Circuits in stone: A video history of Japan's electronic industry (Part 2)

[@paulcoddington664]

Remarkable to think manufacturing refinements went from a couple of good transistors per 1000 manufactured that would fail quickly due to environmental conditions, to bulk manufacture of chips that contain 20,000,000,000 working transistors that are reliable enough to work for a decade or more.

[@artmaknev3738]

This video is old, but we are still living in this transistor age, what will be the next innovation will revolutionize the world again.

[@spotter113]

Interesting story about how the western world invents the semi conducter, and how the Japanese improve em.

[@craigwall9536]

After the war they had more incentive than anyone else to master these technologies. I may have some information a little crossed up, but I think it was Sony or Sharp that went from manufacturing bicycle headlamps in a factory with dirt floors to a true silicon foundry in 3 years...and in the same factory.

[@Tyradius]

@@craigwall9536 This is simply the Japanese way. The Chinese brought them flour and the idea of noodles, along with the tea leaf. Japanese took these and refined them into the greatness we know today.

[@MrAnonymousRandom]

Japan used to be all about reverse engineering and making a better knock off.

[@h.a.6790]

@@MrAnonymousRandom you have no clue what you're talking about, reverse engineering is an attempt to making a replica. Japan didn't reverse engineering anything, they introduced new methods that do the same thing or even better. Stay salty kid.

[@basketballjones6782]

Would someone please put the 75 ohm terminator on the video input? Thanks.

[@gregandark8571]

lol can you explain me pls? Thanks.

[@stevebollinger3463]

Seriously I was thinking the same thing. The transmission line from the video source to the digitizer is missing at least one of the necessary 75 ohm terminators and hence the video is far too bright and bloomed out. Redubbing this with the proper termination would restore the color. You might even have to cut the saturation slightly. But the net result would be far better. To do this you either need to switch on the internal terminators on the devices or put in tees with 75 ohm terminators on the end and then connect the tee to the video input.

[@craigwall9536]

@@gregandark8571 You mean "would someone do my work for me please?" READ A BOOK. IT'S NOT ROCKET SCIENCE...unless you're really asking to BE explained, and then the answer is STILL _NO_.

[@bigalejoshileno]

is just a goddamn resistor. Is absolutely unbelievable that the video capture card don't have it

[@coffeecoffee5914]

Craig Wall if the Japanese can steal technology so can he, right?

[@antigen4]

actually silicon valley didnt' just spring up 'blind' from farm land - but rather sprang out of the valley's RADAR industry which was having major US military money pumped into it via Stanford University and Dr Stanley Terman as i recall - the story is actually fascinating - i recommend looking up 'the secret history of silicon valley' by steve blank here on youtube - FASCINATING!!!

[@HeliOCD]

Fantastic.. Everyone should watch. Thanks for posting .

[@jamesgrimm611]

Great history of the industry while I was in Air Force working on election tubes fire control systems.

[@creative27feb]

Thank you for Transistor & IC.

[@tpowell453]

Japan invested huge amounts to recruit and train the workers. What a concept. We might learn something from that.

[@digitalwoodshop]

I worked for Sony in San Diego making Picture Tubes starting in 1995. Sony invested a huge amount in my training. Lots of classes all on the clock... RF Generators, Fanuc Robots, Program Logic Controllers... And much more.... Even the young guys got basic math class... I worked for Sony for 8 years. 2 making picture tubes, 2 in the Calibration Lab then 4 years at the Sony Philly Service Center fixing Play Station 2's and many other things. I am retired Navy and my first ship was home ported in Yokosuka, Japan in 1977. Loved the Japanese Work ethic.

[@charlesmcboy445]

This Chapter was more about the History of American electronic industry

[@DarthChrisB]

+Charles McBoy The electronic industry is international. You can't have an iPhone without Japanese electronics!

[@littlewol2620]

to me, it looks like an American made documentary. which kinda makes it look that the Japanese electronics industry is only big and successful, and only became so, because they copied the americans

[@motormadness9975]

its important because it shows just how much the japanese copies the Americans and couldn't think of anything themselves

[@bigpappahemi4263]

@@motormadness9975 I think a lot of advances in science are derivative. Scientists improve upon the work of others that have come before them. This is not theft or laziness it is how advances are made by all of science. To assert that any group of scientists just copy another group without adding to the science is ingenuous at best.

[@demef758]

Ingenuous? Judging by your 3 lead-in sentences, it's obvious you don't know the meaning of the word. The correct word you were seeking, its opposite, is "disingenuous." "Improve," yes. But "copy"? No. That's what China and Iran do: copy. More exactly, "steal." Yes, China is getting better at electronics, but their continued theft of high tech continues to grate on the innovators in the West. Trump is pushing China hard on the issue, and China doesn't like being caught with its hands in the cookie jar. Theft kills ingenuity and human progress by stealing from those who invest time and money to innovate. This is why the US has its patent system: to reward innovators with a temporary monopoly on their inventions, and is one key reason why the US leads the world in innovation. With your ignorant, dismissive attitude, you obviously condone theft.

[@tuomoniemela8868]

" Explosion by explosion the quality improved..."

[@daveb5041]

*Besides transistor girls Japans also had diode bitches, resistor wenches, and the worst: capacitor hoes* . .

[@Landrew0]

It's not so unusual to reject a great breakthrough as "impossible." The human mind fears change, even if it's potentially vastly for the better. 11:15

[@thekaiser4333]

Very good video series. Thank you Japan.

[@MarttiSuomivuori]

I never realized that to make Silicon Valley you had to start from making pure silicone. A mountain of it. This whole thing has been a mountainous task. See the original crystals, the initial purification methods...fast forward to the computer you are using to look at this. STEM rules.

[@spambot7110]

"solid circuits" sounds way cooler than integrated circuit. maybe because it kinda sounds like solid snake

[@arachnenet2244]

SNAAAAAKE!

[@kevindavies5978]

Snnnaaakkkkeeeeee

[@pandaguan]

Snek

[@julesverne2509]

Post to Rumble please.

[@gasgas2689]

at 2:20 he reports just about zero percent useable transistors. Step in Clive Sinclair who would buy them and sell them as a kit to build amplifiers. That's what he did with Plessey Semiconductor scrap transistors in the 1960's.

[@chrishayes3635]

Quite right Andrew. It took me ages to discover why my circuits never worked. Clive Sinclair held me back for years.

[@TortureBot]

At 12:30 is the music I remember from the arcade game Mad Dog McCree from American Laser Games. Wonder where it comes from or name of the tune?

[@mokrenajaraca3845]

Song : California Skyrider - De Wolfe Music Artist : De Wolfe Music Library Album : DWCD 0013 - Spirit Of America

[@TortureBot]

Thanks for the information, but I still can't find the song on KZbin or on the Internet.

[@mokrenajaraca3845]

@@TortureBot www.dewolfemusic.com/search.php?id=16463251&code=sodwrl

[@TortureBot]

Thank you! It was interesting to listen to the entire song. I never knew it had saxophone in the song later on.

[@iirossii2005]

seems like a recurring theme... it worked great in tests.. then we rolled it out to mass production....

[@rationalmartian]

It is indeed a recurring theme, that itself is ever recurring.

[@nicolek4076]

I also remember my father in the early 1960s was doing some research on transistors. They cost £25 each at a time when there was around US$4 to the pound.

[@Soloist1983]

These are fantastic, I wish there was a version that wasn't so blown-out. I have a feeling the old narrow dynamic range NTSC/NTSC-J standard probably isn't playing well with KZbin, or perhaps they were scanned in with the wrong IRE scale. Glad to have them though would love to re-scan the original 480p material to get the colors and contrast more watchable.

[@herzogsbuick]

i was thinking the same thing, but i don't have the know-how or equipment. sounds like you might though, reach out to RC286!

[@RWBHere]

8:20 - Minamata. That place was in the news, because of a disaster, some years ago.

[@andersnilsson7917]

Chisso corporation that features in this video had polluted the waters around their plant in southern Japan with mercury to the extent that there were a lot of horrible birth defects, the so called Minamata disease. Later, Chisso found that the level of pollution they had created made the area suitable for mercury mining. Look up this tragedy on Wikipedia.

[@gunnarkaestle]

Poisoning with organic mercury compoiunds in 1951-1968 of fish and shellfish and about 2000 people who ate it and became sick. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease

[@2.7petabytes]

The Dead Kennedy’s wrote a sone about it back in the 80’s.

[@2.7petabytes]

The Dead Kennedy’s wrote a punk song about it back in the 80’s even.

[@maersalalhasbaz]

15:28 - N-type silicon - 19:19

[@GuitarAudiologist]

Very interesting, but I wish it was more watchable. I couldn't see half of what they were showing.

[@davoodseify3624]

very nice history of human evolution in just a few years.

[@pkrent3461]

why is this so bright my eyes hurt

[@tpowell453]

More impurities = lower resistance, or in other words, better conductance. Therefore, the higher the resistance you get, the higher the purity. Tada! lol

[@Mordecrox]

"was criticized as being a transistor salesman by Charles de Gaulle" You can't get greater praise than that.

[@PauloConstantino167]

Do you mind if I host these documentaries as well as a second source on my channel ? I think they are beautiful!

[@deanotune]

Great vid but such a shame its so over exposed ....makes it hard to watch.

[@RWBHere]

It's old videotape, which has degraded. At least someone digitised it before it had become completely unwatchable. To those of us around the world who worked in semiconductors and wafer fabrication, this video series is like Gold. It’s part of everyone's history.

[@Knaeckebrotsaege]

@@RWBHere Overexposure from a way too hot video signal has nothing to do with video tape degradation... that would cause quite the opposite (dropouts, contrastless blurry mess)

[@craigwall9536]

@@RWBHere It makes me wonder how many people have read "We Were Burning"...

[@0MoTheG]

Interesting to see how long it took until they had Si BJT that were any good (reliable and say Ft=300MHz) No mentioning of any FET types.

[@iwank6614]

Finnally I know the history..thanks so much

[@demef758]

My, but how times have changed. Since Dr. Noyce died in 1990, and this video makes reference to "the late Robert Noyce," the video is no more than 28 years old as I write this. Thanks mainly to pollution controls mandated by the state and feds, silicon manufacturing in Silicon Valley has all but disappeared. Instead, the Valley now pushes one's and zero's out the door in this digital world controlled by software. I remember shopping at that audio store in the 80s but not knowing at the time that it was the site of Shockley's original facility. The city of Mountain View recently had it leveled to put in high rise apartments. They obviously have no sense of history.

[@clockguy2]

I believe the Environmental Protection Agency has single-handedly killed the industrial superiority of the United States through bureaucratic regulation.

[@trespire]

I have found Americans rarely have a sense of appreciation when it comes to history, even their own history.

[@clockguy2]

@@trespire I find that the indifference to history helps the Democrat party in the US. but then, The American Revolution, while important to US citizens, is just a footnote in British schools. It's a matter of perspective, not an educational failure.

[@trespire]

@clockguy2 History tends to be hijacked by those in power in order to serve their own purpose. Hearing both sides to a event, and considering the circumstances leading up to it I have found negate any propaganda. Pinches of salt, lots of salt.

[@mokrenajaraca3845]

original version was broadcast in 1991 NHK succeeded in interviews with John Bardeen and Robert Noyce, but they died before broadcast kzbin.info/www/bejne/Y5a8ma2aategrKM

[@alfonso3967]

amazing

[@jatigre1]

I hope these historical documentaries get the respect and treatment they deserve and are AI restored.

[@ulisesfonseca7937]

there were more videos in this channel from NHK , RIGHT?

[@jacobgault5491]

Why is the contrast so high?

[@ytrew9717]

because 75 Ω

[@AlexanderBollbach]

at 21:35 the guy walking against the sunny background seems to be translucent/transparent?

[@mikkoojala8227]

He's clearly not human.

[@RC-nq7mg]

Yes, and I also only had access to an average VCR and a capture card that was circa 2003, I have a much better capture card/software now, and a better VCR. If I can find the cassette, (I think I still have it) I may try and re-capture the content and see if I can get a better quality video. Though the tape was a dub from another that was a copy from probably another so the limitations of the quality will sill be great.

[@southjerseysound7340]

The quirks are just a reminder of the times lol honestly I thought it was a great transfer.Although it'd be cool to see if there was a real difference between the newer tech.I doubt it'd be enough to warrant the time it'll take.I'm just glad to be able to find this stuff online for everyone to view.

[@littlewol2620]

anyone who grew up with VHS or before, will find this watchable, no problems. ty for the uploads

[@RelianceIndustriesLtd]

but that doesn't explain how the background objects are visible.the magnetic tapes only record whats visible infront and not what is behind an opaque object.i sense something paranormal.

[@kkteutsch6416]

At 3:30 the major shame over the humanity, the atomic bombing over mostly civilian people on Nagasaki and Hiroshima...

[@phat-motoxer9022]

It was done to save millions of lives. Remember, Japan attacked America. They bombed civilians as well as soldiers. It was not right but it was what needed to be done.

[@user-ry1jr4ev1u]

Lozano, read many American books on that of atoms if u can. Sure enough to see & why the Amechang did the exeriments of uranium and plutonium on human conducted. U do NOT know so many facts on the real history !! Dude u never able to know the truth anyway so just dip in the fake childish AMEJEWCHANGS made propaganda ur teachers telling !! Have Nice Naive Days !! Chao.

[@TheOgi22]

37:23 - where did the calculator disappear?

[@suprememasteroftheuniverse]

Don't ask them aliens. They'll come to catch you.

[@phonotical]

"the white lines..." WHAT WHITE LINES!

[@mcbrianmiller1264]

I looked for them myself but the whole board was white Just like you I asked myself what white lines?

[@orange70383]

They never told how a transistor actually does it's thing.

[@glutinousmaximus]

Transistors have two major properties: you can use them as switches (on/off) or as amplifiers (varying the input to multiply the output). You need to research how the uses work at molecular level, which is non-intuitive at first sight. :0)

[@cringehater4113]

@14:22 AIWA

[@shifter65]

Wish there was a better quality version =/

[@AbdiPianoChannel]

I'm watching this on my Samsung galaxy phone

[@MisterTalkingMachine]

Look at the guy at 1:19

[@MsNodnarbable1]

lol

[@insertstupidserialnumberhe2727]

holy shit that's a camera.mp4

[@JohnLopez-jm3yy]

MisterTalkingMachine He was about to grab one of the girl's bootie but then he saw the camera. He almost brought great dishonor to the emperor. Did anyone else catch what happened here with Japan's defeat after the war? The Americans didn't go in there to occupy the country like it was thought to be going to happen by a lot of Japanese people. Instead the American scientists got together with the Japanese scientists to put together a peaceful society for both countries. This looks a lot better than putting bullets into each other. In the next world war whoever goes against the USA will have a huge problem coming at them from Tokyo.

[@clockguy2]

@@JohnLopez-jm3yy I think the Asian culture had a hand in the success of the Modernization of Japan. I have my doubts that the same would work in the Middle east with Islamic countries.

[@youme112233]

Yo , Shockley did not discover the junction transistor , but he took credit for it . Incomplete history . now I don't know if I want to watch the rest of it .

[@jacksonwaters7916]

Shockley did invent the junction transistor, however this was after John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the point contact transistor.....

[@DShadowWolf]

@@jacksonwaters7916 actually... AT&T kept Schockley off the point-junction patents for a number of reasons - he invented the bjt because of it, in fact. The biggest issue is that he apparently had access to and had read the 1926 patent by Lillienfield that covered a form of transistor.

[@kkteutsch6416]

herg hergenrader it's a great possibilitiy that germans were working on that and the secret was stealed at WWII end, as a lot of other technical solutions we use for the last 75 years...

[@aminzar446]

@ProfRaccoon /sorry but the link don't work

[@PeterWalkerHP16c]

Hewlett Packard and Fred Turman from Stanford seeded the valley, not Shockley Semiconductor Labs.

[@robertoricardoruben]

Terman, no Turman

[@GlennHamblin]

Really enjoyed the video. Thanks. My only issue was everytime the narrator said "silicone" I shuddered. Be g difference between silicon and silicone!!!

[@woodywoodlstein9519]

Wonder why they left those buildings to become overgrown. Like they are contaminated or something. Didn’t raze them.

[@2.7petabytes]

Ever heard of Minimata disease? That might be one of the reasons

[@PeterWalkerHP16c]

The other thing Chisso perfected, apart from the silicon, was Minamata disease where they dumped all their shit into the bay and poisoned tens of thousands and probably killed around 2000 - 3000.

[@HansLiu23]

+Peter Walker Interesting... I've never heard of it before. I'm going to look that shit up. Thanks

[@PeterWalkerHP16c]

+Ivan Ruskov You can start here... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease

[@allgoo1930]

Peter Walker says: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease" == This is something that all humans should know what industrial pollution can do to the society, specially to today's developing countries like China and India. The price to pay is not worth the any economic success.

[@wsswetghg8791]

Yokkaichi asthma was another of the Four Diseases. It's also in the documentary.

[@stigbengtsson7026]

Please why that music, when trying to hear youre interesting story !

[@damianbutterworth2434]

I have a X Y table for lining up silicon wafer masks. David and Mann. Someone rescued it from GEC when it closed down.

[@square5726]

Nice

[@square5726]

Have you don some experiment on it

[@damianbutterworth2434]

@@square5726 I put some Nema 17 stepper motor on it and used an Arduino to move it about but never did anymore. I was hoping to get a USB microscope that works ok to use that with it.

[@tpowell453]

They skip a lot of details in this video, don't they? I wish they wouldn't do that.

[@rationalmartian]

The alternative would be a whole series of videos. Not that I would mind at all. But to be realistic we are bloody lucky to have this depth of documentary. These days it would all just be shine, bullshit, over hype and faux wow factor. This does not. Which is good because none of that cack is needed, it would detract and merely waste more precious time.

[@goodun2974]

"I went to report to the department chief that the yield was 0.3%". Not the kind of news you want to be obligated to report to your boss!

[@larskruger3589]

Echt interessant!

[@proper_gander3608]

What motivated Noyce to sell patents to Japan, in the post war context?

[@antigen4]

the macarthur plan or whatever it was called - i guess the government was trying to encourage trade at that point

[@the_eminent_Joshua_E_Hrouda]

20:49 brought to you by Target

[@JimmWare]

Ha!

[@DT-abcd]

Also the first engine they made melted down.

[@robertwoods384]

Does anyone else see the ghost 21 minutes in? Spooky : )

[@felixgarcianazco9496]

JAPON GRAN PAIS

[@jubyraj007]

Why Japan leave the electronic industry and give Chinese short life electronics.. that have done a major recycling threat to the world...!!! Japanese come back .., take over cheap Chinese....

[@pickleadaykeepsthedoctoraway]

Let's totally forget about why people stopped using Japan as much. Couldn't be they stopped innovating, their mega corps became increasingly arrogant and cared much more about protecting IPs than producing anything worthwhile. Sony was one of the worst about this in the 2000s, coming to a head with the DRM on physical music CDs, the PS3 (so many issues), and blu-ray (which was also PS3). Japan never left the electronics sector, so really your whole post is based on a misreading of the situation... Also the recycling problem is worldwide, this isn't a China problem. Otherwise products from Japan, and elsewhere would generally be repairable. They aren't. It's a worldwide problem. Products are built to be disposable, not upgrade-able or fixable. Check where your products are made. Doesn't matter if it's Taiwan, Mexico, US, Germany, Japan, Korea, etc, they all come glued together with no schematics and no way to source parts to repair the stuff. This is a capitalism problem actually.

[@7arp836]

インゴットはだいぶ大きくなり、目を見張るものですね、

[@oqueedeuseoquechamadodeus5346]

é muita inteligência

[@grahamward5539]

Hi

[@phasorsystems6873]

Can't pay for conventional circuit simulators? Look for androidcircuitsolver on google

[@majidroosta4399]

عالی بود.😍😍

[@benaldinhomasaba]

As you watch this you may wander, where we African Countries were,

[@gordsand5148]

so funny 3 outta of 1000 are good xD

[@joekavanagh5708]

It's a pity that the original film has been transposed to video so poorly. The white areas are totally crushed.

[@RC-nq7mg]

This was a VHS copy of a tape that was borrowed from a local cultural centre that was either copied off an original tape or off of a television broadcast. The capture card I had at the time was terrible, I have a better capture device and still have the tape. I do plan to re-capture these at some point when I get around to getting my capture device back from my friend, assuming the tape is still any good. These captures were made in 2007.

[@JustAnotherAlchemist]

Transistor gril is best gril. ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

[@Zeropadd]

💜💙❤️🤎

[@ChrisSargent-f5j]

Perez William Taylor Cynthia Walker Mary

[@duradim1]

I appreciate what the Japanese produced, but it seems they are more into improving upon the work of others, rather than coming up with their own concepts. This would make me think twice about sharing technology with them. Same with the Chinese.

[@zo1dberg]

Congratulations, you've been awarded the Dumbest Comment of the Internet (tm) today! Here's your prize - watch?v=BROWqjuTM0g

[@DarthChrisB]

+duradim1 Another stupid racist detected! That could be said about the Americans, they invented almost nothing! E.g. Japan was inventing the television technology in the 20s independently alongside with the West. It's not like the West is sharing technology with Japan, it's the other way round! If Japan would decide to stop sharing their technology, you could burry your precious iPhone! And only thanks to Japan we already have holograms, yes the real thing, like in Star Wars! And it's not the same with Chinese, they are just using the machines that Western and Japanese companies brought there for their out-sourcing program. Made in China actually just means assembled in China.

[@duradim1]

+DarthChrisB Racist? Really? No, more like cultural, not racists remarks. Learn the difference friend.

[@DarthChrisB]

***** So what? Japan still invented their own TV technology since the beginning and didn't need the west to bring it to them.

[@DarthChrisB]

***** Fucking idiot. East Asian countries have most of their technological know-how from Japan, not the West! Many of the founders of companies like Hyundai studied in Japan when their country belonged to the Japanese Empire.The Japanese industrialisation started in the 1860s, China and Korea were still 3rd world countries 100 years later! Modern technologies that you think Japan borrowed from the West have actually been co-developed with Japan. E.g. Kenjiro Takayanagi became the first in the world to successfully project an image onto a cathode ray tube in 1926. So shut the fuck up with this racist bullshit! Japan was developing the electronic industry as we know it today hand in hand with the West. And don't compare Japan with China or Korea! China and Korea were 3rd World countries until at least the 60s and have definitely borrowed or even stolen all their technology!

[@00buck80]

🐴👍🍺

[@joseph-mariopelerin7028]

makes you wonder where all the industrial waste is going... maybe they use their whale boat to trash it in the ocean quietly...

[@seansoblixe9711]

little known until now, that this technology had been handed to the military by Aliens captured in the 40s. The off world Aliens were sumarily tortured (tickled in the bottom of their feet) then , well ...offed

[@aminzar446]

😂 Lol

[@artysanmobile]

Great, well told story. Unfortunately, the video quality is all but unwatchable.

[@99897767]

Moral of the story: No Japan, No computer. Ok, got it

[@decaalv]

No Japan = No competition for the US => shitty products for consumers. The competition from Japan spurred the US.

[@99897767]

David Castillo then it was still no Japan no PC, right?

[@decaalv]

i did not understand what you wrote there.

[@antigen4]

minimata disease

[@1061shot]

Now we have gay kids and TikTok..sad how America devolved after integration

[@motormadness9975]

What can we learn from this documentary series? that japanese copied each and every american idea and were incapable of coming up with anything themselves

[@RC-nq7mg]

There is absolutely nothing wrong with improving on a patent and patenting the improvements, in fact in the scientific community it is encouraged, that is how we progress with innovation. If the Americans really wanted to refine the design they would have, the Japanese saw potential in what was at the time basically an American proof of concept with working prototype. The main thing that this documentary tried to get across, is just how dedicated the Japanese were to produce the transistor, subjecting themselves to harsh environments, using crude near backyard manufacturing processes, and risking their lives because they believed it would be a huge benefit to the technological and scientific community. It turns out they were right. This is not the first time Americans have sat on a good idea or discovery in this field either. Thomas Edison actually noticed the current flow between a metal plate and filament when experimenting with his light bulb. He even noted that the current was only capable of flowing in one direction. He essentially discovered the basic physical properties that make vacuum tubes possible, but after noting it in his observations he shrugged it off. J A Flemming saw promise in it, and began to experiment, inventing the first vacuum tube, the "thermionic valve" or "Flemming Valve" called this because it allowed current flow in one direction just like a check valve. It was used as a radio detector to replace crude germanium an other crystal detectors. Lee deforest then discovered that by adding a third electrode you could control the flow of current flowing from anode to cathode, and if you applied a signal to this "grid" you could amplify that signal at the plate. This became the first amplifying tube known as the DeForest Audion. Flemming was British, DeForest was American. In the end these improvements on something that someone may not have found imminent to advancement is improved on by someone else and eventually comes full circle.

[@fourtoes412]

No different to the industrial revolution that started in Britain. Competitors studied each others designs and then improved them.

[@StarvEgoFeedSoul]

*Only your imagination went to the moon folks, astroNOTs are actors !*

[@khimroy3958]

I'm transistor guy 👽

[@hrxy1]

turn that awful annoying background noise off, unwatchable