Can our energy infrastructure keep up as AI scales?

[@DrWaku]

This video ended up being very long, apologies. Last video in my old location! As of right now, I'm setting up my new place.

[@israeldavila27]

I’d rather have longer videos, short videos are just brain rot.

[@DrWaku]

Thanks. It can be a challenge to keep it coherent when it's super long is all. I'm waiting for people to point out that I didn't talk much about how long it takes to construct grid infrastructure. Didn't want to make it even longer though haha

[@DaveShap]

Congrats on the move!

[@DrWaku]

​@@DaveShapThanks! It's been a few years since I last moved, which inevitably means too much stuff

[@sylversoul88]

​@DrWaku definitely interested in a video about grid infrastructure. Also, the length of this video was good, as it still felt information dense. Some KZbinrs give about 2 minutes worth of value in a 20 minute video. That's when it's a problem.

[@paramsb]

Please continue to make videos. Your videos are always well structured, educational, and comprehensive! Thanks Dr Waku :)

[@roccov1972]

Agreed!

[@DrWaku]

Thank you very much for your support :) I'll keep making videos, though my frequency might be a bit delayed for a few more weeks.

[@kairi4640]

We just need to genetically modify mice to create Pikachus irl, and then we'll have all the energy we need. Mwhahahaha!

[@lamkawan1531]

After hearing Altman talk about nuclear plant so many times which left me thinking “nuclear power is the only energy that can power Ai”, your video gives new perspective. Thanks. Will rewatch later

[@antigonid]

people are commenting that chip efficiency gains are massive, but don't realize industry will scale far beyond energy parity. when gas prices fall, people drive more.

[@econdude3811]

Demand for gasoline is relatively inelastic. I'm not sure the price of energy is highly correlated with developing and using AI. Probably not

[@jaredf6205]

Yeah, that makes sense. Even taking into account efficiency of the model, the companies are going to push forward from every angle, software and hardware efficiency, yes, but just more chips and more power the whole time too.

[@Apjooz]

Also historical trends are that as energy consumption in computing grows by 10x energy efficiency improves by 100x. I think there's correlation here. So we are going to scale also because that is a good way to gain efficiency.

[@lordkresh]

The Sohu chip is expected to decrease power consumption for AI workloads by up to 50%. This reduction is achieved through its efficient integration of Transformer architecture at the hardware level, which optimizes AI processing tasks and minimizes the energy required for complex computations.

[@DrWaku]

Yeah there's lots of potential tech coming down the line, in terms of hardware efficiency and software or algorithmic efficiency. I'm pretty sure that usage will expand to fit available demand and then some however.

[@lordkresh]

@@DrWaku Probably at first, but demographic decline will lead to reduction of demand. At least until populations stabilize and begin rising again.

[@Ducotevision]

At @03:27 Amazon has also purchased 1,200 acres right next to a nuclear plant in Pennsylvania.

[@JustSomeElectricalEngineer]

DC long-range transmission is generally more efficient than AC. It is simply easier to transform mechanical energy into AC, and transformations between different voltages are easier in an AC system.

[@KatharineOsborne]

Your chaptering skills are amazing.

[@antigonid]

you have darn excellent communication skills

[@DrWaku]

Thank you kindly :) :)

[@aisle_of_view]

My favorite AI related channel for this reason!

[@playlist5455]

Wrong again (at 9m1sec) an air conditioner is a heat pump (so is your fridge). They are the same thing but the air conditioner (and refrigerator) do not have a reversing valve.

[@pandoraeeris7860]

Solar + fusion + efficiency.

[@aisle_of_view]

Hopefully, although even if we solve the fusion problem tomorrow it'll take at least a decade to have functioning plants.

[@Ducotevision]

Solar + fusion + bitcoin mining = efficiency

[@bloopbleepnothinghere]

Lol. Nuclear, a well established, understood, mature, safe technology can do all of that already. Humans are stupid.

[@Rawdiswar]

Keep dreaming

[@RichardDrapeau]

Please update your info. Japan has restarted most of its plants shut down aroud 2013 after Fukushima. More are under construction.

[@afjerry1]

Just thinking these data centers give off huge amount of heat, couldn’t they use the waste heat to generate a decent amount of power back from it.

[@DrWaku]

It's a good thought. But it's pretty hard to turn heat into energy or electricity, because it radiates out in all directions. If you have a high difference in temperature, it's possible, still not very efficient though en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator#:~:text=are%20applied%20to.-,Thermoelectric%20systems,cooled%20by%20air%20or%20water.

[@willbates2174]

@@afjerry1 You can use the waste heat to do useful work in other areas, for example there’s a place in Europe that uses the waste heat from a data center to heat a pool!

[@afjerry1]

@@DrWaku if you look at the huge fans Tesla has built These fans will cool a $2B, 50,000-unit Nvidia GPU cluster and Tesla's own compute hardware in the coming months. That’s a lot of power check it out.

[@sirolse]

those data centers generate a lot of heat, how are we going to use it?

[@Ducotevision]

It’s hard because it’s just air and the consumer of the heat or system would need to be close for it to be applicable.

[@Greg-xi8yx]

Ashenbrunner has actually said it will keep up and explained how despite saying it’s a challenge. I recommend his interview on Dwarkesh Patel’s channel. This silly environmentalists who claimed nuclear was so unclean simply heard “nuclear” and decided it was unclean even if data showed otherwise. Nonetheless it will keep pace because we can’t afford for it not to keep pace.

[@DrWaku]

I thought Aschenbrenner said to just use natural gas. I saw some arguments that it was unrealistic, so wanted to explore some alternative pathways too.

[@Greg-xi8yx]

@@DrWaku and you did a top notch job you’ve definitely convinced me of your view and taught me a few things I didn’t know about power distribution in the USA. 🫡

[@HomesteadEngineering]

Very well done! You are really good at this. Keep it up. :)

[@DRR95555]

I like your videos. They are very informative. Do you mind me asking how old you are?

[@DrWaku]

Thanks. Mid thirties, a few years after PhD.

[@EvandroInada]

Always a great video! Tks for sharing!

[@CYI3ERPUNK]

they already said it , the future blueprint is this : 1 - natrium power reactor 2 - data-center , likely full of ASICs/NPUs/quantum processors 3 - underground survival bunker/shelter 4 - ??? 5 - PROFIT XD the geographical foot print is likely around 1x1km

[@s_a_r_a_t_s]

Bro... sometimes i feel you are a real AI....hats off to your knowledge in technology 🙏

[@DrWaku]

@@s_a_r_a_t_s hah thanks, I think ;)

[@dikshamen]

@Dr wako...im big fan of you channel and inputs, 25:46 You forgot to mention hydrogen power by water electrolysis.... By combing solar/ micro nuclear reactors in the hydrogen power plants for water pumping and electrolysis operating demands. It will result in masive and Clean and very cheap power production.

[@aiforculture]

Thank you Dr Waku for your continued clear and thoughtful insights :)

[@Master13346]

Nice hat Dr Waku! This video was incredibly interesting. Thank you.

[@ignisimber2818]

Fascinating video, thanks for making it

[@Ruchikun]

the panels on the water stop evaporation..; but wouldn't they also inherently increase the water temp ?

[@nts9]

New chip technology will reduce the power needed by a 100 to 1,000 x but what that means is that the cost of producing AI content will drop that means there will be more demand this is so common the it has a name the Jevons paradox states that as technological progress increases the efficiency with which a resource is used, the total consumption of that resource may increase rather than decrease. This is because improved efficiency often leads to reduced costs, which in turn can increase demand and overall usage. In the context you've provided: 1. New chip technology is dramatically reducing power consumption (by 100 to 1,000 times). 2. This reduction in power consumption will likely lead to a significant decrease in the cost of producing AI content. 3. The lower cost is expected to increase demand for AI-generated content. 4. This increased demand may lead to a greater overall consumption of resources, despite the improved efficiency. This principle has been observed in various industries and technologies. For example, as lighting became more energy-efficient, people tended to use more lighting overall, partially offsetting the energy savings from the improved efficiency. It's an important consideration in discussions about technological progress, energy efficiency, and resource consumption. The Jevons paradox reminds us that improved efficiency alone may not necessarily lead to reduced overall resource use, as economic factors like decreased costs can drive increased consumption.

[@lordkresh]

Jevons' paradox, conceived during the Industrial Revolution, reflected a time when technological improvements led to increased resource consumption due to rapid population growth and industrial expansion. Today, AI operates in a different context. Modern advancements enhance efficiency across multiple sectors, with stabilized population growth and a focus on sustainability. AI's potential to optimize energy use, reduce waste, and support renewable energy integration means efficiency gains are more likely to lead to resource savings rather than increased consumption. Thus, Jevons' paradox doesn't fully apply to contemporary AI-driven efficiency improvements.

[@sylversoul88]

​@@lordkreshI do strongly agree with you in that AI is probably the first and only technology ever created where the advancement of that technology will forever contribute towards developing that same technology even more, both in capability, efficiency, and so forth. However, the degree to which we will find value in simulating every atom of our world for research purposes and automating every function of our human existence, is mind-boggling. It will never be satisfied. So we will be developing AI in a way that we constantly strike a balance between quantity and quality. Yes, we may saturate one of those two aspects in the future, but I just feel that this will at least result in a very much slower 'take-off' than some people more generously anticipate. The functional realisation of AI is possibly in the decades ahead.

[@Ducotevision]

Okay ChatGPT

[@NwachukwuOfoma]

You on a roll with the content dawg keep it up frontier material right here🫡😭😂💯

[@sven262]

Super informative, as usual. Thank you.

[@alexandrustefanmiron7723]

Japan is actually doing a 180 regarding nuclear and has around 10 nuclear reactors planned. Also in 2022 and 2023 they restarted around 20 plants. It seems that someone started to use their neurons!

[@caty863]

Li-Ion battery for storage at a power plant would be the worst use case for this type of battery. given how expensive they are, they are best suited for instances where a lighter (in terms of power density) batteries are required. that is automotive and portable electronics. In static use cases, other solutions are much more suitable.

[@DrWaku]

Quite possible. I'm just going by what I've read. It seems like although lithium ion is more expensive, the storage density makes it worthwhile? "Lithium-ion batteries, which are used in mobile phones and electric cars, are currently the dominant storage technology for large scale plants to help electricity grids ensure a reliable supply of renewable energy."

[@DrWaku]

www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-battery-storage#:~:text=Lithium%2Dion%20batteries%2C%20which%20are,reliable%20supply%20of%20renewable%20energy.

[@Apjooz]

Future is faster and anything fast will be cheap. And batteries are pretty fast.

[@MarcoServetto]

if you need energy for AI training, you do not need batteries, you just need to use power only when available. You can make massive solar farms and simply only compute during the day

[@apivovarov2]

A city with 800,000 houses would be considered a large city, as it would likely accommodate several million residents.

[@roccov1972]

Probably your best video yet! I learned a lot. Thanks Doc!

[@AC-go1tp]

Info worthy of the video length

[@caty863]

I really don't understand how an accident becomes a reason to shut down all the reactors, even those not subjected to the same conditions that occurred to the ill-fated one. It looks like there is a rogue force behind this phobia.

[@DrWaku]

I think it comes down to land again. Japan really doesn't have much land, and hundreds or thousands of square kilometers are no longer inhabitable around the Fukushima plant. Japan is a fairly safe place, so there's not much stomach by the public to think about these types of disasters. Also, Japan has a ton of earthquakes which means preventing this sort of thing from happening again is harder than it sounds.

[@mlytle0]

@@DrWaku Newer reactor designs can be meltdown proof. Why are we assuming the 1970's designs were a mature endpoint for nuclear energy?

[@dauur2371]

​@@DrWakuthe land is habitable, politics is largely the reason stopping people coming back.

[@cubertmiso]

there are forces behind this phobia 100%. for example green parties are used by russia in europe to drive that agenda to keep them using russia's oil and gas. also big fossil fuel companies in usa lobby for green energy because they know that only them can help when there isn't enough energy when no wind/no sunshine.

[@DaveEtchells]

On the other hand, there’s Germany 🤷‍♂️

[@lawrencium_Lr103]

Is there a reason tides are not used to generate power?

[@ecognitio9605]

Sea salt and wave action quickly destroys the generators

[@lawrencium_Lr103]

@@ecognitio9605 tide seems to lift a 10000t container ship no problem, there'd be one or two generators onboard no doubt,,,

[@DrWaku]

Not sure. The largest current installation of tidal power generation is 254 MW. It seems like high cost, corrosion to the equipment, high ecological impact because of marine life colliding with propellers, and also high cost are all factors. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power

[@lawrencium_Lr103]

@@DrWaku yeah, fsure, the oceans brutal. I was thinking vertical. The largest container ship is 240,000 ton, it's lifted and lower by the tide. Places get tides of 16m. It's a super simplistic observation. There's clearly something I'm missing, it's probably scale. Corrosion seems easy to over come using recycled plastic. Imagine a 100000+ sqm floating data centrer lifted and lowered every 24hrs,,, tides are consistent and predictable, real-estate would be cheap,,, waters cool,,, turbines above, nothing corrosive in the water,,, tidal force up, gravity force down,,, It doesn't seem that far fetched sitting out in the harbour all lit up at night,,, not sure if AI like water though,,, Please don't hold back shooting holes, criticisms such a welcome gift,,,

[@dharma404_]

Nuclear fusion - do you think it is possible for AGI/ASI to figure out nuclear fusion and be able to grow itself once the power requirements have been accomplished?

[@DaveEtchells]

Excellent analysis (!) I’ve followed much the same train of thought myself. I wonder about adding gas “peaker” plants to the mix of solar and batteries? They’re fast to deploy (~18 months), and I wonder how they’d trade off against battery availability, cost, etc? Battery availability could be an issue, but OTOH, EV demand is falling off a cliff, so perhaps a lot of the battery production capacity that had been allocated to them could supply datacenter demand.

[@jameshughes3014]

I really enjoy these kinds of nuanced informed videos. People have such a funny habit of assuming a linear continuation of any trend line. More accurate information can lead to better understanding. I don't think we will need all that power for AI 5 years from now for various reasons. It seems like it was only last year that people were panicking about how much power we would need for all the electric cars. If I'm wrong, that's fine, but if I'm right, more green power will always be useful. We'll need that power for something.

[@willbates2174]

You stated that “air conditioners are very inefficient but heat pumps are much better”. I think you either misspoke or are misinformed. All air conditioners *are* heat pumps. The only difference is weather or not they have the handful of parts needed to reverse their operation and also be used as heaters in the winter. Sure there are more efficient forms of AC/heat pumps, but they all operate on the same principals. Apologies for the nitpick on such a small detail, however it made me question the rest of your arguments, as I was not sure if you had given the same attention to the rest of your numbers and information.

[@DrWaku]

Hmm, my bad on this one. I based this on an offhand comment someone made to me, and when I searched it up, I apparently got a link that was saying they were more efficient because electricity was more efficient. Which isn't exactly true. Apologies for the error.

[@willbates2174]

@@DrWaku You may have heard someone compare heat pumps to electric heat? I’m honestly not sure under what conditions it would be better because of “electricity”. Electric resistive heat is about the worst way to heat a space as you can only dump as much energy as you pull from the grid. However heat pumps can approach and even exceed the performance of natural gas, they use electricity to pull heat from outside and put it inside. With the most efficient heat pumps, they make it more efficient to use natural gas in a power plant instead of using the same natural gas to heat the home directly.

[@MicMaine]

The math is already incorrect. At the current phase of exponential increase, it's about 10x for more resources per two years, but as we get closer to the exponential curve it will takeoff and require massively more resources to function. We are right not on the cusp of the exponential take off... at most we have is 2 years before the energy demand is a serious problem where the allowances will be given to the rich and energy rationing mandated upon the poor.

[@enermaxstephens1051]

They'll just build new power plants. Maybe specifically to power the big data centers.

[@lvx2011]

There is misinformation about nuclear power in the video. Contrary to what was said in the video, both California and Japan have been in a rush to restart the previously disabled nuclear plants.

[@kushalvora7682]

I've read neuromorphic computing hardware and SNNs can be around 1000 times more efficient but AI will also scale more than 1000 times from today so ultimately energy use of AI will increase but not as much as many think.

[@momentomoridoth2007]

I predict that we will have one more AI winter, due to the power scaling issue. We will then develop ultra-low power ASIC devices to train AI, and will then be at or near AGI within a decade of this happening.

[@WorldMover]

Brilliant video

[@nomadv7860]

Awesome video, you explained everything so well

[@vernongrant3596]

Wow, that was amazing. I will have watch it a few times so I can quote you. Got to think solar is the answer.

[@edellenburg78]

Michigan's Palisades Nuclear Power Plant is being restarted, potentially to support Microsoft's and OpenAI's new $100 billion Stargate data center in Wisconsin. The projects, located about 81 miles apart, signify a coordinated effort to use clean nuclear energy to power advanced AI capabilities.

[@MichaelDeeringMHC]

I like using solar panels in the desert with the data center right next door, and only running it in the sunshine, no batteries.

[@DrWaku]

Yeah that would be my vote too. Might be most economical.

[@aisle_of_view]

Probably why Microsoft is building data centers in Arizona

[@sylversoul88]

Is that practical though? Just not using the data centre half the time? And is it even actually monetarily efficient, considering the gpu's or data centre itself then achieves only half the work for the money it cost?

[@edellenburg78]

You have to also think about when humans use the least about of power, and that's when your timezone is asleep. So Solar when used most during the day when the sun is out and city power when there is low usage anyway

[@playlist5455]

At 8m6sec you are wrong. Gas car engines are less efficient than a gas plant generator.

[@Atheist-Libertarian]

Solar energy + storage, Will become cheapest form of energy by 2030, Without any government subsidy. But yes, If you put high tarrifs on Solar and Battery, then it will delay that for few more years. Note: Solar energy (Without storage) is already cheapest electricity. But because you need to store energy for use at night / evening, then it becomes expensive. But by 2030 that will not be the case

[@mlytle0]

Batteries are completely ridiculous for storing gigawatt level power storage. The economics stink because the chemical reactions suitable for batteries are not as energetic as simple combustion. Should mention that high interest rates have proven lethal for recent offshore wind turbines, and some solar installations. Also factor in the solar panels lose efficiency over 20 years and need replaced. Can't see solar/ battery as serious for this purpose.

[@PhenixRyze]

How much power can nuclear fusion create?

[@Ducotevision]

We’d have to successfully produce it to answer that question…

[@alexandrustefanmiron7723]

Also china has 26 nuclear reactors in construction, 41 planned and 158 proposed!

[@tttttttttttttt6]

No - they asked the AI “how do we take over the world while appeasing the existing masters” and the answer was “create an energy crisis with AI compute needs so the energy companies and everyone still win”

[@garrettlees]

I just don't see batteries as a viable option for the amount of power production and energy storage you're talking about. Right now you can store a mere 5 kWh of electrical energy in a battery that weighs about 100 lbs for about 2 grand -- and that's just the cost of the battery (not including installation, not including comms). It's just not feasible. Not to mention what scale of environmental destruction are we talking about here in terms of embedded energy? Enormous. Then comes the battery graveyard in the blink of an eye. It's too much.

[@ollyfoxcam]

Boy got swag. Slay king

[@Null-h6c]

ai is about to experience a massive drop in ressource needed

[@wisdomafoolweakness3391]

Nobody never ask AI to find a new source of power that never runs out I sure if they get AI working in that we will have something at the end of the year but the won't

[@ps0705]

New business model for Iceland. More geothermal for AI centers.

[@Vbastin-p2r]

All these is not considering quantisation of models. And training may happen on fly. Also Nvidia GPUs will have to become more efficient or lose value.

[@GaryBernstein]

Thorium ultra safe nuclear

[@Citrusautomaton]

My main concern is that renewables get stifled in the US. Donald Trump has expressed a disliking for renewable energy, so i worry that if he gets in he might ruin the potential sustainability of these datacenters. Good lord i can’t wait for the day ASI replaces politicians!😭

[@skyebrows]

It must

[@Letsflipingooo98]

Nuclear Energy will generate the electricity needed. With the help of AI; once SMR Small Modular Reactor technology is finally optimized. we are good to go

[@T800_Terminator]

Scaling isn’t the future. We need to improve the way machine learning occurs. Currently transformers aren’t cutting it.

[@caty863]

so, what do you propose? transformer is what we have now. we can sit and wait for the next breakthrough; we don't kow when that will happen. it can be tomorrow, it can be never.

[@unironicallyironic6626]

"what do you propose" he proposes nothing 😂 every single human being on this planet could tell you what is wrong with the world but how many of them can offer a solution? if the guy you replied to was smart enough to solve the problem he pointed out, he would be busy fixing that problem instead of watching youtube videos. its so easy to be an "armchair expert" 😂

[@Pyramidalist]

No ... power will be used by electro-cars completely ... no boiled egg or toast and of course AI only for people with adequate private nuclear powerstations at home ...

[@dolphinfan65]

Sor far I think we will far short of the savings. AS long as we are a for profit society, the only savings that will be seen will be for the Corporations and not the consumer. So, while I HOPE, I fall short of my prediction, the current Inflation rates are high because the corporations are causing it, for a better profit margin.

[@mahbubhossainsamm]

Burning more coal and gas and increasing the height of the sea level… more AI but less land to live. Cool. 👌🏼

[@Citrusautomaton]

More AI to solve climate change related problems.

[@joshm3342]

At some point, AI masters will put humans on energy ration, and take most for their own use.

[@Apjooz]

This is indeed a loving universe.

[@dathoodieguy7121]

Let’s not talk about the “safe and reliable” vaccine anymore

[@Ducotevision]

@05:47 I challenge you to do some research on bitcoin mining and how it’s a net buyer of energy and can be an intermittent consumer to help build a reliable buy over sizing it like we do with all electric equipment/ systems… and have the miners shut off when price increases from demand because they’re price sensitive and can only be profitable to around .20 KW

[@brianrcVids]

Committing the primary energy fallacy. Most of the energy generated by fossil fuels is wasted as heat. An electrified grid and transportation system will use considerably less energy because more energy will go to doing actual work. Elon Musk built a utility scale battery for Australia in 100 days, not solar panels. Generating energy from nuclear power is expensive and wasteful in the extreme because the technology doesn't scale and remains expensive. The future belongs to solar, wind, geothermal, and batteries. The costs of each are plummeting, following Wright's Law, as more and more solar panels and batteries are produced. Tomorrow's price of energy will not be today's price of energy, it'll be dramatically cheaper. Watch presentations by Tony Seba and RethinkX to really understand our energy future.

[@reinerheiner1148]

Just wondering if you ever considered having a b12 deficiency that could be the root cause of your symptoms. Even if your b12 blood levels are ok, it does not mean that you are not deficient. Your symptoms seem to be a good fit.

[@DrWaku]

Yeah that was one of the original contenders. It was somewhat low but responded very well to supplements. I still take high levels of B12 supplement just in case. I'm also vegetarian so that puts me at greater risk. I'll get a check next time I go to the doctor, thanks for the reminder.

[@reinerheiner1148]

@@DrWaku just taking oral b12 and increasing your blood levels to within the normal range may not be enough. Many need injections to fully recover. If your md just looks at your b12 levels, you should see this as a major red light. Just checking blood levels of b12 is not enough for a diagnosis, you also need a few other blood markers such as homocysteine, and a few others. And even if those are ok, if the symtoms are a possible match, trying b12 injections might still be a good idea to see if it improves symtoms. Especially if you already are taking oral b12, it may make diagnosis difficult. Unfortunately diagnosing b12 deficiency is not easy as you can see. Wish you all the best

[@Rawdiswar]

You are not accurate with your analysis of the Texas blackout, nor with your comments on Hydro Quebec. CO2 is not a pollutant either.

[@myyoutube-g4g]

Can bitcoin miners balance the grid? they did this in Texas recently. What would happen with energy grid if every watt will be priced in satoshis ?

[@danielchristiansen594]

A new nuclear power plant is under construction now in Wyoming. The (lower 48) US electrical grid is actually two grids -- one for Texas, and one for the rest of the US. The "rest of the US" also includes 2 nearly-separate grids -- the Eastern Interconnection and the Western Interconnection grids -- which have seven interconnectors that allow up to 1.32 GW of power to flow between them. I think you need to check your facts more carefully before putting out your videos.

[@Basil-the-Frog]

Is there a single reference that is publicly available that will give someone an overview of this distribution system? Thank you for pointing out TerraPower's reactor (William Gates of Microsoft) that is going it. I like the fact that Dr Waku has a lot of references in the notes of his video. I'm guessing it takes a lot of effort to document the video that way.

[@origami74]

first (not a bot) or am i?

[@DrWaku]

You do seem to have won this round ;)

[@DCGreenZone]

Time to watch The Matrix once again.

[@dadsonworldwide3238]

Power is gdp growth now so they better get over that. Usa is lucky cause founders knew decentralized break down of public sector was to come. . It backs the dollar exchange. The hard part is transferred representing stock & taxed 3 eco system line of measure =eqaulibrium The horsepower & utility + beast of burden robot slaves and utility serfs national cpu GDP 1st economic means of growth has to be paid for by tech oligarchy while locals &regions own and operate maintenance . 2nd =3 rd Bank & State aggragates bestowed upon birth legal citizen ownership of stocks plus free power and utility. Can't have welfare states plantations where power hungry elite crying voting rights or propagandized image idol worshiping rogue terminater false prophet or plausible deniabilty excuses behind it's attacks on ppl.. = truest known standard endowed by God freedoms tied to our cash money. Ability to get mobile free will inertia to evolve our frame of reference how we see fit. Can't dollar tax tech oligarchy once we place the.mark upon the beast and refuse to place it upon the.ppl. But.our allys state mastership loans out social contracts on the servitude then tells them they can practice democracy. It's not like America where we'll the.ppl are mastership In private sector authoring social contracts on the state and servitude who temporarily waives mastership In office. 1900s structuralism in a call to arms America for greater good played the top down dualistic form and shape granting liberal power to the state determined simplicity and pushed infinite sums of complexity down upon many different diciplines and people 20 yr old cannon fodder necessary evils or war to liberate and industrialize the 3rd world nations which we Finnished. Computational age won't tolerate that it's to literal and wise of what built our world and where it leads us.

[@JustSomeElectricalEngineer]

DC long-range transmission is generally more efficient than AC. It is simply easier to transform mechanical energy into AC, and transformations between different voltages are easier in an AC system.

[@bloopbleepnothinghere]

DC is horrible at long distance transmission. That's precisely why AC won over DC. Like, wtf?? In the before times each town needed their own small DC generation plant because transmitting DC any significant distance was impractical and inefficient 🤦