Basic Morphology Terminology

[@ritcheld.3078]

Hi, Ma'am. I just want to ask the term used for an affix that has three parts because this type of affixation is very common in my native language but I don't know the linguistic term for this type of affix. Example: ipagsumigawan - to shout for sigaw - stem ipag - prefix um - infix an - suffix Also, is the term circumfix can also be used for affixes attached to the beginning of the word and in the middle of it. Ex: ibinigay - to give bigay -stem i - prefix in- infix And affixes placed in the middle and at the end of the word or circumfix is only for prefix + stem + suffix combinations? Ex: binayaran - paid bayad - stem in - infix an - suffix Thank you so much in advance.

[@isabelthelinguist]

This is some lovely morphology! What language is it? As far as I know, there isn't a term specific to the types of affixes you're talking about (adding a suffix and/or prefix plus infix to perform one single morpho-semantic function). When one semantic feature of a verb produces more than one form of inflection, a general term for this function is to say that the semantic feature (ex: past tense) has "multiple exponents," which basically means you mark it more than once. To be sure that this is what's happening in your data, though, I'd need to see more examples. In particular, if there are verbs where the any of the three affixes you mentioned with your first example can occur without the others, these affixes are probably marking different meaning alterations to the verb, like you get with "un-reli-able" in English. In "unreliable" you have a prefix that does one thing (negating) and a suffix that does something different (turns it into an adjective). This prefix and suffix occur together on a lot of words (ex: unlockable, unendurable, unplottable etc.) but their meaning functions are still separate. I'd be interested to see more examples! I'm looking at the second two examples you've provided and it looks to me like what you have for 'i-b(in)igay' is actually just a prefix and an infix, since I can see the infix -in- being used in your third verb 'b(in)ayar-an' without the 'i-' prefix. If the -in- is an independent infix, then the third example would similarly just be an infix and a separate suffix, rather than some sort of infix/circumfix-ey morpheme. My guess (based on this extremely small dataset) would be that -in- does something to mark your stem as a verb, the i- would mark the verb as infinitive (tenseless) and the -an would mark it as past tense. If that's the case, and they're doing different things, then you wouldn't need a special vocabulary word to refer to these.

[@ritcheld.3078]

@@isabelthelinguist Hi, Ma'am. Thank you so much for your response. It's very helpful for me as a freshman student of linguistics. My native language is called Tagalog. Actually, we create many words by just adding different combinations of affixes to the same rootword/stem. Anyway, here are other examples of affixes ipag, um, in, an and i. 1. IPAG PREFIX 1.1 ipagluto - to cook something for someone. It is in infinitive form and imperative. Luto - stem Meaning: It could mean cuisine or cooked (adjective) depending on the stress. Ipagluto - infinitive and imperative Ipinagluto - completed Ipinagluluto - incompleted Ipagluluto - contemplated * ipag - prefix in - infix lu - reduplication of the first syllable of LUTO for incompleted and contemplated aspect. Example: Gusto kong ipagluto ng adobo ang mga bata - I want to cook adobo for the kids. Ipagluto mo ng adobo ang mga bata - Cook adobo for the kids. * This sentence could also be expressed using MAG prefix (actor focus) but we use the prepositions PARA SA. Example: Magluto ka ng adobo PARA SA mga bata - Cook adobo for the kids. 1.2 ipagbili- to sell Bili - stem Meaning: To buy but if the prefixes IPAG and MAG attached to this word, the meaning changes into "sell." Ipagbili - infinitive/ imperative Ipinagbili - completed Ipinagbibili - incompleted Ipagbibili - contemplated 1.3 ipaglaban - to fight for, to stand up for Laban - stem Meaning: fight or against Ipaglaban - infinitive/imperative Ipinaglaban - completed Ipinaglalaban - incompleted Ipaglalaban- contemplated 2. UM PREFIX (actor focus) 2.1 umupo Upo (sit)- stem Umupo - to sit - sit (imperative) - sat (completed) Umuupo - incompleted Uupo- contemplated Kauupo- recently completed Example: Umupo ako sa upuan - I sat on a/the chair. (Actor focus - the topic of the sentence is AKO - the doer of the action) * This sentence could also be expressed using the combination of I prefix and AN suffix, but the focus of the sentence was changed to object instead of the actor. Inupuan ko ang silya - I sat on a/the chair ▪ Object focus - the topic of the sentence is UPUAN ▪ The pronoun ako was changed to KO. 2.2 Iyak (cry)- stem umiyak - infinitive/imperative/completed umiiyak - incompleted iiyak - contemplated Kaiiyak - recently completed 2.3 umitim- to become black itim (black) - stem umitim - infinitive/imperative/completed umiitim - incompleted iitim- contemplated Kaiitim - recently completed UM INFIX (actor focus) Kain (eat) kumain - infinitive/imperative/completed kumakain -incompleted kakain- contemplated Example: Kumain ako ng mansanas - I ate an apple (actor focus) * This sentence could also be expressed using I prefix and AN suffix, but the focus was changed into object instead of the actor. Kinain ko ang mansanas - I ate a/the apple (object focus) 3. AN SUFFIX 3.1 dahilan - reason dahil (because) - stem an- suffix 3.2 bilugan - to encirle or rounded bilog (circle) - stem an - suffix 3.3 bilisan - to hurry up bilis (speed or fast) an- suffix bilisan - infinitive/imperative binilisan- completed binibilisan- incompleted bibilisan- contemplated 3.4 upuan - to sit or chair upo (to sit)- stem an- suffix upuan - infinitive/imperative inupuan - completed inuupuan- incompleted uupuan- contemplated 4. I PREFIX 4.1 Ibili - to buy something for someone Ibili - to buy (infinitive) - buy (imperative) Ibinili - completed Ibinibili - incompleted Ibibili - contemplated Example: Ibili mo ako ng mga bulaklak- Buy flowers for me/ buy me flowers. * This sentence could also be expressed using UM infix (actor focus) but we use the prepositions PARA SA. Bumili ka ng mga bulaklak para sa akin - Buy flowers for me/buy me flowers. * Or using IN/HIN suffix (object focus) Bilihin/bilhin mo ang mga bulaklak para sa akin. 5. IN PREFIX 5.1 Iniwan - left iwan (to leave) - stem in- prefix iwanan - infinitive/imperative iniwan- completed iniiwan- incompleted iiwan- contemplated kaiiwan/kakaiwan - recently completed 5.2 inulit -repeated ulit (again/repeat) - stem in-prefix ulitin - infinitive/imperative inulit - completed inuulit - incompleted uulitin- contemplated kauulit/kakaulit - recently completed IN INFIX 1. kinain - ate kain (eat) - stem in- infix kainin - infinitive/imperative kinain - completed kinakain - incompleted kakainin- contemplated kakakain - recently completed 2. Sinira - destroyed/ruined/broke sira (broken/ruined/destroyed)- stem in - infix sinira - completed sinisira- incompleted sisirain- contemplated Kasisira/kakasira- recently completed 3. Tinapon - threw tapon (to throw) - stem in - infix tinapon - completed tinatapon - incompleted itatapon- contemplated katatapon/kakatapon- recently completed IN SUFFIX 1. bilangin - to count bilang (number) - stem in - suffix bilangin - infinitive/ imperative binilang - completed binibilang - incompleted bibilangin- contemplated 2. aralin - homework/assignment or to study something aral (study) - stem in - suffix aralin - infinitive/imperative inaral - completed inaaral - incompleted aaralin - contemplated Kaaaral/kakaaral-recently completed 3. bahain- prone to flood baha (flood) - stem in - suffix 4. Damdamin - feelings Damdam /ramdam - (feel) in - suffix 5. gawain - activity/chores or to make something gawa (action) - stem in - suffix gawain/gawin (shortened form) - infinitive/imperative ginawa- completed ginagawa- incompleted gagawin- contemplated kagagawa/kakagawa- recently completed 6. Hintayin - to wait Hintay (wait) - stem in - suffix hintayin - inf/imperative hinintay - completed hinihintay - incompleted hihintayin - contemplated kahihintay/kakahintay - recently completed 7. Yakapin - to embrace yakap (embrace) - stem in- suffix yakapin - inf/imperative niyakap/(y)inakap- completed* niyayakap/(y)inaakap - incompleted* yayakapin - contemplated kayayakap/kakayakap - recently completed