Phylogenetics

006 - Phylogenetics
Paul Andersen discusses the specifics of phylogenetics. The evolutionary relationships of organisms are discovered through both morphological and molecular data. A specific type of phylogenetic tree, the cladogram, is also covered.
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All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
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B, Lennert. English: Modification of Original Schematic, March 5, 2012. upload.wikimedi.... commons.wikimed....
Blutkreislauf_Amphibien.svg, The author of. Representació Simplificada de La Circulació Sanguínia Dels Amfibis: El Vermell Representa La Sang Rica En Oxigen, El Blau La Sang Pobra En Oxigen i El Rosa La Sang Mixta., 20:10 (UTC). Blutkreislauf_Amphibien.svg. commons.wikimed....
coxhead, Phylogenetic-Groups svg: Original uploader was TotoBaggins at en wikipediaderivative work: Peter. English: Phylogenetic Groups: *A Monophyletic Taxon Contains a Common Ancestor and All of Its Descendants. ** Diagram: In Yellow, the Group of "Reptiles and Birds" *A Paraphyletic Taxon Contains Its Most Recent Common Ancestor, but Does Not Contain All the Descendants of That Ancestor. ** Diagram: In Cyan, the Reptiles *A Polyphyletic Taxon Does Not Contain the Most Recent Common Ancestor of All Its Members. ** Diagram: In Red, the Group of "All Warm-blooded Animals," 10:07 (UTC). Phylogenetic-Groups.svg. commons.wikimed....
"File:Clade-grade II.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 5, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Evolution of Dinosaurs EN.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 5, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Faroe Stamp 401 Fin Whale (Balaenoptera Physalus).jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 4, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Humpback Stellwagen Edit.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, October 30, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Phylogenetic Tree.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 2, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Spindle Diagram.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 2, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
Fuglø, Artist: Edward. Sei Whale, September 17, 2001. Cropped from PD Faroe postage stamp (Stamps FO 403 of Postverk Føroya, Faroe Islands). commons.wikimed....
Inaglory, Brocken InagloryUploaded by Brocken. English: Minke Whale in Ross Sea, Antarctica The Picture Is a Scan of an Old Film Picture., October 27, 2007. Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Leptictidium using CommonsHelper. commons.wikimed....
information, This file is lacking author. Gray Whale - Eschrichtius Robustus - at Scammons Lagoon, [object HTMLTableCellElement]. www.photolib.no... Image ID: anim0846, NOAA's Ark - Animals Collection. commons.wikimed....
Morningdew. Deutsch: Begegnung Mit Einem Brydewal (Balaenoptera Brydei), Koh PhiPhi, Thailand. -- Dieser Adulte Wal (ca. 8m) Durchbricht Gerade Die Meeresoberfläche, Um „abzublasen". Welch Überraschendes Und Beeindruckendes Erlebnis, Einem Solch Imposanten Säugetier Zu Begegnen., May 2005. Selbst erstellt, Olympus mju4; mit Photoshop bearbeitet u. reduziert. commons.wikimed....
SkyMaja. Uproszczony Schemat Układu Krwionośnego Gadów, December 14, 2007. Own work. commons.wikimed....
USA, Mike Baird from Morro Bay. Blue Whale Tail Fluke Diving Balaenoptera Musculus 29 July 2010 - It Is Somewhat Rare to See the Tail Fluke of a Blue Whale Upon Diving., July 29, 2010. Blue Whale Tail Fluke Diving Balaenoptera musculus 29 July 2010 - It is somewhat rare to see the tail fluke of a Blue Whale upon diving. commons.wikimed....
Intro Music Atribution
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Artist: CosmicD
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[@samanthagallagher5909]

Awwww. I've watched loads of your videos and you sound like you had a cold in this one :( but you made us a video anyway. We appreciate it! Or at least, I do!

[@GSDKXV]

Not even in school anymore, this stuff is just genuinely fascinating on its own

[@nuraskyk.6202]

He teaches very well easy to understand and let you know all the words that you need to know where other are failure to tell you.

[@lanceman24]

You were close on the two types of dinosaurs hip structure names but they were switched. Easy way to remember Ornithischia sounds like ornithologist or bird studier so this hip would be bird hipped. Saurischians begins with saur, Greek for lizard, so these ones were lizard hipped. Hope that helps :D

[@Hugh.Manatee]

That's not correct. Theropods (and by extension birds) are saurischian dinosaurs. While ornithischia means 'bird hip', they're not related to birds. Birds evolved this hip configuration independently in a case of convergent evolution, their closest cousins retained the lizard-like saurischian hip configuration.

[@verumillic1424]

@@Hugh.Manatee The call-out is based on etymology, and he did indeed have the two switched as he presented this. Paradoxically, birds are thought to have evolved from saurischians true, not from those described as 'bird-hipped', ornithischians. You're both correct.

[@Duessa2000]

I think you got the dinosaur hip things backwards, Ornith usually means to do with birds. As always I love your videos and how informative they are. Thanks for sharing!

[@jessicahoad5914]

just as it happens I plan to be a phylogenetic scientist when I am older and this was extremely facinating for me.

[@pianoman1928]

Yo man thanks a lot, this really helps to reinforce what we are learning a class. Very clear presentation of the topics in an organized manner. Thanks again!

[@zuiop9993]

Thank you very much for making this video. The example with the heart was really interesting. Keep making such great videos!

[@FlavourlessLife]

This video was fantastic.. You're a good teacher.

[@Gerryramiele]

thank you SO MUCH. during lectures in school i had no interest whatsoever because my lecturer was sooo boring but you made me interested in biology! :)

[@emilieranberg]

Very very good presentation. Well done. Thank you!

[@toph1605]

I have a presentation about monophyletic paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups this coming tuesday and this video is really helpful. THANK YOU!!!

[@hadwaekki]

i wish you were my bio teacher!!!! nice voice by the way

[@Bozemanscience1]

Thanks for catching my mistake. I have added an annotation that should make this a little less confusing.

[@xiiixiiih.16]

So am I the only one who believes slugs appear like tiny wails?

[@xiiixiiih.16]

For real the face line is how the DNA was originally detected.? 🍏

[@forrestwoods8599]

At 10:26 and 12:29 you finally said "whom" instead of "who". LOL; but it does sound smoother. "Who's related to whom." Much better! :) Your charts and explanations help me understand these concepts. Thankyou. :)

[@fatimaisra9143]

10:49 This is actually the other way around. Ornithischia means "bird hipped" and Saurischia means "lizard hipped"

[@zap192]

"Fishes" can be used when talking about multiple species of fish. For example, there could be a book entitled "North American Fishes".

[@iminasuit2258]

Yall are talking about how great yalls biology teachers are while mine just barely teaches us and gives us assignments thinking that we can do them no problem.

[@jamesmallon1631]

Thanks man, this video is a good help, well made :)

[@champagnesupernova4081]

I LOVE YOU

[@grantterrell3862]

Saurischia- lizard-hipped Ornithischia- bird-hipped

[@minukjeong7647]

No, Ornithischa is lizard-hipped and Saurischia is bird-hipped.

[@cassianyhvh7220]

Actually, Oddly, birds are derived from the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs and not from the "bird-hipped" ornithischian dinosaurs. The "bird-hipped" condition of a pubis pointing toward the back of the animal occured twice independently, once in the ornithischians and once in the lineage leading to birds, an example of convergent evolution. Thus "ornithischia," taken literally, is a misnomer, since the ornithischians have ornithischian-like pelves, not bird-like. Only birds (and their immediate ancestors) have bird-like pelves.

[@ruthiemoore3773]

bless you, mr andersen

[@divykangeyan]

Very interesting and informative video !

[@msgirlfriendA]

So happy that you uploaded another video... :)

[@anthonycook8703]

What I'm looking for is a video describing, step by step, the process whereby a geneticist analyses a sample of tissue to produce a colour printout showing the pattern of coloured tiles that represents the genetic structure of that species' DNA. (Each colour representing one of the four bases that a nucleotide can contain - A, C, T, or G). Someone described the process to me once and it sounded very impressive: 1st smashing the sample up with little glass balls, then (2) adding chemical primers to cut DNA at specific points based on the sequence of bases that the primer targets, then (3) adding pieces of bacteria called plasmids and grafting the DNA segments into the plasmids, then (4) hooking the plasmids back up to the bacteria, then (5) getting them to reproduce rapidly to multiply the number of DNA segments, then (6) separating out the DNA segments from the bacterial material (so to speak), then, and I could be way off track here, my brain was teetering on meltdown by then, randomly sampling from the large collection of DNA segments to get a representative sample of DNA segments for the species being analysed. After that, (7) the segments in the sample are somehow fired into tiny glass tubes, past laser beams. Wait I left out a step: (7) a chemical recipe with four different dyes is mixed with the sample so that each base in the sample binds to a base-specific dye molecule. Then (8) when the mixture is fired through glass tubules past laser beams, the base is identified as the laser beam hits the dye and a colour printout of all these coloured tiles is produced, with each colour representing a particular base, so that what we finally have is the genetic map of the species in question. OK I know that's all wrong, but that's the best grip I could get on what was described to me at the time over the phone. So now I need to be taken back through it all so I can understand what the scientists actually do to derive the genome of a species, and be assured that the massive faith we lay-people have in genetics is likely warranted. Anyone know where I might find a video on that? Like most people I'm hugely impressed by the complex technology that's been developed by scientists in this field of study. But should I be?

[@bobjones9693]

If you have a good understanding of the structure of DNA,I suggest you look up Sanger sequencing,it's the most classic method of sequencing DNA.You can also look up PCR and DNA extraction.Mr Anderson does describe these in these molecular biology videos.I'm happy to hear that you understand the complexity of studying biology,most people don't

[@malejaargo]

They run a dna test to the organism they’re studying, when results are back they use multiple programs to compare it with other organisms’ DNA that has been more decoded. They compare these genomes and try to find some matches and % of the genes they share. We still don’t know what most genes code for, and we’re decoding genes of fruit flies still. A genetics book would give you good clues!

[@melsbookshelves]

thank u for the heart diagrams they were very clear

[@Martinovichy]

Very interesting and proffessionally done. (Klados=branch is Greek though)

[@sarshaparis284]

i really like the way you teach science! thanks!

[@arissawalensky4055]

Thank you so much sir you have been so helpful

[@emilyreese1136]

I honestly love how clear bozeman dude makes things but I can't stop laughing when he uses "FISHES" as a plural noun XD

[@blayre04]

fishes is the correct plural noun when you're talking about more than one species of fish

[@kevinfeng6700]

Courtney B absolute savagery

[@karimsalimov225]

Courtney B wrecked!!

[@discordant8543]

Courtney B yes 911 I would like to report a murder

[@DFox-sh2pn]

That video really helped me! Thank you ;)

[@lucasbleyle5015]

I didn't see any pitchers. Does anyone know what he was talking about?

[@Bengun67]

Thank you sooo much for sharing, have an awesome weekend ! : )

[@lexielabonte]

So a cladogram is just basically a family tree? Would it be a good or bad idea to think of it that way?

[@valtr__]

You were right in the dinosaur family tree. Its just that no one has bothered to change it.

[@joedaniel4131]

Good talk, but to correct one mistake: saurischia means lizard-hipped and ornithischia means bird-hipped. they are reversed in the video. It is a bit confusing in that birds evolved from saurischian dinosaurs,not ornithischians, but it really does make sense if one looks at how the hips changed through the history of the groups.

[@michaelpozsgay9985]

very interesting, it proves how all life is connected. how both the morphology and the molecular levels of life are interwoven. I don't really think animals evolved from one another, as rather life is just beautifully unique. It gives a specific gift to each living thing.

[@Florian-ur3vt]

My teacher mentioned analogy in class. What is the difference between classifying based on analogic and morphological characteristics?

[@pattyreed2011]

Thank you for this video you are very helpful! :)

[@joshuachad_travis9779]

you explained everything really well; I don't quite agree on this theory, but you explained it in a very clear and interesting way so thanks!

[@PavanKumar-df4lf]

Nice talk. Thank You

[@milanjayatilaka]

Great video! I have a question though: How close are the phylogenetic trees from the morphological approach and the ones generated from analysis of the genome? Are they identical or are there some branches that turn out differently? If so, what are the differences? Thanks!

[@verumillic1424]

They have generally been quite close which is reassuring when multiple lines of evidence give the same answer. However, there have been some surprises and rearrangements based on where the morphology has gotten so diverse that it becomes difficult to find clear links. A great case of this in the past 20-30 years is mammalian phylogeny--when you start thinking about the diversity of mammalian lifestyles and body plans, morphology gets more difficult to interpret. Search for example 'Afrotheria': a clade of very different mammals that was revealed by molecular data to share a common ancestor. Another example is the cetaceans (whales). They were once thought to be related to fossil carnivores but molecular (and other morphological) data squarely link them to artiodactyls (hoofed mammals).

[@mallorykay13]

It is. See Essential knowledge 1.B.2 on the new test prep guide on the official website.

[@RicardoRiveroHerrera]

This video is amazing

[@ntsp00]

Well since you can have two species that are extremely distantly related and have analogous structures (convergent evolution), the molecular approach would be more precise in a sense. You can also have species that are extremely different in the morphological approach but have molecular homologies. But molecular similarities can be homologous or analogous also! So it's best to use a combination of information while creating a more "accurate" hypothetical phylogeny tree.

[@DAVIDPETERS12C]

Over at ReptileEvolution.com more taxa are employed and these show that mammals are reptiles. The first amniote dichotomy split taxa closer to archosauromorphs and taxa closer to lepidosauromorphs. Mammals fall into the first clade. Over large phylogenetic distances, DNA analysis seems to never match morphological analysis in tetrapods, for reasons unknown.

[@itsme1847]

great video, helps a lot, thanks!!!

[@itsme1847]

is there a part 2 of phylogentics?

[@brittanyjacobson5199]

He accidentally switched the terms around. Saurischia means lizard-hipped. Ornithischia means bird hipped.

[@bananaforscale1283]

Actually, ornithischia is bird hipped which birds didn't evolve from

[@kahlildingratyoutube]

I don't have anything to do and I love learning so I watched this vid lol

[@briseboy]

Septa (as in heart septa) is plural. Say septum in your answers, unless you say septa are. . . Latin neuter singular is -um. I noticed a lot of high school people try to argue because they don't know that Latin Masculine gender is singular -us, plural -i, Femine gender is singular -a, plural ae (actually correctly pronounced in Latin long i, and Latin -i is pronounced ee. -a is pronounced ah. In biology, and in US medicine terrible mispronunciation has been allowed and become the norm. Some differences with European scientists result. You will probably have to accept the common usage, but it wreaks havoc in communication with those who either know Latin or learned the classical ways to pronounce Latin and Greek!) Neuter, possiblyconfusing to English only speakers, is pluralized as -a.

[@ainorebane4147]

george mira finally, someone how understands the pain of listening to people miss pronounce Latin. Other people who have not studied the language look at me like I am crazy when I pronounce Latin words in biology. I have to explain to them every time why they are saying it incorrectly, and then they say I am wrong. My life struggle😅

[@ainorebane4147]

*who

[@muhammadabdullah4121]

Some organisms that appear very closely related may not actually be closely related. Why is this?

[@Dr.Ian-Plect]

Are you beginner level in regard to your knowledge of evolution? If I said 'convergence', does that fully make sense to you as an explanation?

[@ethanwho_]

@@Dr.Ian-Plect the series converges to 0 as lim x approach inf 😂

[@Dr.Ian-Plect]

@@ethanwho_ Ok, but I was asking him seriously.

[@AAA-uz6bs]

Clade is Greek (branch)-not meant to correct

[@srunner7]

thank you very much!

[@xLAtD]

Tacktonomy? Maybe Taxonomy

[@petersafar6505]

Shoutout to Rooney

[@solokiwidestroyer]

I know where you live...

[@docsquee]

Thank you!

[@j_amin]

왜 화질이 360인지 모르겠네

[@kevinlam1828]

hi mrs. rooney

[@hoang_minh_thanh]

Thanks

[@galerights8983]

thanks

[@bhimgd]

good ! thanks !

[@bengalshead]

POV: your here cause of a worksheet in ap bio

[@DarkColossus13]

=) Love your videos.

[@saultube44]

You're sucha nerd! just kidding, I'm a nerd myself and I'm into electronics so I don't know much about biology, it was very helpful, thx.

[@Florian-ur3vt]

^^^Ladies and gentlemen I present to you the effects of sleep deprivation

[@jermaineedwards6121]

this dude really said "fishes".....

[@spatrk6634]

it refers to lots of different species of fish. fishes when talking science topics its important to differentiate stuff like that. when he says fishes. he is talking about different species of fish

[@onlyhuman6405]

Two problems with your hypothesis! First where did life start ? And what was first the heart ,blood, or veins ? I think it’s safe to say that without a creator none of this makes any context

[@ratreptile]

"Where did life start?" is only a reasonable question if it is already what you are trying to answer, phylogenetics is not a hypothesis its a scientific theory with huge amounts of evidence behind it. "Where did it start?" is a different science entirely. None of the organs came first, oxygen transportation changed from something simple over time to become more and more complex.

[@SALMANKHAN926]

awesome

[@somethingnevertaken]

You rock!

[@pinkbarbie5058]

i didnt understand anything.

[@MediZenny]

Did you just say "fishes"? LOL

[@itshenv]

7:30 Looks like Spider Man

[@michaelryd6737]

Maybe a great teacher, but not a scientist and the problem with that is that teachers just tells you, what they can grasp and understand, not what's true and exactly that, happens at 7:20... Because nothing, absolutely nothing develops without a cause! So hearts for birds and mammals CAN NOT evolve through the "process of independence"... So, something, as you understand, is seriously wrong with this stupid hypothesis for different hearts!

[@michaelryd6737]

And at 7:50 he says that you become endotermic because of the different heart, but that is not science at all, that is religion! In science this is what's called "cirkular-argumentation" and that´s really bad science!

[@anotherguy5038]

Matthew 7:21

[@LetsPlayMinecraftSMP]

Mr. Anderson will you marry me

[@MediZenny]

I see... :P

[@lorcresiakonopasek9793]

;,)

[@musman9853]

Crash Course is much more interesting.

[@Joellllllllll]

your mom is much more interesting

[@brobroing9451]

we arent here to be entertained we are here to learn

[@sangbum60090]

Crash Course is easier to understand but this one is more detailed.

[@kevinfeng6700]

Mohammad Usman yeah tbh, this will eventually end up in more information per minute average, but CC is for overview kinda

[@YECBIB]

There's definitely no such thing as evolution

[@spatrk6634]

so we are all clones?

[@YECBIB]

@@spatrk6634 How so?

[@spatrk6634]

@@YECBIB well if evolution isnt real then there is no change in dna when it gets copied. so everything with dna should be a perfect clone of one another. but its obvious thats not the case, so you are wrong or lying. dont know which is worse

[@xLAtD]

Thanks