.
4. Controller
The controller used in the ABS system is of ECU type. Its main function is to receives information from each individual wheel speed sensors and if a wheel loses its traction with the ground, a signal is sent to the controller, the controller than limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator. The activated ABS modulator actuates the braking valves on and off and varies the pressure to the brakes.
Working of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS):
The controller (ECU-Electronic Control Unit) reads the signal from each of the speed sensors of the wheel.
As the brakes are suddenly applied by the driver, this makes the wheel to decelerate at faster rate and may cause the wheel to Lock.
As the ECU reads the signal which indicates the rapid decrease in the speed of the wheel, it sends signal to the valve which makes the valve close and the pressure to the brake pad reduces and prevents the wheel from locking.
The wheel again starts to accelerate, again the signal sends to the controller, this time it opens the valve, increasing the pressure to the brake pad and brakes are applied, this again reduces the speed of the wheel and tries to make it stop.
This process of applying brakes and releasing it happens 15 times in a second when a driver suddenly applies the brake harder. Due to this the locking of the wheel is prevented and the skidding of the vehicle eliminated. During braking with ABS system, the driver can steer the vehicle and reduces the risk of vehicle collision.
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