Speciation

008 - Reproductive Isolation and Speciation
Paul Andersen explains how reproductive isolation can eventually lead to speciation. Three main barriers to gene flow are included: geographic, pre-zygotic and post-zygotic. Both allopatric and sympatric speciation are discussed. A brief discussing of polyploidy and punctuated equilibrium are also included.
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All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Davison, Angus; Chiba, Satoshi; Barton, Nicholas; Clarke, Bryan. "Speciation and Gene Flow Between Snails of Opposite Chirality." PLOS Biology, September 2005.
"File:Drosophila Speciation.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Eastern American Toad.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Great Wall of China July 2006.JPG." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.or....
File:Hamburger Sandwich.jpg, n.d. commons.wikimed....
"File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Polyploidization.svg." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Punctuated-equilibrium.svg." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Reef0484.jpg." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Salad Platter.jpg." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Speciation Modes.svg." Wikipedia, . en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Stephen Jay Gould by Kathy Chapman.png." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Tympanoctomys Barrerae.jpg." en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Wheat close-up.JPG." en.wikipedia.or....
Jimpaz. Anaxyrus Fowleri, April 25, 2010. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Lascorz, Juan R. English: Mule in Moriles, Córdoba (Spain)., July 2009. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Marlin, Bruce. Siberian Elm Ulmus Pumila. Morton Arboretum Accession 325-70-4., July 12, 2007. Own work: www.cirrusimage.... commons.wikimed....
Rae, Alastair. Sturnella Magna, February 25, 2009. originally posted to Flickr as Eastern Meadowlark. commons.wikimed....
Unknown. English: A Sperm Cell Fertilizing an Egg Cell, [object HTMLTableCellElement]. www.pdimages.co.... commons.wikimed....
USA, Kevin Cole from Pacific Coast. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella Neglecta). Taken on Turri Road from the Car with a Canon 500mm f/4L and 40D. Kirk Window Mount and Wimberley Head., March 13, 2008. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) The State bird for Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon and Wyoming. commons.wikimed....
:Etosha elefant.jpg." hi.wikipedia.or....
"File:Wheat close-up.JPG." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 9, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
Jimpaz. Anaxyrus Fowleri, April 25, 2010. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Lascorz, Juan R. English: Mule in Moriles, Córdoba (Spain)., July 2009. Own work. commons.wikimed....
Marlin, Bruce. Siberian Elm Ulmus Pumila. Morton Arboretum Accession 325-70-4., July 12, 2007. Own work: www.cirrusimage.... commons.wikimed....
Rae, Alastair. Sturnella Magna, February 25, 2009. originally posted to Flickr as Eastern Meadowlark. commons.wikimed....
Unknown. English: A Sperm Cell Fertilizing an Egg Cell, [object HTMLTableCellElement]. www.pdimages.co.... commons.wikimed....
USA, Kevin Cole from Pacific Coast. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella Neglecta). Taken on Turri Road from the Car with a Canon 500mm f/4L and 40D. Kirk Window Mount and Wimberley Head., March 13, 2008. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) The State bird for Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon and Wyoming. commons.wikimed....
"चित्र:Etosha elefant.jpg."

[@lij__00]

I love how he says "Hope that's helpful" when it ALWAYS is, thank you!!

[@marito166]

Video stamps: *Intro*: 0:00 *Overview*: 1:06 *Geographic Isolation*: 2:22 - Allopatric & Sympatric *Pre-Zygotic*: 4:40 - Temporal - Mechanical - Behavior *Post-Zygotic*: 7:05 - Zygote Mortality - Hybrid Sterility *Reproductive Isolation*: 7:49 - Gene Flow *Speciation Rate*: 9:07 - Polyploidy (Fast) - Morphology - Punctuated Equilibrium

[@duncangreen8871]

Thank you for this

[@TheBadbowman]

Keep going Bozeman! The science community needs more like you.

[@cheesandpinuts]

you have explained this material to me in 1/10 of the time it took my university teacher to do it. PLUS it was an equal amount of information!! Thank you!

[@thearthippie]

1. I wish I had this video before my AP test. 2. I'm sad to see you are married. If not for my sake, for MY AP Bio teacher's- you two would be perfect together! 3. Despite not having THIS video before the AP test, I thank you SO MUCH for the knowledge your videos have imparted upon me.

[@JennaHasm]

How did you find out he is married? Last time I checked sperm donors and filandering men are making a killing in the gene pool.

[@AlyssaMaciel-u6i]

I love that you were able to cover multiple terms within one video. Most definitions I need for my exam are here!!!! THANK YOU

[@KeetNashJavyMartinez]

Who's watching this for AP bio?

[@ejtheassassin444]

Yoooo what up javy I am lol falling asleep watching this to many "zygotes" and gene something lol

[@starwarsrules4826]

ME

[@swanlove2002]

I am. +EJ the Assassin, I was getting sleepy, so I'm going to force myself to watch it again.

[@rileybenedict1804]

yup

[@Znoring]

right here XD

[@DrShivaniShende]

sir u r awesome!!!! the moment u start teaching it kind of takes to a whole new world , wer there is almost no confusion and only understanding!! :D :D never stop this work! u rock!

[@sandynella5976]

Please don’t delete this video! It is really useful

[@paul_chandler3082]

does anyone else wanna see the hamburger vs vegetables species experiment?

[@moopbread5582]

+ShedGaming Clearly a society would form where the Burger Tribe would claim dominance over the Vegetarian Tribe and they would spend there lives pointlessly fighting over which tribe was better. Or they would just get along. That too.

[@paul_chandler3082]

Moop Bread if they are anything like humans, the latter seems impossible.

[@timhallas4275]

Done it. I once got a vegetarian pregnant while eating a steak on her back. The kid likes meat, proving my other theory. Meat eating is a dominant male trait. I believe the gene for meat eating may be mysteriously absent in most 2nd generation homosexuals. We're still running that experiment. Now i get to have sex with two girls while they eat steak..

[@calebengelbrecht7812]

Maybe

[@margaretmitchell314]

Actually a form of reproductive isolation has happened in humans when we were at a less accepting state. White people and African American people would not have kids together because at a time it was considered wrong. But as we started actually living with African Americans we saw that they are people and now we have interracial families

[@chikidsabrok6991]

he is the best ever and uses incredible time explain stuff into real detail making everybody properly understand to it best.. God bless him forever

[@akhilvinta8027]

Thank you. The first example itself taught me what I failed to learn previously!

[@thereisaseason]

His voice trails off. Thought he'd want to know. What are you, his mom? Gave him a compliment, too. Bizarre.

[@rileybenedict1804]

wtf? is this account used by 2 people lol

[@elizabethpadilla3231]

I literally learn AP Bio in a day! My teacher has never been in class and she's not going to be present in our test, but you, you are awesome even if you don't know me lol

[@kristenronning]

sir you are saving all these ap bio kids thank you

[@hananali2823]

I really wish we could meet i have watched your videos all the way through highschool and now in college too !!! your my fav teacher

[@shiroburrito4450]

your way of explaining makes me love bio even more thank you! and your videos are always helpful

[@LauCrespo1]

you just saved me for my IB exam!! thank you sooo much!

[@marcusmaria5296]

The video is very engaging and understandable especially with accurate examples...Thanks!!!😊

[@ugnug]

Paul Anderson channeling Cardi B at 2:20

[@elricdrick6821]

Niceeeeee

[@QUICKSCOPINGN00B]

Time for lunch, munch munch. Time for a munch, crunch crunch. Munch munch, crunch crunch, munchey munchey crunchey crunchey!!!

[@rileybenedict1804]

cool my man

[@yasarkhan7912]

Thank you soo much!!! You are truly a GREAT teacher!!!

[@prachiraut9291]

U r too good.....better than some teachers of India.. Only some not all..u r osum

[@kimmynoa]

It's 7 PM... Day before AP Exam... I still have 55 videos to go through - gah; I'm going to die.

[@rileybenedict1804]

how did it go? lol i know its 4 years later but im curious (if u even remember)

[@mxtoastytoad]

@@rileybenedict1804 He sure is taking his sweet time with answering, huh?

[@seal3411]

@@mxtoastytoad he might be getting a drink of water

[@mxtoastytoad]

@@seal3411 A whole lake by now.

[@stevenpham9117]

idk about the hamburger and vegan example not happening. As tension rises between vegans and meat eaters, behavioral isolation could result in vegans and meat eaters no longer interbreeding since they have different values and live differently. Eating is a big portion of the day and socializing.

[@ThatOptimisticGirl]

When you were talking about the elephants, you said the forest one is 2/3 the difference between the Indian and African elephants, by that do you mean it is like a transition animal or that its DNA is only 2/3 alike to these elephants?

[@o0Jannaa0o]

Thank you so much, very well made and it helped me a lot!

[@dineshneupane6135]

@ 3:45 - Indian elephant is not a separate species, it is a sub species of Asian elephant. Asian elephant has 4 sub-species, and Indian elephant is one of these four.

[@dexter196722]

What an absolute hero

[@tahseenshafiullah]

paul anderson deserves to be the greatest profeeser on earth!!!!!!i think after some days he will be promoted to Cambridge!!!!!!!!

[@chummychimchim]

Excellent video! Thank you so much ❤

[@peggydonahue8710]

I enjoy your work! keep it up!

[@TheRABIDdude]

I've got a question about those meadowlark birds: if they are basically identical except for behavioral differences in the way they attract mates (their songs), then they must occupy the exact same niche. I've heard that no two species can occupy the same niche as one will inevitably out-compete the other to extinction, so will one of these bird populations eventually fizzle out?

[@sophiastedman9867]

TheRABIDdude they live in different areas of the country, don't they ?

[@kazuhigashi8990]

8:01 "A Great Study on a Great Wall."

[@51MontyPython]

The snails with the two different spiral directions: Could they interbreed through artificial fertilization?

[@harveenkaur4684]

This was really helpful! Thank you!

[@51MontyPython]

So do we assume that the offspring could be either of the two? And also that one necessarily evolved from the other?

[@sanirabiu2036]

Thanks for imparting knowledge

[@othertestchannelbeta]

Separate species can't produce fertile offspring. But because mules are sterile, they are not the same species. Mules are classified as Equus asinus x Equus caballus, while horses are classified as E. f. caballus.

[@milong6152]

who in the HECK dislikes a Bozeman video

[@lorcresiakonopasek9793]

Could you flip the snail over and oposite side. ,

[@TypicalMrGamer]

I thought prezygotic and postzygotic MECHANISMS, not BARRIERS, are for maintaining reproductive isolation, not for developing reproductive isolation. I don't know if it's the same thing, but in Cliff's Notes 4th edition, it separates these two groups of mechanisms from the causes of speciation. (Just getting confused)

[@TheBadbowman]

Correction: they are types of Reproductive Isolation BARRIERS. Other than that you are right. They do not induce or start speciation. Allopatric and sympatric mechanisms are the primary inducers. So after the parent species has diverged into 2, the barriers act to prevent fusion and thus maintain this separation.

[@UentilSecure]

This is a serious question. If separate species can't interbreed, does that mean a horse and a mule are the same species? (I'm not sure if it is a mule and horse that make a donkey, but you understand what I'm asking)

[@georgeexorc3121]

Tge mule ia almoat always sterile ao they are two different species

[@albertchan7022]

my g bozemannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

[@MrMZaccone]

The dichotomy in diet may have eliminated individuals in each group that were unable to adapt leaving only individuals to reproduce that exhibited rather more specific and different, traits. This may have created a dichotomy in behavior or chemistry that strongly relates to mating or reproduction in some way. Of course this is a blind guess but it's certainly a plausible, albeit untested, hypothesis.

[@simsim1953]

🤓

[@GReid-ol5gk]

Interesting stuff about the elephants, I didn't know that.

[@downingsdancer]

your videos are great THANK u so much

[@msgirlfriendA]

I really love your videos! it helps! thanks...

[@thereisaseason]

Good stuff, but you let your voice trail off into almost a whisper and you can't be heard. Probably works fine in conversation, but not here.

[@EMNstar]

I love the way he says occur :P Great video!

[@solokiwidestroyer]

Did you know that my AP Bio is capable of Rooney-ing people's GPAs? I mean all teachers have the power to do that, but still...

[@Paradigm2012Shift]

Is there any amount of speciation over any amount of time that has been scientifically proven to cause one type of animal to transform into a completely different type of animal (i.e. fish to lizzard, etc.)? Or does speciation have bounds / limits? Please explain. Thanks for sharing.

[@kayvalencia2223]

Watch at 2x

[@briseboy]

Viscacha is pronounced Vis- kotcha. the plains Viscacha is, like the other viscachas, of the chinchilla family and not a rat, just as squirrels and prairie dogs are are rodents but not rats. I noticed some students discussion pronunciation of niche. Looks like in MT people have learned to mispronounce niche as nitch, when the word is French, pronounced neesh throughout most of the world by ecologists and maybe interior decorators.

[@nrgarcia1071]

so in speciation by polyploidy, the same chromosome mistake happens at the same time so the two organisms can breed and create a new species?

[@piepotatosandturtle2]

yes but they can also self pollinate so fertile offspring pop up.

[@briancheong2087]

top 10 youtube opening no stizzy

[@eumesm9770]

06:56 You are not explaining it. You are assuming that evolution developed the instinct that birds will follow and by it's behavior will breed.

[@sameersultan7708]

Who is watching this for the Corona Virus

[@CastIronGinger]

So how can evolution be proven to be true if yes, the animal can create new species within generations but it still stays the same “original type”, example the elephants will always be elephants and can or cannot breed with eachother? Doesn’t that disprove the theory in general?

[@suzandehbashi113]

so helpful thanks

[@MrMZaccone]

Are you really claiming that the decay rate of radioactive isotopes is not uniform? You really don't understand how that works either, do you?

[@51MontyPython]

Why would the one group of fruit flies abstain from procreating with the other group just because they didn't eat the same thing? When I look at a beautiful woman I'm not concerned with what she had for breakfast.

[@shiroburrito4450]

i wish you were my professor

[@simpsonmark]

But why did the flies stop interbreeding just because of their diet?

[@brotatochip7001]

Just put the speed on 1.25 and hope your bio teacher has reasonable expectations.

[@yashaaramunir9598]

God bless u 🙏🙏

[@ianpennack560]

Brain Laterality is the evolutionary innovation from one single brain to two hemispheres with limited inter-hemispheric connectivity. One in dominance to compete within specie life, 90%. The other to achieve isolative speciation 10%. Left-handedness is higher in males and in general Left-handed males are not as physically strong as the right handed males. All species, especially those species from mammals onward's produce runts. It would be an advantage to evolution to evolve a male who would not be physically able to fight for control of as many females as a dominant right handed male. Evolution has changed over millions of years from the physical to brain power in finding new life survival strategies. We are a product of the mind, not physical competition.

[@loricalass4068]

Let's look at the myth that speciation shows evolution. Speciation does not support evolution as it is an example of stasis and stasis is the exact opposite of evolution. For ex. over 200,000 species of beetles are all still beetles. There are thousands upon thousands of species of birds, bees, lizards, trees, bacteria, trees, yeast, flowers, whatever. If a new species develops within any groups at all, you can bet your bottom science dollar that it will still be just a beetle, bee, bacteria, tree, fish, or whatever. . We are supposed to fill in the blanks here with...faith...and think, "Well! If a new species develops then things just keep evolving and evolving from there on." But the next step above a species, in the Animal or Plant Kingdom, is a Family. We aren't seeing any new Families forming. Anywhere. Ever. According to Darwin's so called Tree of Life and peer reviewed evolutionary literature, new Families have evolved. Over and over and over. . However, nature operates today as it did in the past. In the real world, with trillions of life forms around us, we never see anything developing above the level of a new species. Those life forms out there have purportedly had eons and eons of ancestors preceding them which should be showing at least one example of a part this Family "transitioning" to be a part that of another Family. . But we only see that in the purely theoretical, unverifiable ancient past, in the realm of evolutionary literature, and never in any life around us. If there is no evidence for transitions from one Family to another - and please provide data if you know of any such evidence in the observable and not theoretical realm - then there is no evidence for evolution. And that's just for starters on how evolutionism defies real science. . You are not a goo through the zoo to you update. You have a Heavenly Father Who made you in HIS image and likeness. He loves you and wants you to know Him, and to love Him, too.

[@ianpennack560]

Why did god create Mutation. You must prove to me that god did create mutation.

[@bushrazaker7687]

Can anyone please help me! I got exam! Can any one explain what is the difference between reproductive isolation in both sympatric and allopatric isolation?

[@umairsyed6047]

sympatric isolation happens within a population while allopatric isolations occurs due to outside variables like geographical separation

[@kapiriasis]

I feel so lucky I'm greek

[@alevelsdemystified3410]

Nice!!

[@005Turk]

theoretically yes cause the barrier was only mechanical

[@LoveResidentEvil4]

omg, better than my professor!

[@babywhale-eq9xk]

Cant get their 'sex parts together'. Veeery scientific terms you got there, Anderson! Haha

[@fromm1013]

Is diabetes real

[@kevinlam1828]

rooney is lit af

[@suzmaryosep]

We're paying our professor 20k and he just sent us to you lol

[@UentilSecure]

Wait, nvm, i spoke too quickly

[@stephenhawkingMLG]

Ms. Bearden's AP biology anyone? :^)

[@marito166]

Nah Mr. Buckingham for me

[@thechunkyginger1987]

yeah this haters can't stand it I'm the last man standing hit the chug jug hit the chug jug hit hit the chug jug hit the chug jug storms almost finished

[@RebornLevi]

Vegetarians and hamburger eaters not interbreeding? Maybe unlikely, but for the vegan very unlikely.

[@healthyauthentic7453]

Awww. He said, "Okur" like Cardy B lol

[@michaelryd6737]

What mr Andersson doesn´t tell you in this video is what happens after 20 - 50 generations with fruitflies...

[@cassadybarrett3582]

Who is this that is from 7th grade

[@jacob6503]

ms. munoz class

[@omrathore4431]

Very nice, 😜

[@KeyBrute]

Miss Sheepy-Chan

[@wagagagaggag]

NS201 anybody?

[@peggydonahue8710]

who is watching this for Living Environment

[@kaushikselvakumar5511]

Who's Here In 2021?

[@garnettrulzkobe]

eheem Khan Academy for life

[@fherenkmoreno9382]

Im watching this cuz i think its cool af and everyone else is just trying to pass their tests ☠️☠️☠️

[@taylorreisiger4934]

ME TOO

[@alexisdubreuil3223]

lol great china wall

[@jjimenez2796]

I would not pass bio if it wasn't for you

[@Jose-ew7xg]

2018 vegans will be triggered with the hamburger example hahaha

[@MrWhoaify]

Great china wall lol