Arborist tips on how to prune your trees.

A lot of my clients have questions about tree pruning, here are some of our thoughts about Crown reduction pruning, interior thinning, Crossing and interfering pruning

[@notlisztening9821]

After having seen so many pruning videos, i expected to just quickly skip to the info about at what angle you have to cut for crown reduction, but i ended up watching the whole thing 👍

[@Deepa7]

Lovely to see professionals who clearly care about trees. Thanks for this video! :)

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks. :-)

[@Fluxion11]

Great video, thank you!

[@j.d.williams6882]

So glad I just found your channel, learning so much. Can't thank you enough my man!!

[@User173]

awesome. Just the info I needed and so many people could not explain it like you. I think you were more nervous about getting it right than you should have been. you are perfectly understandable and your demos helped me understand how to prune now! thanks man!

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Glad I could help!

[@aaronbaum2542]

This was a GREAT help to me!! Very informative and well explained!! Thank you so much!!

[@adamdivine]

i tell you what. You nailed it. I tried to make a short video the other day just covering how to make a proper cut, But you said it perfectly. Thanks For all your info.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Adam!

[@andrewp.619]

Thanks for some easy to remember tips. Get rid of dead, downward facing and crossing wood. Always a good place to start.

[@cerberusbonsaiarboricultur774]

Heck yeah :) would also add "branches whose growth-direction is unfavorable", this doesn't require them to be crossing or downward it could be as simple as having an Oak where 19-of-20 limbs are radiating nicely away-from the trunk, and one limb is kinda curving back-into the canopy (or, if untouched, is seeking to be over/above a house or structure if left untouched, ie removing a problem-branch before it's a problem)

[@valerienavarro2040]

Thank you. Learned a lot. Don't be so nervous, you obviously have much to offer

[@laneman8777]

Thank you, I have 8 acres of elm trees, learned a lot today. Liked and subscribed

[@CONCERTMANchicago]

We're always teaching amateurs to make a square cut, but exception when reducing or subordinating. Great explanation! And you are correct on how tree may not always cooperate when attempting to reduce. But I found out it really comes in handy on lower lateral temporaries. By whacking it back short every year for a few years until permanently removing.

[@susanasibilia9708]

So much great information! Awesome that you also mentioned the type of tools to use and why.

[@howtocodewell]

Thank you mark. This was was very helpful

[@robertbock409]

You keep saying it's a bad video, its funny because I got more info and understanding this video then any other people's vids I seen on yt yet. I will subscribe, great stuff, thanks.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Robert!

[@renostubbs6348]

Keep them coming bro, I totally got what you said...made a heck of a lot of sense to me. Awesome video man!

[@WaynePolcin]

Thank you for sharing, Mark! This is great information. My wife and I are starting a tree service in Ohio and I'm like a sponge starving for knowledge to fill the voids in my skill set. BTW, I just subscribed to your channel!

[@lorilorihallelujah1753]

You are awesome! You explained things that many do not! Like the Why of the cuts, and they do not give examples, often I can't even see what they're talking about. Thank you, thank you. The better I understand, the more courage I have to do it.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

:-) Thanks! Love the screen name btw!

[@ericrosales9722]

3 questions about crown reduction and crisscrossing branches. First, what is the reasoning why when doing a crown reduction, you want to cut the branch that is 50% or bigger than the one youre cutting? You were about to say the reason but got into the angles of the cut which I didn't quite get the connection with the 50%. Second, is it the same thing to say the one you're leaving behind should be "NO SMALLER than 50% of the one you're cutting"? In other words, we don't want to leave a branch that is much smaller than the one you're cutting. Third, when you said to remove crisscrossing branches, do you apply that rule to just the main branches (those directly attached to the main trunk)? Or do you apply it to every branch that are a certain minimum diameter? Or all branches of any size?

[@770ArboristTreeService]

3 questions about crown reduction and crisscrossing branches. First, what is the reasoning why when doing a crown reduction, you want to cut the branch that is 50% or bigger than the one youre cutting? If you cut smaller than 50%, there is not enough sap going out to the remaining Branch to close the wound. little itty bitty Twigs that are left simply will not carry enough sap up to their leaves sufficient enough to deposit the nutrients to close the wound. Second, is it the same thing to say the one you're leaving behind should be "NO SMALLER than 50% of the one you're cutting"? In other words, we don't want to leave a branch that is much smaller than the one you're cutting. If the one that you're cutting is one in, the one that is left needs to be half an inch or bigger. If the one you're cutting is 2 in, the one that you were leaving needs to be 1 inch or bigger. Does this make sense? Third, when you said to remove crisscrossing branches, do you apply that rule to just the main branches (those directly attached to the main trunk)? Or do you apply it to every branch that are a certain minimum diameter? Or all branches of any size? Great question. Thanks for clarifying. The only Crossing and interfering branches that become a problem are the ones that are touching themselves. As the bark rubs against the other Branch, it irritates the bark on both branches causing the tree to have to constantly allocate energy to try to heal those areas. If they're not touching each other, they're not much of an issue. No need to prune them in that case. Thanks for the great questions!

[@ayurvedaenmesoamerica4717]

Thank you for the video! I learned a lot. I have a Neem tree here in Mexico that I am pruning and thought I should be more educated on the subject and after your video I am.

[@anthonygalipo9875]

Nice video keep them coming good work 👍

[@cerberusbonsaiarboricultur774]

This is the best general "how to cut/not-to-cut trees" vid I've ever caught, I watch these 'willy nilly' but wow this one stands-out, I am in-love w/ trees(who isn't, really?!) and climbing/sawing by day / bonsai in free time is how I spend time, it is such a breath of fresh air to see a 'regular arborist' both knowing-about, and caring-about, the concepts here (gotta imagine you were botany major? Or just ISA? Self-taught? Very curious!) "Tree dictates *how* it can be reduced" (mid-way into your explanation on why you can't "just go willy-nilly shaping a tree's crown"), that is SUCH a well-put phrasing that I'm stealing it (for use w/ clients) when explaining things....am always(as you well-know!) 'competing' with hack-arborists who approach a Live Oak like it were a Crape Myrtle or Ficus and end up with a thousand water-sprout 'bushes' on the tips and main stem-noding of the body, just horrible to see in fact my neighbor's friend just did his Oak and it took everything in me not to go and correct the sawyer, there was just no way I could've made it an educational session the kid was mid-job he never would've listened/it would've been perceived as insulting and based on the kid's age I'm guessing he's seldom/never worked any particular tree year-after-year and seen results of his actions. Such a well-done video, wish I had reason to repeat it but will be looking through your other submissions am guessing I'll like/love any that're arboricultural, thanks a ton for such A++ content it takes skill to: know, take the time to do it, and properly/easily present the info (my mother would've understood this video, this is how I 'try' - and constantly get better - at explaining things to anyone whose trees/shrubs I'm working on!) [some nit-picking: around the 6-->10min mark, when explaining reduction-cutting: - your initial examples were fine ;), but: - your suggestion is breaking the rule you *know* to be the case- bigger wounding = bad. This is always always always the case. Cut-angle on branch-collars is static, irrelevant of whether you're cutting competing leader-trunks or doing 'canopy-reduction / thinning' cuts, no matter what your goal is to get on that branch-collar in such a way that you're: minimizing cut's surface-area, to speed closure; not leaving true branch behind, as the tree will attempt healing & shoot water-sprouts to repair its limb; not going-further-into the branch-collar than absolutely necessary, your cut based upon minization of wound-surface and ensuring the entirety of the cut passes-within the outer half of the branch-collar (which allows the collar to 'gracefully' die-back, both protecting true stem/trunk cambium and allowing the hardest-possible recovery of stem at that surface - surely you've seen 10+ yrs-old cuts, done on massive limbs, where the angle was so bad it never healed and never will, will just keep swelling a calloused lip around the deadwood and forever have that dead-spot on the trunking, that weak, insect&pest inviting dead patch..am all-for synthetics/'painting' in such cases, current-sentiment be damned! ]

[@jerrysimonich6751]

I agree totally. This video provided more information that is relevant to me in pruning my trees. I also had to chuckle when he states, "OMG, I must be yelling in the microphone!" Well done Dude!

[@allejess]

Thanks Mark! You are a great teacher. Now I'm going to go prune my trees...the RIGHT way.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

:-)

[@parkingpawl6523]

big learning here about collars and cuts. this is very helpful for me for my own pruning! did not know the stubs created knots. Thanks for this video

[@brandonkarhu5599]

Great video man. Useful information delivered in an articulate manner. Making good video's isn't easy. I suck at it personally, but trying to get better.

[@LB1280]

This video was excellent. Thanks for sharing.

[@johnathanmichaels5249]

Absolutely great. Really understand my amateur gardening bits now when I tackle our 24 foot tree and use all these techniques on it! Weheay

[@peterhibbert8491]

I appreciate your video. In rural Normandy, pollarding was used in the past for replenishing sources of branches. Ash, oak, and I have watched some videos. For example, in wet areas where there can be flooding leaving a pollarded tree gives shelters to moles who can climb up to escape drowning. The inside of the pollarded stump can also be home to bees or birds, and if there are suitable cavities, rain water may collect for drinking.

[@dianahardy5922]

Mark, very informative video. thanks. I have a house in the ATL area, I wish I knew about you years ago before I hired a handyman to prune. essentially, he killed my trees which remained stalks! Anyway, you gave great instruction in the video about not cutting 90 degrees, but along the growth line of the branch above the collar. I'm off to do some pruning on my own trees. Thanks for sharing.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Hey thanks for the encouragement. Yeah I was trying to show a little bit more of that line on this last video that I did on the Japanese maple unfortunately the quality was horrible. We are going to keep on putting out educational videos. Thanks for subscribing!

[@gabemalcolm4429]

Great content .Sir you do a great job !!

[@robwhiff3411]

Great video 🙂 definitely learn a lot here ... thank you Have a great week

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Rob!

[@SommetiderHvorforDetRoligRolig]

This video was very informative. I already knew about the collar, but i had no idea it would grow into the trunk if there was still branch material.. very nice.. the 50% rule i never heard of either.

[@boomwachtersgroningen9315]

Thanks for this clear instruction. It would be really great if you would include a video on what to keep, what to preserve. So many urban trees are OVER pruned with tree workers looking to remove branches. I believe the fact that so many tree workers are socially gendered to remove, extract, cut, attack etc. is why so few urban trees are allowed a tree structure with optimal integrity and health. We need more holistic approaches towards tree care, and yes quite frankly more women involved. But I do enjoy your videos and would really love to see that video, not what to remove and how but - WHAT TO KEEP video (such as the 2 to 1 ratio of tree crowns), or say with focus upon the role in the inner crown for structural health and the need for such as complex foliage structure for damping in high winds and how critical it is to have leaves all over the tree (and not just at the ends of branches).

[@michaeldougfir9807]

Hi Mark! I have been an arborist since the 1980s. And I like your video. It has good information and good tree logic. That includes care for the tree's allocation of energy. Not many people, or even professionals, think about that. This is my first viewing of your videos. So if I find more I will subscribe. Would it help, when demonstrating a cut angle, to have some loppers handy so you could hold them to the branch for demonstraring a cut angle? You wouldn't have to squeeze them, just hold them in place. And while they are in hand, you could show the preferred style of loppers, with a scissorlike cutting action, as opposed to the anvil variety that mashes cambium. Good treatment of details! Thank you.

[@kbikerider8474]

Nice info and very well explained. Thank You.

[@jodygucwa8892]

great video. one of the best pruning videos. tons of info.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Jody!

[@crrrr795]

Outstanding information regarding threes and pruning. Learn more about what not to do to the tree.

[@timlovejoy7616]

I really like your delivery, and you are have been helpful. It may have helped you get your point across if you actually used a small pruner to snip a branch or two.

[@cookerdonkin1333]

Really helpful video, thank you for taking the time and trouble to make it. You apologised a few times during the video and seemed a little more stressed during the making of it than the trees you were showing such care for. No need for a single apology (your video and examples were very clear). Your concern for the welfare of the trees and your deep knowledge of why & how to look after them properly shone through very strongly. I now know what I am doing to achieve a crown reduction on a willow in my back garden in England.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Cooker!

[@Myhandlenagluho]

Thanks Mark! It was really helpful

[@michaeldunne7088]

Good video. I am more confident after listening to this.

[@stevec.2702]

Really useful info. Will attempt to put your advice into practice.

[@kolt-susanpiquet3672]

Thanks for the excellent information.

[@russellbrown9655]

Pretty good content. i did notice that you repeated a number of attempts to explain crown cutting. I found it pretty clear after your second attempt. Id suggest having a friend review your video and edit out a few of the repeats.

[@cryptotim9259]

You explain things really well. Thanks for making the video.

[@0ayrtonsenna0]

Great video, very well explained, thanks!

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks!

[@ericrosales9722]

Very nice vid. You mentioned the angle when cutting one of the two branches. How far out should the cut be made at that angle?

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Just past the branch collars. sometimes the collar is hard to see. you do not want to be so close in that you cut the collar off as that will make too big of a wound, however, too far out will cause a stub which you also dont want. so the optimal is just at the end of the collar.

[@BlackWolf-di9gq]

This is a great video. Thank you

[@pathway777]

Thank you , I though my gardener killed my tree. I am so happy it will live again.

[@kirkholmes11]

Thank you for the great information. I have a question about a River Birch in the Maryland area. How do you know whether to remove it, or just prune it? It towers over the house. Can the height be reduced?

[@johnathanmichaels5249]

Really really helpful

[@aamenclk]

Great video. Thank you, Also, can I send you a picture of my tree for your opinion. Its structure is really challenging me

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Hi Aamen, Feel free ot send a video of the tree showing the tree from all sides and I will help if I can!

[@CONCERTMANchicago]

*An individual trees potential lifespan, depends on what happens its first 20 years!* Young trees require circumcision pruning between birth and age 15-20. Also called "Formative" or "Structural" pruning. By removing or reducing competing leaders, to help tree produce good apical dominant structure. Also to prepare for lifetime of crown lifting's, requiring a system of smaller scaffold branches growing on one main stem. And prune for modified structure, on young fruit & flowering understory trees. Short trees need removal of main apical dominant stem back to well attached top scaffold branch. On bigger trees, heavily subordinate lowest temporary branches for first few years. Allowing for a much smaller removal cut off main stem later. After cutting back to third last bud, branch will regrow as long and thick as previous years. Temporaries give girth to lower stem, and shade smooth young bark from sun scald. Head back and subordinate where any scaffold branch ends grow upward or downward, keep them pointing sideways tremendously slows down their size. Otherwise branches growing more upward can turn into its own apical dominant stem. Remember, trees grown out in open, without competition from other trees like does in forest. Causes tree to grow its own friends, called co-dominant stems. Giving untrained trees multiple personality disorders. Physically its just like having many trees attached to one trees stem. Also take caution, competing upright stems lack a swelling branch collar zone. Its because they are not branches attached to a stem, but a main stem themselves. And its that girth's 1:1 growth ratio that causes problems with poor bark included attachment zones. Branches pointing sideways produce smaller attachments, but pointing upward causes branch attachment to thicken same rate as main stem. E N J O Y !

[@alonsogarcia1990]

Great video. What's the name of the pole saw you recomend?

[@770ArboristTreeService]

www.amazon.com/Corona-RazorTOOTH-Pruning-RS-7395/dp/B000GIIQFC/ref=redir_mobile_desktop?ie=UTF8&aaxitk=EY.9suZaTNP4pRC5oq.ejQ&hsa_cr_id=7204295860301&ref_=sbx_be_s_sparkle_mcd_asin_0

[@michaeldunne3379]

This is what I was looking for..

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Michael. Glad you liked it!

[@EireFirst25]

How's it going my old pal, I've a 2 year old sorbus vilmorinii tree I planted as a memorial to my father, I'd appreciate if you could offer any advice on looking after it please?..

[@dorothyandrews8872]

I have a pollarded sandcherry tree. It was a lovely shape when I got it but now after about 5 years it is getting wider and not so pretty how do i prune it back to make it look more rounded and fuller.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Anytime you're trying to keep a predefined shape of a tree when it's trying to grow outside that shape but the key is continual pruning. Once it starts getting unwieldy, it can be difficult to prune it back as you will be cutting behind where the green leaves are which can cause that Branch to die. So the key with maintaining a specific shape is pruning often, and not pruning deep.

[@briansmith9698]

770-Arborist LLC cottonwood is my favorite tree even though it is a trash tree and a poplar it does get rid of water good for screening and shade. What is the oldest cottonwood you ever work on? I know some can live 100 120 years or longer but some don't. Ever work on Lombardy poplar? Lombardy typically very short lived canker diseases really hurts them.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Hi Brian, We actually don't have a ton of Cottonwoods here in Atlanta.

[@treesallday3614]

Thank you .

[@prdeereman]

Is there any product that would protect a tree where a limb was cut flush ?

[@HagamossushiLetsmakesushiAcome]

Awesome! Video

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks!

[@bobbypacifico6943]

I have a really big tree that I’m worried about. I wish I could post a picture. I wools love to ask u a question.

[@scarletb1571]

Very helpful. Thank you!

[@reggie2334able]

I just planted a giant sequoia it's about 2 ft 6 in tall it's been in the ground for almost 2 weeks it has about four or five branches that are brown and I think dead should I prune those off or should I leave them considering the tree is so young

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Definitely leave them. No need to prune that early. Best of luck with your tree!

[@reggie2334able]

@@770ArboristTreeService thanks for the reply

[@marvincraig9884]

I had my River Birch tree trimmed 3 weeks ago due to large dying branches. It's still weeping water, will it be okay?

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Yes... They are very leaky trees. It will stop after a while. :-)

[@dannyrivera6704]

Good vid! Informative . Thanks !

[@mrsoars]

Great video, thanks for taking the time to produce it. I have a big locust tree in my yard, and now I know what I did wrong a few years ago- the branches I "pruned" are all dead. You didn't say anything about machete's, I guess you don't reccomend those? Haha- I guess I just thought trees had much more regenerative capabilities than they do (to say the least). Thanks again!

[@770ArboristTreeService]

:-)

[@joemug4079]

Not sure if you check this video still, but I have a cherry tree (not fruit) with two crossing branches. About 4” diameter at least. Cutting one branch out would leave a gaping hole. Could you actually graft the two limbs together? In other words, cut back some of the bark on each where they make contact, secure them tightly, and have them grow into one branch?

[@770ArboristTreeService]

So that's a good question. Grafting is not my specialty. I know my wife has done some of it in the past. From what I remember, the grafting has to be done on the smaller Supple branches. Once they get bigger, they are likely not going to graft well. Sorry but doesn't give you an awesome answer, but I would guess it's 95% correct.

[@SA-wb1jb]

Valuable information - thanks.

[@samanthabarris3729]

Very interesting, thank you

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Yup. :-)

[@brianfitzpatrick9189]

Thanks for the video

[@770ArboristTreeService]

:-)

[@christopherfairs9095]

You appear to have planted your orchard among some tall woodland trees that restrict light penetration.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Yeah, I can't help what trees my neighbors have.

[@kuba5527]

Super, thanks!

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thank you too!

[@eastexotic]

good tips thank you.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

:-) No problem! Hope it helped!

[@gary24752]

Is directional pruning considered what is necessary to maintain electric lines or is it a management procedure?

[@basicsushi]

amazing advice, thanks!

[@marvinostman522]

You apologized for the long video. I purposely chose the long video. I know enough about pruning to know that you can't explain it in five minutes unless you want to sell them a tree to replace the one they killed. Would have been nice to see how to cut a larger branch so that when falls you don't peel the bark down the trunk. Thanks.

[@arieannalee8642]

Very helpful!

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Thanks Areanna!

[@waheedalam7927]

Thanks

[@georgioocean7629]

Thank you

[@MonarchGuy974]

Hi. How do I stop newly cut branches from growing back? I want to permanently trim branches growing into my neighbor’s yard.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

I don't know if you saw this problem and I apologize for the late reply. Probably you need to make your pruning Cuts back to a fork in the branch. If you cut mid Branch it will often times encourage water sprout growth. Whereas if you cut at a fork, the cambium layer maybe a little more likely to Simply compartmentalize the wound rather than create water sprouts. Of course if this is at a property line it does bring up a little bit more problem in the sense that you're not going to be able to make the cut exactly at the property line but rather Some Cuts will be made on your property and perhaps others will be made over on your neighbors. Which of course you would need permission. Best of luck with this!

[@colsinclair7793]

Enjoyed watching that 🌲👍🏻

[@GregariousAntithesis]

Should you use a prune seal or paint an area after you cut it?

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Good Question. The general answer is no. They used to use pruning sealer or paint or tar back in the 70s and 80s and 90s. But what they found is that it actually traps in bacteria. The only exception to this is in the north if there is Oak Wilt and you're dealing with an oak tree. In those cases that prophylactic barrier can prevent Oak Wilt attacks. Other than that the general consensus is not to use any sort of sealer.

[@GregariousAntithesis]

I asked primarily because I have a mulberry tree and anytime I prune it, the sap runs and wont stop even after years. Ideas on how to stop this?

[@c.rob2323]

Thank you!

[@Saint696Anger]

11:00 you just stopped me from using my ladder and pruning 😣 I've done it many times but I just had a bad feeling about it today and no I'm not certified

[@RAILKING25]

Good choice!

[@briansmith9698]

770-Arborist LLC Ever deal with fig trees? How about weeping willow what is oldest White Birch and Weeping will you ever work on?

[@theronwinsby]

Great info and I totally agree. I get it - however the idea of reduction cuts and not cutting at 90 degrees is confusing. You have to know how to identify where the collar is . I just say "always try to minimize the wound area but don't leave a stub so... every situation is different. Nice truck and chipper - what year /model morbark chipper?

[@briansmith9698]

770-Arborist LLC ever here of a swamp cottonwood? they are endangered in my state of New York Eastern is all over put swamp is rare except in some areas Southern New York.

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Never have. I doubt we have many of them in GA.

[@richellereynolds881]

I love you I love your videos.. try investigating some editing software. To cut out (pun!!) Unnecessary parts

[@brittneyshaw4811]

Aghhhh you can’t see it … I felt that .. the frustration.. still great video

[@jamiejackson3922]

Great !!!!

[@voodoohex72]

Is it a big NO to topping a maple tree on central leader? We had some guy come in an prune a maple tree(shade tree) of one of our neighbors and topped the central leader. This is super bad right? The tree is only 10 years old tops. It was a new planting by builders in our development. Maybe if there was competing leaders you take one but never top a very obvious central leader right? I feel like this person pretty much destroyed these maples by doing this. Maybe there is a good reason? I see people do this here and there in my neighborhood and it seems like a shame to me and I never see them grow good after this. I feel like they do it because its leggy and they are trying to get it to widen up but in reality they are just killing the tree for the most part. Is there any reason to do this other then to reduce size for obstructions?

[@IJest]

This is a great example of why I just pay a professional to do it, hahaha

[@mattmclafferty6265]

cheers mate. helpful.Hare Krishna :)

[@NC-gm2lb]

I am so incredibly frustrated with pruning my tree. I cut off a big branch I shouldn't have.

[@djjoshua007]

You are SOOOOOOOOOO screwed

[@marye8624]

wish you had made an actual cut!!! especially on a big branch!

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Hey Mary I just posted the Japanese maple tree pruning video with you in mind. I could not show the cuts as they happen simply because I didn't have someone there to hold the camera and the quality turned out to be horrible. We will end up doing some more pruning and educational videos very shortly. Thanks!

[@jefferyspinelli7952]

Trees dont have canopys they have crowns.Trees crowns make up a forests canapoy.FYI.

[@creamcheese3596]

Confusing.

[@larky368]

Wouldn't it have been more illustrative if you had used a shear instead of your fingers?

[@croweater6814]

Came here for canopy lifting...

[@klurpook]

CORONA PRUNING SHEARS I

[@stanislavkocur3408]

I don care about good examples... i don get them often in my job. I have to face a reality where only ~20% of prunning cuts are good examples. So i need to learn ...

[@770ArboristTreeService]

Ya know??? Lots of bad cuts out there that we have to deal with! :-)