Cell Physiology (Unit 1 - Video 7)

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Absolutely wonderful - Can I please ask what application you are using that allows you to use a pointer as well as write on the slides that you have used?

[@marlana.mucciarone]

+hammadshams I use ScreenFlow to record, PowerPoint to make the slide show, and a Wacom Bamboo tablet to write. But instead of the PPT pen function, I use a separate free app called OmniDazzle because I think it works better and it keeps the pointer while you write. Thanks! I am glad you liked the video!

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[@TonyTigerTonyTiger]

21:40 Fermentation is not anaerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration is not fermentation: they are two very different processes. Respiration - both aerobic and anaerobic - involves a "respiratory chain" - what we usually refer to as an electron transport chain or electron transport system: it uses energy released by the flow of electrons from one carrier to another in a membrane in order to pump hydrogen ions unidirectionally across the membrane to form an electrochemical proton gradient. In fact, the protein complexes in the electron transport system are called “respiratory complexes”. The protons then flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, which allows it to form ATP from ADP + Pi. The key difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is that in aerobic respiration the electron transport system's terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, whereas in anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is something other than oxygen, such as nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, DMSO, etc. On the other hand, fermentation does not use a respiratory chain, does not generate an electrochemical proton gradient, and does not use ATP synthase to make ATP, so it is not a form of respiration. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are two entirely different processes. You don't have to take my word for it ... "Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two distinct forms of oxygen-independent energy metabolism. In anaerobic (and also aerobic) respiration, organisms channel electrons from an electron donor to a final electron acceptor through an electron transport chain, which converts the chemical energy into an electrochemical gradient. The energy stored in this gradient is then used in a second reaction by ATP synthase to generate ATP. In fermentation, ATP is directly synthesized from phosphorylated intermediates of metabolized compounds without the involvement of an electron transport chain. As there is no external electron acceptor in fermentation, cells have to produce their own electron acceptor to maintain their redox balance." ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration retrieved 10/15/2011) “Anaerobic Respiration: A Unique Process Fermentation and aerobic respiration occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Additionally, some prokaryotes have a variation of aerobic respiration called anaerobic respiration, by which they synthesize ATP. This process, which is unique to prokaryotes, is similar to aerobic respiration; the major exception is that the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is a chemical compound other than molecular oxygen. A wide variety of substances can serve as alternate electron acceptors to oxygen (Table 6.5) [which listed nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and fumarate].” (Microbiology: 3rd Edition, Daniel Lim, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2002, p197) “Anaerobic Respiration The last few sections have talked extensively about aerobic respiration. What defines it as aerobic is its use of oxygen as the terminal electron accepter. Since this is very similar to the type of respiration that humans use, our bias is obvious. Now let me fill you in on a little secret. Microbes are capable of using all sorts of other terminal electron accepters besides oxygen. Below we talk about a few examples of anaerobic respiration. The one thing that they all have in common is the use of an electron transport system in a membrane and the synthesis of ATP via ATP synthase.” (©2000 Timothy Paustian, University of Wisconsin-Madison lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/dhira/Metabolism/RespAnaer.html retrieved 10/15/2011) “Anaerobic Respiration Under anoxic conditions, electron acceptors other than oxygen support respiration in certain prokaryotes. This is called anaerobic respiration. … As in aerobic respiration, anaerobic respirations require electron transport, generate a proton motive force, and employ ATP [synthase] to make ATP (Sections 3.10 - 3.12).” (Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Fourteenth Edition, Michael T. Madigan, et al., Pearson Education, Inc., 2015, p95, 96) “Cellular respiration, or simply respiration, is defined as an ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is (almost always) an inorganic molecules. An essential feature of respiration is the operation of an electron transport chain. There are two types of respiration … In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is O2; in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2 or, rarely, an organic molecule.” (Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th Edition. Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, and Christine Case. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2007. p129) “ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic substance other than oxygen (O2). Some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, can use a nitrate ion (NO3-) as a final electron acceptor; the nitrate ion is reduced to a nitrite ion (NO2-), nitrous oxide (N2O), or nitrogen gas (N2). Other bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio (de-sul-fo-vib-re-o), use sulfate (SO42-) as the final electron acceptor to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Still other bacteria use carbonate (CO32-) to form methane (CH4). Anaerobic respiration by bacteria using nitrate and sulfate as final electron acceptors is essential for the nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occur in nature. The amount of ATP generated in anaerobic respiration varies with the organism and the pathway. Because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions, and since not all the carriers in the electron transport chain participate in anaerobic respiration, the ATP yield is never as high as in aerobic respiration.” (Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th Edition. Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, and Christine Case. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2007. p134)

[@marlana.mucciarone]

Thank you for your comment and cited resources, but my channel and videos are made for high school students taking biology. My videos are not made for college-level biology/biochemistry majors. The content I teach to my students is at the appropriate level for them. Fermentation is anaerobic, which is the main idea they need to know.

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[@marlana.mucciarone]

+Adeyinka Adeyemi Not at all! I make the videos to help my students but am glad others can benefit from them too! Thanks!

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