Can You Solve This Astronomical Riddle?

In this video we look at one of the greatest astronomy riddles in history.
A special thank you to Dr. Christian Sasse for all your help with this video, as well as the people of Siding Spring Observatory who made my time there so pleasant.
If you'd like to learn how to make your own space photographs, visit this website www.itelescope.net/
Hi! I'm Jade. Subscribe to Up and Atom for physics, math and computer science videos!
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Animations
Tom Groenestyn
Hamachi Obo

[@upandatom]

How did you go? :)

[@Sewerin94]

It must be some kind of forbidden mechanism :)

[@sandeepkumardas732]

Love u jade🥰🥰

[@shogun2215]

I did manage to work it out, but there's no way I could explain the answer as eloquently as you could :P

[@hoodedR]

yaaayyy I got it right. Loved this video.

[@upandatom]

oh no! :(

[@edwinjoy9]

I really enjoy being taught like this i.e. coming up with answers on our own. This makes us 'think' and leads to more discussion.

[@MarcelinoDeseo]

This is how we should learn science :-)

[@edwinjoy9]

Exactly!

[@johnkean6852]

@@MarcelinoDeseo No: this is how we were taught every subject at school: l am still puzzled by some aspects. Education is to TEACH knowledge. There are some pieces of the jigsaw l am still trying to grasp from science and l left school years ago. If it took scientists 60 years to solve this riddle why should a 13 year old child be expected to grasp everything in a 30 minute lesson. 🤔 This video was very entertaining and l enjoyed it immensely but this puzzle-type of teaching should be a fun lesson on a Friday afternoon. If we were focussed only on one subject well yes - l agree but we had 6 plus subjects to juggle. We should return to the days when we had to memorise _knowledge_ (as l did from 5-11 and passed my 11+) not the unit system of study which is the methodology in place now at Universities. If you have a brain chock full of knowledge you can then later add to it by doing your own research: theses, doctorates. It is for this reason that eg High flying scientists don't understand photosynthesis. Chopping down the rainforests to provide areas for grazing cattle to supply the world with beef was the reason cited due to O2 deficit as one main reason forgetting that trees with, chlorophyl-rich leaves, emit CO2 at night in absence of sunlight _ which in actual fact, *adds* to global warming: _greenhouse gas_ . I've asked: 'brainy' 10 A Levels plus (privately educated) students very simple questions and they _always_ fail. Sample questions: what powers the human heart, what's a femur, define osmosis, and what happened during the Punic Wars? They can never answer. l am not afraid to admit l didn't grasp the solutiion to the riddle posed in video: There was a great build up of clues then towards the end we get the solution which (for me) wasn't emphasized enough having had the clues explained crystal clearly and _reiterated_ . I thought O3 was a sign that the spacial body emiting green spectra was an earthlike planet. And the people who got it straight away (dense earth borne states of matter relinquish e to other atoms more - not released as photons with less dense bodies) were scientists who admitted they knew the answer and the ones who solved it say they only did so because the clues were laid out for them. *She is really saying that less dense brains are brighter* But nobody got that 🤣 Happy Yultide.🎄

[@johnkean6852]

I got the answer: are you really saying: *less dense brains are brighter* 🤔

[@traininggrounds9450]

But just look at the problem you have with your attitude already. "This makes us think..." Why do you need to be made to think? That is why you are not cut out for professions that are all about thinking. If you don't naturally do what the job asks for then you don't have an affinity for that job. Don't do work that is resisting your natural flow. But there are people that want to think and analyze why things work and what the underlying mechanism may be for any particular aspect of nature.

[@ascetic3312]

2:34 - Good lord, they just straight up murdered Nebulium.

[@95rav]

at least Kenny lived.

[@00Recoil]

Defenestrated, apparently.

[@olmostgudinaf8100]

@@00Recoil I have always found it weird that the word "defenestration" even exists. I mean, it must be a very common thing to deserve a word of its own, right?

[@zoltanposfai3451]

What's next? Plutonium is not an element? Only an elementoid? ;)

[@kanedaku]

@@zoltanposfai3451 Gives off the correct reaction in the correct timeframe to power a flux capacitor though, so will always be a hero to me.

[@DavidMaurand]

i find jade to be an excellent teacher - the material is well organized and imaginatively presented. this is true even if i fail the puzzle.

[@upandatom]

aww thank you! It was a hard puzzle, remember it took 60 years to solve!

[@cosmogoblin]

@@upandatom Yep - it's easy (ish) the way you presented it, because we knew which clues we needed, but astronomers back then didn't know what was relevant!

[@eknaap8800]

Doesn't she deserves to be written with a CAPITAL? You've done this with your own name. Or doesn't your keyboard support capitals??? 🤬😢

[@prschuster]

She is very easy to listen to, and she has a very pleasant speaking voice.

[@GuinessOriginal]

I really hope she is a teacher

[@pifibbi]

6:02 That is the cutest photon I have ever seen in my life

[@manchovie3480]

I don't think I have seen any other photons.

[@rogermwilcox]

It looks a bit like a sperm cell.

[@LivKASS]

Mancho vie I think I’ve ONLY seen photons😜

[@manchovie3480]

@@LivKASS True but not individually which is what I meant.

[@kennethkustren9381]

Forget the photon... I want more face time with the gorgeous scientist girl !!

[@amaarquadri]

One amazing thing about this is that these "forbidden lines" have only ever been observed via astronomy. The timescales for an individual atom to drop from the metastable state to the ground state and emit a photon are still really long (~100,000 years). So to observe this, you need lots of atoms so that a few of them will drop within human timescales. But if you fit that many atoms in a small box, they will necessarily be squished together enough that the collisions will prevent the atoms from staying in the metastable state to begin with. So the only way to observe this on human timescales is to have a ridiculously low density, ridiculously large group of atoms: i.e. a stellar nebula. I think it's amazing that there are quantum effects that haven't (and likely won't for a very long time) been observed with experiments, and that we only know exist because of theory and astronomical measurements!

[@WilliamAMills]

Thanks! I was wondering why they did not try oxygen at low density in a "vacuum" jar.

[@jpdemer5]

The metastable state that gives off the hydrogen 21-centimeter line, which is so useful in radio astronomy, had a ten-million-year lifetime!

[@isilder]

I wouldn't think thats true. I think it inspired the technique to make an atom at absolute zero, 0 Kelvin. This seems to be an observation of forbidden lines here on earth. See , the electron will be in the metastable state, for ever, until something knocks it out. A collision doesn't emit a photon, but there's something else triggering it that will make it emit the forbidden line photons. Its just that its going to be quite a while between such events *outside the lab*. So observing it in nature, no. In the lab? I think so

[@isilder]

Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, a phosphorescent material absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed.

[@alasdairwhyte6616]

so we need to observe 100000 atoms for a year to see 1 event. a kilogram of water has 1.004*10^26 atoms so that contains 1.004*10^21 groups of 100000 atoms each of which can produce 1 event a year so that would be 1.004*10^21 events in 1 kilogram in 1 year - I think our scientist have this under control.

[@HildeTheOkayish]

I like this format! I managed to work out thanks to the clear explanations of the clues. And I really feel like I understand how it works.

[@upandatom]

That's so good to hear!

[@johnroberts1734]

I got it as well. We have so much to learn; good stuff !!!

[@extradimension7356]

Wow I'm amazed, I didn't on a completely different track, + how do you say Neboooolium ? Nebula-eum ? Nebyoubleum… Neb,,, Ohhh tish tosh. I did remember though that Oxygen has it's own "Funky" green lines from Hubble camera design and imagery lol.

[@tuchapoltr]

Okay, I'm gunna try my hands at this. Paused at 11:58 My guess is so: the spectral lines belong to an element found on Earth, and it corresponds to a jump down from a metastable state to a stable state. We don't see this on Earth because of how faint it is. Because there are many more particles in Earth's atmosphere compared to the nebulae, the expected time between collisions is a lot smaller on Earth. Because of that, any electron that does get into a metastable state is much more likely to be knocked out of it by an atom, than to fall back into a stable state naturally. But if it gets knocked down by an atom, it doesn't release a photon. So, we don't really see these ever-present but faint spectrums on Earth, as metastable electrons don't have enough time to release photons naturally. Edit: Ayyy, I think I did it pretty well for a CS student

[@upandatom]

yeah you did :)

[@CaesarCassius]

My god science is boring

[@derinus]

Yeah clue 3 kinda gave it away didn't it?

[@nicholaswion846]

The only thing that I got wrong, was that I thought it would be Nitrogen.

[@moisavictoria]

Wish i actually had the motivation to do that but my mind can't put a red string together easily

[@Visaipalagai]

This video is both interesting and informative. I'm in love with physics now more than ever and thanks for that!

[@keerthivasanr8562]

Hi bro.. your big fan here... When will you give comeback... Waiting for you❤️

[@manasnayak2810]

Bro it mean you didn't meet physics' dad yet and that's Math so... Loving physics won't make any sense

[@RichMitch]

Meta stable state was explained brilliantly. I learned something.

[@eknaap8800]

Basic High School stuff in Europe... 😎

[@jason-paulwells6696]

Your enthusiasm and passion in explaining these difficult concepts in simple terms is a joy to watch.

[@sdkjl5984]

This is like a beautiful violin solo where one is awed by the piece and just vaguely aware of all the effort of preparation.

[@ronniabati8550]

I didn’t know Bowen wore a tie while brushing his teeth before bed.

[@tarmaque]

Who doesn't?

[@w0ttheh3ll]

well, now you do.

[@BeckVMH]

Yes, based on the animation; however, she clearly states, “...he quickly dressed.” My assumption is he had already removed his shoes and perhaps his pants.

[@Geilomeilo2]

I can't stress enough how much i appreciate your videos. It's nice to see someone putting work into getting people into science and critical thinking with such passion, excitement and great charisma, the world definitely needs more people like you! Take care and keep it up :)

[@upandatom]

Thank you so much! :)

[@bradleycarroll5845]

This was really excellent! Forbidden lines are not often covered in online resources, and your way of approaching it is just great. Congratulations!

[@stephenpuryear]

Jade, I am already looking forward to the next video. Thank you again for your very clear presentations on complex interesting topics.

[@upandatom]

Thank you Stephen!

[@KhAnubis]

To be honest I got a little lost among the clues but I had a feeling it would be a bit of an Occam‘s Razor phenomenon, the first clue however really helped me understand how we know what elements stars are made of. Great video though, I was kind of wondering what you were going to be making in the observatory!

[@upandatom]

Thanks Willie :) it was a pretty hard riddle, remember it took 60 years to solve!

[@amehak1922]

Nerdgasm galore. :)

[@theadamabrams]

3:15 I feel like Dugan already answered the riddle almost completely, only missing that "the right state to emit them" was the transition from metastable to stable. He says everything else right in those three sentences. But almost completely is not completely ;-)

[@kumardigvijaymishra5945]

Jade, your topics are lovable, and animations are magnificent. Keep me enlightened. Thanks

[@radiowallofsound]

5:48 is the clearest explanation I've ever heard about emitted frequency... I loved it!

[@CoatiRoux]

I had it exactly right within seconds. Although I have to admit I have a PhD in chemistry and I do not have the faintest idea whether I came to the right conclusion from your hints or had the answer lying around somewhere in my cluttered brain.

[@ApiolJoe]

Same here, also from chemistry background. I had a rought idea of what was going on, and then the clues felt like giving the solution out haha. However there is still something that stumbles me a bit: we explained the presence of the "strange frequencies", but we didn't explain the absence of the expected lines from the real atoms. I mean, the collision rate is small, therefore there is no a priori reason to think that atoms lie mostly in a metastable state. So I still expect these atoms to absorb and emit photons normally, and exhibiting the "normal" rays. Why don't they?

[@ChiDraconis]

​@@ApiolJoe *metastability* as found just now on the "inter-webs" is commonly shown as second order sombrero function so-called because it is shaped like a sombrero hat when presented as Hot Jalapeño ○ In Stern-Gerlach a vast conspiracy to confuse the Norman's Normals with some Glibberish about ± Up-Down which is a consequence of the Gravity field in which it is conducted and constructed to distract from the Neutral Kaon Decay • The neutral kaon is an unstable particle that has been produced by high-energy accelerators. A neutral kaon at rest can decay into a pair of oppositely charged pions which are Pious servants of the Illusion of Gravity which astoundingly has both + and negative consequences when taken over vast regions of our Hadronic Illusion → The kaon mass is 3.566 times as large as the mass of a charged pion so where did the mass go George? It is emitted in the "strange frequencies" which in the +Gravity Field are chromatically dispersed such that they "dispersed" vertically into the Huge Sucker that we know as the Gravity Well of earth such that the observable time is dispersed spatially in as we know it in the 3-d Spacetime • In a lineac the Neutral Kaon Decay is a rather rare event which with sufficient loading of the test device they occur several feet down the tube from where the charged Kaon becomes detectable: "Decay's" ( huh? ) · In particle physics, a kaon, also called a K meson and denoted K , is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness then when the Hot Jalapeño go cold and dark the Quantum Resonance must be put back into the QCD Reservoir which is above the The Hagedorn temperature *▬TH▬* which is about 150 MeV or about 1.7×1012 Kelvin-the same as the mass-energy of the lightest hadrons-the pion for later use in the time-derivative of causality which is dispensed in astoundingly miniscule units called "Quanta" ○ Our instructor will probably block me or get really hot or back-fire with really informed professional work but look at this! Spin: 0????? Like I said but what are they hiding in these green-lines: images.app.goo.gl/FV5VobvfQpE98L7m7

[@iainmac6272]

I did very well with the riddle. I found it helped to already know the answer.

[@ianflemings4989]

Your videos are some of the most educational in all of KZbin. Great work!

[@matthewjamestaylor]

Great video. I am always happy to see your work. Cheers.

[@esa062]

I like it when things are not dumbed down. People either use their brain or don't get anything. That increases brain use.

[@BladeRunner-td8be]

Wha? me no understand .....:)

[@NetAndyCz]

42? The answer is 42. What was the question? :)

[@BaliwTaKa]

hahaha (y)

[@Xeridanus]

WHAT DO YOU GET WHEN YOU MULTIPLY SIX BY NINE There's no more scrabble pieces....

[@NetAndyCz]

@@Xeridanus ...in base 13 ;)

[@cosmogoblin]

@@NetAndyCz "I may be a sorry case, but I don't write jokes in base 13." - Douglas Adams, trying to dodge accusations of being in the Illuminati ;)

[@NetAndyCz]

@@cosmogoblin I know he did say that, but... it is really suspicious because it matches up so well:)

[@JM-Games]

Would love to see more videos similar to this, this channel will get big very fast, super interesting and extremely insightful, I knew about this before I watched the video yet still felt like I came out knowing more.

[@rksnj6797]

Love your videos!!! Always nice to have a mental exercise from time to time!

[@tomasalvim1022]

My guess: The line is caused by an element that exists on earth, but its from a meta-stable state, that on earth goes done by collisions, while in the nebula it has time to relax naturaly and emit the photon.

[@splendedsounds3101]

What about Earth energy added to the soup even in light paste .

[@prnv9876]

Ans- I think becoz of dense atmosphere , electron can't emit photons in metastable state as your clue and in nebula there is less density So I think this is the answer At last I love your videos and watch always when it comes #feedback You should put more videos on Cosmology Edit-I am 16yr old and happy that my Ans was right

[@upandatom]

you were right!

[@Dunkelelf3]

@fynes leigh ????

[@esperancaemisterio]

Wow Jade! This video was amazing!!!! I'm very impressed! I've learned many new things! And I'm amazed by your effort, going to a research lab to shoot your video, interviewing great professionals... and your camera work is professional!!!! Thanks a lot for teaching me so many awesome things! =))))

[@eduardolima5495]

I always learn something from you Jade, you are amazing! Keep up with the amazing job! With this video I learned that if something seems a little odd there is a chance that i'm looking from a biased point of view. As the colors that the atoms emits are biased by our atmosphere!! Sometimes something strange is just some bias that we have!! Thank you!!

[@xcalibur6482]

Hey Jade plz make video over the new findings of Parker probe. plzzzzz 😬

[@MedlifeCrisis]

What actually causes the meta stable state to exist though?

[@upandatom]

What do you mean? It is a property of nature

[@MedlifeCrisis]

@@upandatom OK, can't argue with that answer I suppose 😂 I mean I understand and was familiar with the concept of stable energy states as the only options for electrons but didn't know intermediate states exist and having always thought it was a case of either/or it's just interesting to learn there is an in-between. Brilliant video. Your clues gave me enough to guess. Hope we'll see more location shoots from you 😃

[@renedekker9806]

@@upandatom I am with Medlife Crisis, and would like to hear more about them. What makes the state metastable, for example. I am guessing a stable state is when an energy level is filled with the maximum number of electrons for that level. And unstable state is when a lower energy level has one or more gaps that the electron can fall back to. But what is a metastable state? Is that a separate energy level inbetween the normal levels? In that case, what makes that energy level special? Is it a special condition for the electrons?

[@mkhodr1]

these meta stable states can be explained on a energy level by having a lower energy then its "neighbors". it can be calculated using orbital theory. You can see these states as low half life dacaying elements that you could never see on earth

[@renedekker9806]

@@mkhodr1 Thanks. Do you know what the difference is between these meta stable states and unstable and stable states? After all, stable states also have an energy level that is lower than its neighbours.

[@caput_in_astris]

Amazing explanations - I really loved the pedagogic way to let us find out (and thus understand 😀) the “secret” behind H alpha, S-II and O-III emission lines!

[@c1dv1c1ous]

I love these videos. Thank you for your work.

[@chemusvandergeek1209]

2:46 From evidence thus far, I'm guessing spectral shift...

[@RichMitch]

2:18 they've painted a telescope peach!

[@n8style]

Awesome video and love the clues format!

[@Erik_001]

Great video! It was fun and interesting and informative. Thank you so much!

[@scientificconsideration8294]

6:36 I think you accidentally wrote "Hyrdogen". Edit: Don't worry, mistakes can happen to anyoen!

[@barnabywilde3101]

you are corretc

[@ookjannesplanting1296]

Point in case

[@suttoncoldfield9318]

We're famous, we've discovered a new element!!!

[@jbrecken]

Before getting the clues I figured it was just a known element Hubble-shifted.

[@adiamo0001]

I really liked the way you presented this video! All the information of a quality science video, but presented in a way to make us, your viewers, try to put the pieces together to solve the puzzle ourselves. Thanks! Your channel is really great!

[@upandatom]

I'm so glad you enjoyed it! :)

[@metametodo]

Excellent video format, a scientific mind has to explore, theorize and test often to keep sharp. This is one of the main problems of learning through youtube, you're ready to repeat someone else, but you don't test things for yourself, and not necessarily you trained what was necessary to figure something out by yourself. Thank you a lot, really, really.

[@MateusAntonioBittencourt]

My guess is... when a atom is bumped into a metastable state on earth... because the atmosphere is so thick... it doesn't have time to decay naturally before it gets bumped again. In the nebula, when a hydrogen atom gets bumped... it has a bigger chance it will not bump into another atom, therefore it can decay by emitting a photon.

[@upandatom]

you got it!

[@Alex-um4fe]

And where does the photon come from ?

[@yosoybrunon]

If I understand correctky, that's the extra energy accumulated in the electron due to the collision. As our own energy transformers (from electromagnetic -sun- to chemical -photovoltaic batteries- to electricity) electrons absorb energy, wether it's EM (a photon) or kinetic (an impact) but it will always release it a EM, in the form of a photon. (Please correct me if I'm wrong!)

[@jerry3790]

My instinct was that the spectrum had been redshifted by a massive object. Guess I was wrong

[@upandatom]

ah well good guess!

[@raheebhassan2400]

Me too! But then the fact about meta stable states made me reconsider, as they would have mentioned red shifting in the clues if it was Bowen's solution.

[@rossyburns4392]

dropler effect?

[@andrewjohnson2373]

This video cleared a lot of things up for me. Very good animations as well!

[@SytRReD]

Love this video ! You did a greater job than ever here ! You're totally making epic content, thank you very much ;* I'm glad I've been following you for a few years !

[@upandatom]

Thank you so much :)

[@CroomTM]

I didnt get the riddle but I still had fun trying to figure it out!!

[@upandatom]

That's great! It was a hard riddle, it took 60 years to solve!

[@reginaldokeke8354]

Wow you're so generous with hearts in the comments section.

[@shubhamagarwal480]

Your way of explaining is so exciting.i just loved the riddle😘😘. Thankyou for making the videos😊😊

[@amiralozse1781]

5:42 "a characteristic of the universe is that its kinda lazy!" ahh, so I'm a universe of my own!! always knew theres something special bout me ;-) edit: ... thinking about it... maybe I'm just an electron :-( You are a great techer!!

[@sufsanin1917]

I got it. I am 13 years old. Right after hearing clue 4.

[@sufsanin1917]

Can anyone please tell me, what it means for your comment to be"highlighted".

[@Elephantstonica]

You clicked on a reply or like to your comment in your inbox, so when it’s brought up it’s highlighted and placed toward the top of your view of the comment section, for you to find easily.

[@Elephantstonica]

Jonah Bechara Still, not bad for a 13yr old. Credit where credit’s due. That’s if he did figure it out, you know teenagers. No explanation is given after all. Mind you we don’t know that you figured it out either.

[@sufsanin1917]

@@Rosa-lv8yw I agree.

[@sufsanin1917]

@@Rosa-lv8yw She almost told the answer.

[@eavids128]

Very cool, I love this video format!

[@devkisyou]

So very well explained. I am going to share it with my kids and am sure they will be intrigued. Thank you 😀

[@sebastianelytron8450]

Someone explain to me how this channel can't hit 150K subscribers when Physics Girl is over 1 million?? This video beats anything Physics Girl has put out.

[@cheesywiz9443]

I agree ... in my opinion most of her(jade) videos are more interesting , more in depth and has better explanations but jade makes videos that would only attract people that are somewhat interested in science whereas dianna makes videos that can attract a much wider audience also dianna has been doing this for awhile now .... I think with time this channel will get the attention it deserves too

[@pablostraub]

I like both channels, but they have different styles and audiences. Saying one is better than the other only makes sense depending on your goals, style, etc.

[@JimmyFigueroa]

I would do anything for a date with her 😍

[@ilyassiddiqui700]

Stupid!

[@Elephantstonica]

Easy. The right amount of money ought to do it. Depends how vulgar you are on the outside. As much as on the inside? If so, then it would undoubtedly take a great deal. 😍

[@JimmyFigueroa]

godscop999 of course it would! But I would treat her with respect haha. Nothing vulgar.

[@JimmyFigueroa]

ilyaas siddiqui lol don’t get all worked buddy. Clearly I’m joking.

[@Hexnilium]

Very well made video. You're an excellent communicator!

[@mdderrek9280]

The animation is terrific! The smiley face electrons is a very very VERRRY good way to ease the comprehension!!!!!!

[@moleculeman4653]

This is the first time I've seen an "Up and Atom" video. Jade is most brilliant and very lovely!

[@mac23806]

I really enjoyed that informational and very entertaining video and descriptions of things I didn't know. 10/5 ⭐

[@johncourt9580]

Hi Jade, I've learned so much from your videos, and i did solve that riddle, given the clues, and i now know how these beautiful coloured images from our universe are obtained.

[@tristanpatterson3843]

Love your work, please continue.

[@steveaspen6773]

WoW!, I could spend all day listening to you in these videos. Thank you for your way of explaining , clearly is easy to understand and learn from.

[@bicycleninja1685]

Love the animation! The explanations are easy to understand.

[@Skibbityboo0580]

I love this channel. You would make an excellent museum tour guide, you just explain things so well!

[@upandatom]

Thank you Christopher!

[@BaliwTaKa]

"Museum tour guide," is that an insult? It is true that "Up and Atom" explains things so well, but I think she is beyond the title of a museum tour guide. I could be wrong. Maybe that is all "Up an Atom' is--an excellent museum tour guide.

[@Skibbityboo0580]

@@BaliwTaKa I didnt mean it that way at all!

[@BaliwTaKa]

@@Skibbityboo0580, I didn't think you were trying to insult 'Up and Atom'. I do think you meant it as a complement. Short story: I went to college for art, and on my graduation day, my mom brought me a children's book about art careers that highlighted such things as being a tour guide in a museum. After 6 years of college, 4 years working on the art major while I was also working in industry with scientists as an illustrator and product designer, I was also doing years of college for computer programming, math and physics. Then my mom shows up for my graduation and gives me a children's book about careers in art that highlighted all the career possibilities that were minimum wage in an art museum, emphasizing being a tour guide... The end of short story. I didn't really think you were trying to insult her, I think you were complementing her on her ability to demonstrate and communicate these complex ideas. (y) :)

[@Ireniicus]

This video deserves a lot more views. Well done

[@chb46]

Great vid ! Very interesting and very well explained 👍😃

[@ayushkumawat8010]

I loved that animation when nebulium gets thrown out of that window 😂 your animation skills are getting better and better with every video

[@anton4488]

Amazing video! Very well explained!

[@paulurban2]

Fascinating, I learned something.

[@robm1392]

Hi Jade, love your great videos - many thanks! In the future, along the same lines (geddit?) It might be an idea for you to explore how big is a hydrogen atom?

[@anshuman_eek]

Please include more of these puzzles in your videos. This video was awesome by the way(as usual).

[@upandatom]

ok noted!

[@wolfisr]

Great lesson in spectroscopy! Cheers

[@samgu3750]

the fact that we can seperate the photons into lines shows that the light emitted from something could be refracted long before it reachs us, so we only see a portion of the spectrum

[@Veklim]

Well that was interesting....I managed to 'figure it out' whilst you were still going through the first clue since I knew about the basic mechanics of metastable states, but I wonder now if I already knew this story (and/or the phenomenon itself) and it was merely lurking deep within my subconscious mind, waiting for the perfect moment to pounce and make me feel (for a tiny little while) like some sort of genius. Regardless, the video was, as always, wonderfully effective at condensing and translating complex information into layman's terms. You have a rare gift for such, and it is great to see you use it.

[@firstname405]

This was fantastically written and produced! I'm glad I discovered you from ASAPscience's recent video about diversity in science :D

[@mehill00]

This was excellent! Getting people to make the discovery themselves is perfect!

[@v3le]

Yeah but it took them couple decades to solve this riddle. She could have gave them the answer a bit earlier 😂

[@steevemartial4084]

I must say I like this format. I'm down for more science riddles.

[@Maccbruce]

Excellent description of an Eureka moment. You do good work, Jade. At the end, Dr. Christian Sasse mentions the pictures. I hope you will make a follow-up video of the pictures produced by forbidden lines. How does the same formation look normally and with the different forbidden lines. Dazzle us with pretty pictures and talk science underneath. Peace.

[@screaminlordbyron7767]

Nailed it without pausing. Well guessed it was to do with the density anyway. Not the full mechanics of it. Thanks Jade very interesting!

[@SeniorSupreme]

I learned I’m not very good with complex questions. I got close-ish(not at all). I really like the video style. So many science videos just toss out facts and not so much questions that make you think. Keeps these up please.

[@dragoncurveenthusiast]

I really liked that you gave us all the ingredients to work it out ourselves! Do you get viewings statistics that show you when and how often people pause the video?

[@zakurie93]

I'm learning so much your videos are great

[@HamachiObo]

great to see this video finally come out! The audio makes a lot more sense now haha

[@bobpratt5625]

I dont learn much cos I just like watching. Your a really good presenter. And I downright just like you and I usually put science first but in your case in a good way I'd fail your class but show up every day.

[@rubiks6]

Hi, Jade - Fascinating topic. Great presentation. Do _all_ elements have these metastable electron orbitals? In particular, do hydrogen and/or helium have them?

[@helpmechangetheworld]

Very interesting. Thank you!

[@Tubluer]

Yay I worked it out. Thanks for the fun video, Jade.

[@craigbutcher9872]

Very well done, but I couldn’t help thinking, watching her dynamic presentations, that here we are seeing what in physics we call hand waving arguments.

[@user-pf4px2cn9e]

You said it....awesome video. Thank you.

[@satyakisil4289]

1:35 Oh, God. This meme makes a return after SO many years. Makes me feel at home :)

[@GlynWilliams1950]

Very informative, I thought extra collisions from electrons in Earth atmosphere too. I had heard the term "forbidden lines" from a long time ago, maybe high school lol. I hadn't seen the term used lately. I am making a spectroscope. Just basic unit from a DVD and also researching it. I am also researching if I can calculate the spectral lines from the elements too, but that is very advanced for me.

[@kashyapthacker1997]

Just amazing. You are going to be a hit soom!!

[@benkunzyt]

Amazing. Thank you.

[@cowboyyoga]

Great video ))) Thank you!

[@kevalan1042]

awesome video -- great idea to gamify scientific discoveries :)

[@booklover-hu9tw]

I did it!!!! I'm a high school student highly interested in science!!! So I watch your videos!!! I had recently read a chapter on spectral lines and I'm actually really proud of myself that I solved it!!! Maybe I'm not so stupid after all!

[@Kafzilla]

Really liked the riddle and worked it out. I would say that the sentence "The density in a nebula is purer than any vacuum ever produced on Earth" could perhaps count as a clue 5. Awesome presentation! Ira Bowen must have been crazy smart to realize it!

[@julienribollet3210]

I guess Derek, Diana and Jade united to kick the algorithm. love it