how to build a geiger counter / radiation detector from household materials

[@electronicsNmore]

Instead of aluminum foil, on my ionization chamber which is different from this one, I used a fine copper mesh screen soldered over the opening of the can. By doing this, you can also detect alpha.

[@paulromsky9527]

I had the same idea! Mesh screen!

[@fizzyplazmuh9024]

I bought really cheap brand foil from Walmart and alpha just got right through it like chewing gum wrapper.

[@ricardopieper11]

After watching so many videos about radioactivity, nuclear power plants and "how to make a geiger counter", I'm sure i'm in some sort of secret government list

[@nickolsky]

Why? Is illegally?

[@ricardopieper11]

@@nickolsky please watch "citizen 4"

So secret even them don't even know about it.

[@hughjazzole2037]

never speakof this again,,,,we haave your ooridinates~~~!!

[@AtlasReburdened]

lol, you're fine bro. I've spent my life downloading all manner of information the government doesn't want average people to have and I can still fly, so I think they're busy dealing with actual dangers to society.

[@PartyOfSpeed]

I tried to build it and I think that it works quite well. It gave me like 5 or 6 for background radiation. In italy it's forbidden to keep radioactive materials so I have to buy some old watches. You're great! Go on like this!

[@kevinbyrne4538]

Buy a bag of potash, which is used for gardening. It contains the K 40 isotope, which is slightly radioactive.

[@flyingfox8072]

Smoke detectors have Ameracium 241 emitting primarily alpha radiation. It will be ok if you get used, discarded unit as the half life period is around 400 years

[@cam5816]

⁠@@flyingfox8072tastes good too. America always does it best!

[@bionerd23]

@rachm06 depending on the energy of the beta particles, they can get through more or less thin aluminum. i dont know the exact values, but e.g. for X keV betas, you'll need 4mm aluminum, for X keV betas, you need 2mm Al to shield, etc.

[@bartacomuskidd775]

is it possible to fall in love with someone over a tech video?

[@solankiajay3397]

Well that's called attraction.

[@christianmccauley7340]

In this very moment I've finally realized that love is real.

[@WapTek123]

yes

[@bionerd23]

@yellowmetalcyborg well, if i set mine to amps, i cannot measure anything at all with it (and i can set mine to MICROamps). have to set it to volts, direct current. also, you gotta make sure NOTHING touches the transistor's legs... not even insulating tape! i learned that during my first attempt. they need to be absolutely free of any contact to anything.

[@bionerd23]

@NoWattz hmmm. not sure about that. well, then again, if that brings it closer to the other electrode, then yes, maybe. changing the gas might also increase sensitivity, but especially increasing the VOLTAGE would increase sensitivity.

[@therealjammit]

I have one correction and an idea. The transistor is a "bc517". The "826" part is the year and the week of manufacture. Also, the bc517 can handle up to 30 volts. Adding two "9 volt" batteries in series will give 18 volts and more sensitivity (more sensitivity may not be wanted because it was already too sensitive). The meter took time to settle because of the initial charge on the tin can draining off, and sensitive meters are designed to be "slow" when updating the display.

[@bionerd23]

@sparkie21 nope, not yet. ill try and do it soon, which means in a few weeks due to lack of time.

[@bionerd23]

thank you very much for this constructive and useful comment / info! =)

[@yellowmetalcyborg]

@bionerd23 I might be mistaken, but when an ionizing particle enters into an ionization chamber, it ionizes air molecules into + &- ions that consequently migrate to opposite leads, this causes a current flow, measured with an ammeter.

[@paulromsky9527]

Great video! Could you use a steel mesh screen like the breathing air window used in some radio frequency quiet Faraday rooms? I was surprised the barium didn't register higher. Does this work by alpha/beta/gamma particles hitting the long probe inside and knocking electrons loose that forward bias the base of the Darlington transitor so it starts to conduct? Would it be better to have a thick steel cone as a probe (held in place and insulated from the sides of the can with plastic spacers) would that make it more sensitive? Would a Field Effect Transistor (FET) work? The Gate (similar to the base) is extremely high resistance so any voltage on it will not be loaded down like P/N junctions in the Darlington transistor does?

[@WitchidWitchid]

Interesting. And yeah, those old radium dials make awesome sources. I have a few old radium dial pocket watches, several of which still work and I carry from time to time. When I bring the dial close to the geiger tube the count rate goes crazy. But if I turn the watch around with the back facing the tube the count rate is significantly lower. So when I carry one I always keep the dial facing outward, away from me. :) Oh yeah and they still glow a bit. Once my eyes acclimate to the darkness they still glow faint but bright enough where I can read the time.

[@fizzyplazmuh9024]

You can paint the dials with fresh glow in the dark pigment and they will glow like a fresh reactor core. The old glow paint is just radiation burnt and oxidized. The radium still has PLENTY OF LIFE.

[@Xantophia]

Got to work out the same device, but in my case temperature compensated, and install it to my weather station to record the background. I'm curious about the results. Good informative video! Gotta love radioactive stuff!!!

[@CondoreComputing]

Randomly found your channel and I'm glad I did.

[@user-hg2mu4wy3e]

I came to late I think but I'm still glad to find this channel

[@bionerd23]

@mike240se in theory, yeah. would have to make a more advanced version that prevents leakage currents to enter, shield from electromagnetic fields, seal the chamber up with dry air, and then could - in theory - calibrate it. but i dont think i'll have time to do that, as i'd also need to look up all the electronics stuff associated with it - which i'm not very fond of. :P

[@EA78751]

excellent demonstration. thanks for publishing this video. I had assumed that a vacuum was required inside the detector, but it appears you have shown that is not the case.

[@bionerd23]

@piranha031091 i dont think just connecting headphones will work. :P but, in theory, you could attach a circuit that produces audible output relative to voltage flow, e.g. low pitch mumble for 10-15mV, and then increase the pitch to a scream if above 1V or so, hehe.

[@RAZREXE]

Just finished watching Chernobyl miniseries and I searched for this video. I checked your channel, it is so interesting, I hope you are fine. I will remain a subscriber just in case you upload someday.

[@sleat]

@yellowmetalcyborg You're right, you are effectively measuring CURRENT flowing between the can and the base leg via ion migration. But the current is very minute. You have to amplify it somehow. The darlington, in a circuit where it's effectively in series with the DMM and with the battery in parallel with them, will show current flow through the base-emitter junction, as a voltage change across the meter leads, if the meter is in voltage mode and the meter's internal resistance is fairly high.

[@paulromsky9527]

I agree, how about a FET instead?

[@halflife390]

Hey dose this detect alpha.beta and gamma radiation? Also is it essential for the transistor to be darlington ? Thanks

[@aleisterlavey9716]

Hello random Guy from 9 years ago. It detects any ionising radiation. You can shield it (with paper, aluminium foil...) to detect only the more powerful radiation, but excluding the more powerful radiation to detect the less powerful is more difficult to achieve with this setup. Normal transistors are a proportional amplifier and Darlington transistors are exponential. Darlington transistors are in fact like two normal transistors together, amplifying the already proportionally amplified signal again, therefore make it exponential.

[@bionerd23]

@AScannerClearly gotta try that, will keep it in the back of my head for to-do, maybe the weekend after the next one.

[@bionerd23]

largest source of issue is glue connecting the transistor legs or the transistor leg going through the hole not being far enough away from the sides... or simply a fried transistor (soldering for too long).

[@stefanheidrich2136]

Thank you very much for this video. This ionization chamber saved my term paper in physic two years ago.

[@cyber_hacker]

verry nice to see a video about a minimalistic setup. especially since most ionization setups require a serious power input, or some specific components, and always have a lot of extra cirquitry. however in case you want to leave the multimeter away you can use a second transistor and connect something like a small glow bulb a small engine, or something like that. it will ofcource not be as accurate as the meter but it can be great for people who have no access to a multimeter due to living in a region where you are only allowed to have a multimeter if you require it for your specific profession.

[@karhukivi]

Ionisation counters can work with as little as a 9V battery, no "serious" power input required at all. Where in the world is a person only "allowed" to have a multimeter? I see them in garages, hardware stores and any electrical supplies shop as well as on the web for as little as $5. Connect an "engine"???

[@bionerd23]

@staberas ...and yeah, a fusion reactor would be awesome to have =) just, expensive... all the vaccum equipment and stuff... =/

[@pcbheaven]

That is so fantastic! I will definitely feature it in my site! Good work!

[@shawnjefferds9411]

Wow, that's crazy how hot the radium gauge face is! I knew they were bad news, but this video really brings the point home. I want to get/build a survey meter, as a former nuclear worker, I'd be interested to survey my home, especially the garden area. God knows what's laying around in AZ.

[@annelieseocallaghan801]

This is not a Geiger counter as it does not use a Geiger-Muller tube. This is an ionization chamber. The circuitry for a Geiger counter is far more complex.

[@tetrabromobisphenol]

Actually the circuitry for both are relatively simple. But totally agreed that this is an ionization detector, which cannot detect individual radioactive decays.

[@yurialtunin9121]

Fully agree. It is nothging to do with Geiger counter.

[@AScannerClearly]

Way cool, suppose putting an alpha emitter inside would give strong reading too?

[@zoksss5323]

Pretty cool project. Small and simple. GOOD WORK 😃

[@bjl1000]

you can get a radiation source from a normal ionizing type smoke detector. They have radioactive americium inside.

[@aleisterlavey9716]

AMERICIUM FUCK YEAH! oops, my insurance doesn't cover radiation induced cancer.

[@ceritarakyat7902]

Could you show us the circuit diagram at list a link so we can play with it? Thanks

[@siddharth-wy2kp]

CAN THIS THING DETECT URANIUM RADIATION? PLZ TELL :)

[@yellowmetalcyborg]

@pookeeboo Interesting, I've never heard of using ammonia before. I know that you can make a cloud chamber with dry ice and isopropyl alchohol, but I've never heard of ammonia. I might give it a try. Just one question, do you need to cover the jar with a cap or something? Because otherwise the ammonia would escape... And ammonia has increased solubility at lower temperatures, so do you think it would come out of solution if you put it in the freezer?

[@bionerd23]

@chrisgj198 thanks, just checked it out - cool stuff. i guess i'll have to look into this more some time, hehe. seems like you can do some pretty cool stuff with rather simple electronics.

[@theeagledz]

you can give exact unit (calibration) for this reading : background is apprx. 13.2 and for Cs-137 source(2008) is apprx. 25.5 so : 25.5-13.2 = 12.3 is exact measure for this source on the time of experiment

[@baileyholden5409]

You are right, but dont use the word exact. =) You need a registered radiation source and much math for that!

[@privatear2001]

How close did the wire inside (coming from the base?) have to come to the face of the aluminum foil? I built this one according to what you had here and couldn't get it to work properly, but I think it was because I cut the wire a long ways back from the front face. I didn't see where you stipulated how long that wire was, but I could be mistaken. thanks.

[@giganetom]

I've built a slightly more complicated version of this with a differenctial amplifier circuit to cancel (most of) the temperature drift. Drift is now only 1-2 mV/°K, a toriated welding rod (with 2% torium) causes a ~30mV increase, a piece of uranium ore can cause a 100-200mV increase on the DVM. Also I did and experiment: a piece of paper tissue was soaked in fresh (1-2 minute fresh) and dried them in the oven. The dried tissues caused a 20-30mV reaction (about the same as the thoriated rod). An hour later the reaction was only about 10mV, two hours later was almost immeasurable. Could the rainwater contain bismuth-214 (half life is roughly ok) from the uranium decay chain? I figure the rain must have washed natural radon and daughter products out from the air. Can this be correct?

[@SlackerSlayer]

you soaked the tissue in what?

[@PszemoI]

SlackerSlayer I am guessing based on the later posted question he soaked tissue paper in fresh *rainwater*... of course.

[@giganetom]

SlackerSlayer ...in rainwater. Thanks Pszemol :D

[@tetrabromobisphenol]

I doubt radon daughters are reaching the tropopause...unless you live near or downwind of a large cement kiln or coal fired powerplant. Other possibilities could be crematoria releasing short lived radioisotopes such as Tc 99, I 123, I 135, F 19, etc. used in nuclear medicine scans.

[@mark33545]

Very cool. Any way to quantify the reading?

[@bassbatterer]

you can make Darlington transistors from 2 NPNs. To do that solder the emitter from the first transistor to the base of the second transistor. solder the two collectors together in parallel, and so you have one collector (the two soldered together) you have an emitter (the emitter from the second transistor) and one base (the base of the first transistor)

[@bionerd23]

@silveristhenew just google for "simple ion chamber", and you'll find one. :)

[@bionerd23]

@yellowmetalcyborg amperemeter? you have to set it to measure volts, direct current...

[@rachm06]

I'm asking a stupid question: if it's said that beta particles are shielded by a simple aluminum plate, how it's possible that you can reveal them through the aluminum foil? Is the foil so thin that some particles pass anyway and hit the wire?

[@parabinrajin4315]

Could you give the circuit diagram？I really want to make by myself thanks!

[@Danilo2600]

Hello, in another video that is in Spanish a similar diagram comes out, I hope it serves you: kzbin.info/www/bejne/onSbpKeqo9OnoNU

[@ektoras_fl4943]

A simple one can cost about 15 bucks I think it doesn't worth the time but it seems really interesting

[@yellowmetalcyborg]

I've tried this already and it didn't work : \. Did this one work right away or did you have to tweak it to make it work? Does the ammeter have to be very sensitive for this to work? I don't have a very sensitive ammeter at home, mine can only go down to 50 milliamps. Are there any circuits I could use to amplify the signal coming from the can? Thanks in advance.

[@krashd]

bionerd23 should have a cameo if they ever make a 4th STALKER game. She could be a veteran stalker governing a trading post and taking no nonsense from those Freedom hippies!

[@bionerd23]

@mdofxds thanks for the heads up - no time to look into that at the moment, but i'll just reply to it as the last reply for today... so people will hopefully see your comment on top of the list and read it, make up their minds, or at least *know* about this comment. =)

[@emanacio]

Hi! I am glad that you are still alive. Missing from your collection of tungsten welding rods. I found the spring 500MBq radium that came from the USA. Since my skin is burned. The police confiscated. It is here in Hungary is considered a misuse of nuclear material. Therefore, 2-8 years served in prison. Old military radios also have a source. Only figyelmessen ...

[@johnp21]

This is great. I will definitely try this and post a video response if I get it working. I have the same altimeter and some other radioactive items to test it with. Did you try americium on the inside of the can?

[@glaxko2]

@NoWattz it shouldn't. maybe putting a resistor would change up the sensitivity, or using gold or silver wires, but them it'll get kinda expensive.

[@danieltaylor1522]

Now she needs to do a return trip to Chernobyl so she can find a fuel fragment and read it with the homemade counter.

[@SlykeThePhoxenix]

Does it detect alpha and beta because it changes the charge of the aperture chassis and the collector will detect the potential difference through the air? If so, then please forgive my understanding when I ask, why is a long antenna necessary as it would just change the potential difference near where the transistor is (Since it's the smallest gap/distance)? Also, how does gamma even cause a reading if this is true?

[@pooppooppeepee2547]

Where are you soldering the other end of the resistor? Thanks!

[@privatear2001]

Those things weren't an issue. I think I made the wire too short. I think I cut it 3/4's of the length of the can where it should probably be just maybe less than a cm from the face. But I'll try again and see what can be done. Also, I've come across a few amplifier circuits since then very similar but more components. I'll give it another shot someday since I have some good test sources now, anyway. :) How far was your wire off the front face, btw? if you remember... Thanks

[@bionerd23]

@paddytheduck time? yeah, well. requires 15 minutes if you've got good fine motor skills... money? except for the multimeter, that stuff costs less than $5.

[@0xffox]

It's really cool;) but if I want to calibrate counter, where can I buy such radioactive samples?

[@ATI556]

is their a way to make this extremely sensitive or maybe even work for alpha emitters

[@Phacias]

/entering the shop/ 'Good evening, wait a minute, I'll check my list... yes... a can, transistor, aluminium foil. solder and.... hmm... a voltmeter and some radioactive source please.'

[@fwddodge22]

pretty much ANY radio, walkie talkie, toys that make electronic noise etc will have NPN transistors in them. otherwise just order them from either digikey or mouser. they cost around $0.25 each. shipping will cost more than the transistors will, so get a few more things like LEDs, resistors in various ohm ratings, diodes, zeiner diodes, and some common MOSFETs as well. all of those things come in extremely handy when you're doing small electronics projects like this.

[@bionerd23]

@TeenageIronman sorry about that. :( whereever you said something (mail? comment?), i'll reply to it at some point. as i noted in my channel info, i'm currently very busy and try to squeeze in a few answers whenever i can (as right now), but even replying to comments may take weeks, and replying to emails may take months. sorry about that. but hey, you dont look a gift horse in the mouth, eh? i'm still giving away all this information for free, and always will.

[@Anti-proton]

Awesome! Your the coolest BioNerd around!

[@bionerd23]

@EA78751 a vacuum would not even work - nothing to ionize in a vacuum... you need to fill the chamber with some sort of atoms. a gas. air. methane. propane. noble gas. depends on the type of detector and purpose...

[@diamony123]

shopping list, how romantic. be sure to pick up some tea..BTW great video

[@ScanTelCorps]

in this device the radiation levels are indicated by an increase in voltage. the multimeter measures and displays that voltage. if you instead apply the voltage to a vco (voltage controlled oscillator) circuit, that could be made to drive an audio amplifier and speaker. so, the short answer to your question would be yes.

[@mdofxds]

you have been mistaken naming transistor legs: emitter goes to the negative pole of battery and collector goes to the multimeter. though the actual connection is right. also the transistor model is simply BC517. 826 is just a production date code (year 2008, 26th week). thanks for cool video! maybe i will try this )

[@ulkgb]

And it can be designed wit bigger cans or stronger darlintong transistors, in order to make it more sensitive to any wavelenght? I want to make a group of this and connect them to a computer to monitor the radiation where I live. Any suggestions?

[@aten747official]

So i decided to make this completely from scratch, no solder, not even a can, i used some aluminium foil and duct tape, some scotch tape, some copper wire, a transistor and a 9v battery, and it worked! that is a MacGyver moment

[@will12715]

7:14 my fav part of the whole video i laughed so hard

[@Steveinbasement]

Wow 10yrs old comment with one comment

[@dasraiser]

would using a conical spring make it more sensitive?

[@flyingfox8072]

Good video... But little doubt about connecting collector of the NPN Darlington to the negetive terminal of the battery.

[@bjl1000]

I would think the collector would go to the positive terminal for an NPN transistor.

[@piranha031091]

What if you place a headphone instead of the multimeter? Can you get an audio signal?

[@vagabond630]

Why didn't you shield the circuit from stray radiations? do we really need to shield it for it work properly?

[@emanacio]

... The oldest of the radiometer that used a simple Curie electroscope. Van der Graaf generator loaded. This can be used to measure the discharge rate of which depends on the radioactivity. With this measure the thermal radiation of water, which today can not be measured yellow counters.

[@subach]

So the radiation ionizes the gate which gives the gate a voltage thus allowing current to pass through the transistor. I wonder if you can do some sort of computation by using a number of these setups... the each radio decay itself may be random, but you could use sources of different decay rates as input for and interference patterns on the wire as the output. Make the sources(+the whole setup) small enough, and cool to a few degrees above absolute zero and you can make a quantum computer.

[@DLRMovieProductionsX]

Could you explain the difference in the significant changes of dangerous frequencies in alpha, beta, and regular gamma charges? (I know gamma is harmless alone... right?)

[@bjl1000]

Gamma is really bad for you.

[@aleisterlavey9716]

Alpha: blocked by paper Beta: blocked by alu foil Gamma: fuck molecules in my way...

[@das250250]

Would be interesting to see this output on a fast oscilloscope

[@BruceBoppoTiemann]

The output won't be any faster than the Darlington is, which typically aren't that fast. I think most o'scopes of any speed would show the full bandwidth of the pulses.

[@chrisriggzz]

I need help please! So I am making one of these for a science fair project, and I need to make it correctly. How is the battery connected to this? Like the wires. Please answer fast...

[@Nikolai69420]

So 5 years onward how did it turn out?

[@arthurmead5341]

@@Nikolai69420 he killed himself

[@Nikolai69420]

@@arthurmead5341 seems like the plausible way out

[@322doug]

ok ty, but what numbers are considered a dangerous level, like if i want to know how many rads , so i can see how many rads a hour i am absorbing?

[@WitchidWitchid]

You would need to calibrate it using a known and measured radiation source. Oryou could calibrate is against a geiger counter and a radiation source. However in that case you might as well just buy a Geiger counter.

[@markg7030]

Is the radiation pushing electrons from the aluminum foil and can to the collector? What type of charge is happening in the can?

[@melplishka5978]

Would a analog meter work better ?

[@theinel]

Where I can buy the radiation sample ? I can't find in ebay

[@annelieseocallaghan801]

Try Uranium ore from amazon or ioffer.

[@shawnjefferds9411]

I think the US Bureau of Weights and Measures (and Amazon) actually sells sources, pretty much any material you can imagine...just don't open and taste anything! I saw uranium ore samples for sell on Amazon, but asked myself how you handle it without getting the whole house crapped up with Alpha particles (thank you but no).

[@annelieseocallaghan801]

The range of alpha particles in air is only about 4 cm. Try thorium lantern mantles as well. I've got tons of sources such as lantern mantles, uranium glass and ore, americium, and other stuff.

[@Andrew-my1cp]

or if you don't want a high gamma emitter but a rather lower gamma emmiter with high alpha emission you can get americium 241 from an ionizing smoke detector.

[@bionerd23]

@viciokas1993 well, really crap multimeters (will be sufficient) are just $5, too. but still, i agree, it's not very cost-effective nor efficient... it's just a funny thing to build imo. may be suitable for physics class in school, though, hehe. or for nerds like me. :P

[@leonvdd]

waar koop je zon blik van schoko snacks die non coated is?

[@piranha031091]

@bionerd23 @sciencoking il But what about getting the cracking noises of a geiger counter? (so you get one "click" per detection). Would sciencoking's solution bring me to that?

[@silveristhenew]

do you have a circuit diagram for this?

[@chemistryscuriosities]

Could this be done with borosilicate glass evaluated of air and replaced with argon. Make a sodium mirror on the inside so it will be conductive and seal the whole thing up using your electronic set up? Think that would work? Maybe thin down the glass like a x-ray tube window or just use some beryllium doped glass from an old x-ray tube as the detecting side of the chamber. It could be done. Probably be alot cheaper and alot less headache to just buy one lol. But that was my idea. What do you think? Would it work or no?

[@siddharth-wy2kp]

CAN THIS THING DETECT URANIUM RADIATION? PLZ TELL :)

[@alistairmackintosh9412]

You have just described a Geiger-Muller tube.

[@Ts6451]

The problem with the radium paint was probably primarily caused by ingestion of radium from sharpening the brushes with the mouth. It was known, by the time, in scientific circles that exposure to radiation was hazardous, but the company neglected to instruct the employees that did the painting in proper safety. Marie Curie died from aplastic anemia, probably due to chronic radiation exposure, but she reached an age of 66, which is not bad considering the average life expectancy at the time.

[@privatear2001]

None of those things were a problem. I think the distance of the wire from the metal shield at the end must have some effect. I couldn't get this thing to react at all when I built it last summer. The wire came about half-way down the can. I didn't see a length stipulated in the video, but surely there must be a certain length that will work. Anyway, I'll try again with a longer length. Why wouldn't length of the wire be a factor?

[@humbertolima20]

Checking the pinout of the BC517 in datasheet Pin 1(collector) is conected to the negative of the multimeter, and Pin 3 (Emiter) is conected to the negative of the batery.

[@FPSIreland2]

Will this pick up X-radiation?

[@trailkeeper]

Harbor Freight tool store usually has digital multi-meters, dmm's, for a few dollars.

[@konradkonrad1417]

does the wire inside the can act as a muller tube???

[@vk3ukf]

Good on you Bionerd, that is without a doubt, the easiest construction, least amount of common everyday parts, electroscope I have seen to date. How would substituting your everyday BC517 transistor radio part, for a MPF102 go?

[@clintwilde1048]

If the can has a plastic lid that came with it, I would suggest cutting a piece of wax paper to put over your transistor and wiring, then cover the wax paper with a sheet of aluminum foil that covers the edges and down the side a bit, and snap the plastic lid on to hold it in place. This should remove the extraneous signals induced on the outside. Not sure if the wax paper, can bottom and aluminum foil shield would work as some kind of weird capacitor and have an unwanted effect, like self oscillation, but it would be worth a try.

[@ameyasuryavanshi2759]

Which semic conductor is she using or can we use any?

[@aVoidPiOver2Rad]

darlington npn transistor

[@crobulari2328]

Use a Darlington transistor (super alpha) to get the required gain. If not available then get 2 NPN transistors and connect the collectors together, then connect one base to the others emitter and this will leave you with an emitter, base and collector and a super alpha pair !! Gain is the product of the two .

[@florinpetrache7834]

The collector to the voltmeter (positive and the emitter to the negative terminal, as in the diagram in the Spanish version or invert? does the size of the metal box matter? I have 13cm height, 9cm diameter is good, or what are the dimensions? and what distance is needed between the wire in the center and the foil?

[@mansabrahamsson5573]

What did you do with the positive battery terminal?

[@Tesla-m1m]

He linked it to the resistance

[@bionerd23]

@staberas randomly? nope, i keep those sources in a steel safe when i am not using them. :P

[@herengalani3357]

Hey can you please tell me the connection for the emitter and connector or if you could please give me a circuit diagram for the same.

[@bionerd23]

the laundry room was a good start, though! open up the washing machine, i'm sure you'll find a transistor tucked into a circuit board in there.