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The history of Alexandria is a rich tapestry that dates back to its founding by Alexander the Great in 331 BC. It quickly rose to prominence as one of the greatest cities of the Hellenistic world, second only to Rome. However, after falling to the Arabs in AD 641, Alexandria's status as Egypt's capital ended, and it entered a long period of decline. It wasn't until the 19th century, under the industrialization program of Mohammad Ali, that the city began to grow again. Today, Alexandria serves as Egypt's leading port and a bustling commercial, tourism, and transportation centre, producing a range of goods from refined petroleum to textiles.