Classroom Aid - Our Place in the Milky Way

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In this segment of our “How far away is it” video book, we cover the structure of the Milky Way galaxy.
We start with a high-level description of the three main components: the galactic center with its black hole, the galactic disk with its spiral arms, and the galactic halo stretching far out in all directions using the European Space Agency spacecraft Gaia’s findings. We also show how full images of the Milky Way can be created from within the galaxy.
Using the full power of the Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra space telescopes, we take a deep dive into the center of our galaxy with its central bulge. We detail the evidence for the existence of a supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, at the very center of the galaxy’s core. We cover and illustrate the work done by the UCLA Galactic Centre Group in conjunction with the new Keck observatory on top of the Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii, and the Max Plank Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany and more recently and the European Southern Observatory with its array of Very Large Telescopes in Chile. This includes a look at how close the star S2 approached Sgr A* and what that black hole might look like. In addition, we cover stellar interferometry with ducks on a pond to see how these measurements were done.
Next, we go a level deeper into the nature of a Black Hole singularity. We cover the Schwarzschild radius, event horizon, accretion disk, gravitational lensing, and gamma-ray jets. We then actually build Sgr A*. In addition to the supermassive black hole, we take a look at a solar mass black hole.
We then cover the structure of the galactic disk including: the bar core, the two 3 Parsec arms, Scutum-Centaurus, Perseus, Sagittarius with its Orion Spur, Norma and the Outer Arm. We review the locations of various celestial objects we’ve seen in previous Milky Way segments, to show how close to us they are. We also cover the disk’s rotation and the Sun’s orbit. We look at our solar system’s Ecliptic Plane with respect to the galactic plane. And we cover the galaxy’s dust clouds and how we see them with radio astronomy. We also cover the galaxy’s rotation curve and its connection with dark matter.
Next, we cover the galactic halo. We start with Shapley’s globular cluster map that first showed that we were not at the center of the galaxy. We cover the size of the halo, the inner and outer halos orbital motion, and the newly discovered galaxy within our galaxy called Gaia-Enceladus. We end with recent discoveries of massive amounts of Hydrogen in the halo and this findings impact on the Dark Matter debate. And we end with a calculation of the entire Milky Way’s mass.
We end our galaxy coverage by illustrating how far one would have to go to take a picture that would include what we see in our illustrations. We conclude the chapter with another look at the distance ladder that took us across the galaxy.
@00:00 Beethoven, Ludwig van: Symphony No.9 in D minor Op.125, 'Choral' : III Adagio molto e cantabile; Daniel Barenboim & Staatskapelle Berlin; from the album “Beethoven : Symphonies Nos 1 - 9 & Overtures” 2004
@24:47 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich: Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Op. 64; Bernard Haitink, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam, 2012

[@Octavio516]

Anyone else remember being taught we were in the outskirts of the sagittarius arm? Cant wrap my mind around the fact that we are that much closer to the center

[@dawno5656]

I remember

[@Derritt38]

Yes we were on the Saggittarius Spur on the outskirts.

[@Seanwxyz1]

Mr. Butler's dedication to educating the public is as astonishing as the galactic facts he divulges to us in simple language.

[@artint.1519]

You should have millions of viewers

[@milknotfound4573]

Yea

[@roccodonato4120]

We're not in The outskirts of the Sagittarius arm any more baby. We be moving.

[@pizdanpula223]

Mandela Effect - We are in Sagittarius !

[@squeeeebii-kb9xm]

We were...we *were* 😔😭

[@Derritt38]

We moved, old earth is in Sagittarius!!

[@stevematthews7568]

Prior to 2015 the Earth and its Solar System was located on the out skirts of our MILKY WAY*** ( ON THE SAGITTARIUS ARM)[ THIS WAS MY HOME] Earth is NOW located on the ORION SPUR 26 million light years on the other side of Galactic Center...**HOW DID I GET HERE??***.Any feed back on how this happaned???

[@Markworth]

This is literally a different planet. Why are you here, now? lol, I dunno. Probably because this planet sucks so bad that it's having people swapped here to improve it. I was seriously about to suck lead until I finally thought to look at a globe and figured it out. Most of the differences are things that seem comical to me, but I am a bit concerned that this planet of dumbasses has somehow developed a such thing as a quantum computer and did it before I even got here. If you're starting to panic, just take a breath and realize that this version somehow survived the Cuban Missile Crisis. The rate of decline isn't as bad as it looks. You're just comparing it to a better Earth and giving the bad guys way too much credit.

[@richardhill-yk9rp]

the Mandalia effect, it started in 2008 when they fired up that hadron collider.

[@rav8149]

No crappy music, No stale puns, just Concise information. But why no views?

[@iaov]

Love your videos Mr. Butler.

[@stanleydelano9169]

Fantastic visual of what I tried to put together in my head from stories and studies! Thank you

[@Atanu]

Mr David Butler. Thank you for the awesome, awe inspiring, terrific videos. They are literally stellar. Your voice is soothing and I thank heavens that your videos don't have any muzak. Your work is a treasure.

[@KingsMom831]

Great video! I'm so glad I stumbled on it! Thank you!

[@jalenoliver6542]

Can you please review all time 2’s video on how NASA proved that we lived in the sagittarius arm before and now we moved to the orion arm

[@class2instructor32]

Carl Sagan said we were on the outskirts, I remember seeing it when I was a little kid & thought "we are probably safe from aliens" kzbin.info/www/bejne/qmaUdpxqbpumqdE

[@punnasamamao1307]

You're Master of the Cosmos, Mr Butler !

[@samimys6533]

lol :D

[@powerbreed]

I would love to see a documentary done like this

[@BobbaDons]

So much for “the outskirts of the galaxy” but hey what did sagan know anyways?

[@changingmatrix8687]

Yep. As Carl Sagan always said, "Out in the boondocks." Out on tge Carina Cygnus arm. NEVER Orion spur. God bless.

[@changingmatrix8687]

@ufoguyspaceman I miss the boondocks more than anything. I can barely imagine living back in that place/time at this point. It seems so incredibly far away. And you "know" that as more time goes by, and the divide between "us" and the "people" here gets wider...it will literally seem like a dream that we were ever alive in a happy and productive world that was kissed by the golden sun. I just hope we get taken to our "real" eternal home soon...because this place is nothing but putrid evil. I can't wait for the day when the whole ME community of true believers can meet each other in person. Its really going to be an incredible party. God bless.

[@roccodonato4120]

@@changingmatrix8687 The soft yellow Sunnnnn.

[@roccodonato4120]

@ufoguyspaceman We are fractured.

[@changingmatrix8687]

@@roccodonato4120 Yep. I miss it.

[@alexforbes5435]

I love this Chanel

[@kww1966]

Excellent video!

[@GHOSTAI1]

I want to go home orions spur timeline sucks

[@changingmatrix8687]

Amen brother.

[@08SB80]

Okay, were we or were we not in the Sagittarius Arm? Someone want to explain that for me? How we went from the Sagittarius Arm to the Orion Spur... Anyone? Bueler... Bueler...

[@howfarawayisit]

The Orion Spur is part of the Sagittarius Arm.

[@08SB80]

@@howfarawayisit why does Google say they’re 26,000 light years apart?

[@howfarawayisit]

@@08SB80 They are letting you know that both are 26,000 light years away from the center of the galaxy - not from each other.

[@08SB80]

@@howfarawayisit okay... Well, I’m kinda confused. A lot of people are. In an episode of “Star Talk” a few years back Neil DeGrasse Tyson said that we are in Sagittarius Arm. Carl Sagan said it years ago as well. A bunch of people on the internet think we shifted into a slightly different timeline because our location is 26,000 light years away from where we thought we were in the Milky Way. I’m just trying to see if I can debunk this with 100% certainty. I’m not a conspiracy guy. I’m really not and there’s nothing worse than s guy that goes on and on about things he knows nothing about. I’m usually a complete skeptic but I’ve noticed some changes. Some things are not exactly the way they were. I can say that for sure. Idk how or why but I know there’s been some changes. I’m not alone either. Some credible people such as Sean Carol seem to believe so as well and I find it all truly fascinating. Learning about the world of quantum physics alone makes me feel like I found “God” in a way. Interesting stuff like quantum decoherence, the double slit experiment, collapsing of different wave functions etc. The list goes on and on. One thing I can say for sure is that my memories are real. Once in a while I might misremember something but thousands upon thousands of people simply do not misremember the same exact things in the exact way. That’s preposterous lol I’m not afraid of looking crazy. It’s not like I’m some dumbass flat earther. Myself as well as every other human being should be open minded enough just entertain the idea... Why so many changes? More men died in American waters off the East Coast of the United States during WW2 than in Pearl Harbor? The Black Tom Explosion? All the tweaked logos and altered movie lines? Weird. I know there’s always going to be the idiots that’ll think everything is a Mandela Effect but you can’t let that change your view enough to blow off the possibility entirely. I know it sounds nuts. 26,000 light years... The can be part of the same thing but which one does the Earth reside? It’s either one or the other... Right? Can’t be in both at the same time... Did we move or what?

[@howfarawayisit]

@@08SB80 It's like saying "I live in the USA". Then somebody tells me I live in California. Both are correct because California is in the USA. The Orion Spur is in the Sagittarius arm.

[@mikemo949]

Light ambient production music would make your videos incredible

[@2thelight]

Great stuff! The speed of our orbit is in relation to Sagittarius one, what is Sagittarius one's speed?

[@poopy12336]

SO COOL!!!!!

[@kaliyoagho4590]

Thank you!

[@ninak9441]

Wish this were my teacher⚡

[@Ceelxaar]

So much pride and hatred towards each other but we live in this tiny planet that is nothing compared to what is out there

[@chasingamurderer]

He worked hard

[@oajayg1983]

Sir, we are at what position i.e at aphelion or perihelion while moving around our galactic centre.

[@howfarawayisit]

I don't know.

[@bluepacman13]

So first we were in the outer reaches of the Sagittarius Arm. Then the Mandela Effect happened and it changed to the Orion Spur. ...okay that's pretty bizarre... but wait.... *NOW we are not in the Orion Spur, but instead the Orion-Cygnus spiral arm that branches off of Sagittarius.* The Orion Spur and the Orion-Cygnus Arm are TWO different locations. Check it out for yourself: imgur.com/a/at1Dx8m Oh where did I get this image? From yours truly, Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Arm

[@richardhill-yk9rp]

we use to be on the Sagittarius arm of our galaxy not Orion so how did we move ?

[@howfarawayisit]

We did not move. Orion is a spur of the Sagittarius arm.

[@shaunehuolohan5736]

Very well explained, amazing figures 828,000 Klm/h that is very fast yet very slow to travel interstella.

[@gamers-xh3uc]

Is actually quick for local interstellar trouble going through the local neighbourhood

[@est.villagiulio]

Do solar system follows the movement of galactic hands at the level of disk area, if yes we might head to the core of milkyway

[@howfarawayisit]

No they don't. Orbits around the core are quite stable.

[@randy1228]

wouldn't the First Theory of relativity allow our light to bend around the galactic center and light from behind the center to bend around back to us?

[@edweinb]

I had heard that the outer edge of the galaxy rotates about once every billion years while at our radius out from the the galactic center we go around about 4 times faster at once every 230 million years. Any idea how fast the bar (of the barred spiral) rotates?

[@howfarawayisit]

It looks like the spiral arms don't rotate. More later in the upcoming How Old is it segment on the Solar System.

[@edweinb]

@@howfarawayisit Certainly going to be hard to wrap my head around that piece of information.

[@edweinb]

@@howfarawayisit This video seems to confirm what you say and makes a good case for the existence of dark matter: commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AGalaxy_rotation_under_the_influence_of_dark_matter.ogv

[@class2instructor32]

@@howfarawayisit why did carl Sagan say we lived on the outskirts? kzbin.info/www/bejne/qmaUdpxqbpumqdE

[@neil2525]

But I am very curious; how did they took photo of the Milky Way??

[@howfarawayisit]

See the full Milky Way video.

[@mukeshgoyal]

Although I have never seen milky-way in person but I am curious whether if one can tell by looking at it with naked eyes seeing the different pattern of arm whether we r looking toward the centre of galaxy or looking outside our galaxy?

[@howfarawayisit]

Every star you see in the night sky is in the Milky Way.

[@mukeshgoyal]

@@howfarawayisit thank you sir for your reply. What I wanted to ask is that since we r in the somewhat middle arm so either we can see toward the center of our milky-way or see away from the center of the milky way depending on the location or time of the year. So is it possible to differentiate whether we r looking toward the center or away from the center by just looking at the milky way with unaided eyes.

[@howfarawayisit]

@@mukeshgoyal We get a 360 degree view every 24 hours as we rotate. Of course, we miss what is there in the daylight. But over a year, what we can't see at mid-day one month we can see 6 months later. The center has a greater star density, so it is not too hard to figure out which way you are looking.

[@mukeshgoyal]

@@howfarawayisit thank you sir for taking time to reply. I wish one day I see this in person. Living in Delhi India is just not possible to see many stars let alone the milky way.

[@yourbodyis75waterandimthir44]

For comparison , the diameter of the solar system is 1,5 light years, as opposed to the diameter of the milky way which is 105.000 light years.

[@kingroy18]

Wow my mind can't even fathom time as it pertains to galatical events. I feel so small in this universe lmao.

[@chasingamurderer]

Please like his videos ty

[@pieromarkuzovich7747]

Why our orbit should be circular while arms seems to have different paths?

[@howfarawayisit]

The spiral arms are areas of greater gas density that move in a very different path than the orbiting matter.

[@celestrio]

I've always wondered, Sagittarius A* is located at the center of the galaxy, The sun orbits sagittarius A*, Milky way is shaped like a whirlpool moving towards the center. (Assuming milky way doesn't crash to andromeda and sun doesnt explode) Does this mean our solar system will eventually be swallowed up by sagittarius A* sometime in the future say, billions of years ( maybe trillion)

[@howfarawayisit]

No. The stars are not moving towards the center. They do not travel down the spiral arms. They orbit in circular fashion around the center. Hope this helps.

[@celestrio]

@@howfarawayisit yes. Thx for the follow up. Its something I've always wondered.

[@dereksmith3632]

Something I heard somewhere, you know how that goes but when the Milky way and Andromeda collide, there's so much open space that no object's in the two will actually hit anything, the two will join together as one. I thought you might be interested in that. How true, who knows.

[@howfarawayisit]

@@dereksmith3632 You are correct. We see a lot of colliding galaxies out there. Take a look at the "Colliding Galaxies" video book segment .

[@dereksmith3632]

@@howfarawayisit thank you Mr Butler.

[@pasqueocwe1744]

BlESSINGS cc. Peace

[@Ceelxaar]

You just realized that human live less then a millisec in these time scale

[@phriscozero]

Okay... what the fuck is the Orion Spur???? I've literally never heard of it before today. Sagittarius arm is what I remember and I even took Astronomy in college...

[@howfarawayisit]

Look it up.

[@richardhill-yk9rp]

Me too !

[@Bojanmarsetic]

Imagine fire. The galaxy is just 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000333 of a sparkle in the air.

[@mimibaker2022]

It’s news to me that the sun is rotating around the galactic center. Wow. Now I have to ask … is the galactic center rotating around anything?

[@howfarawayisit]

It is. Watch Andromeda and the Local Group to see more.

[@mimibaker2022]

@@howfarawayisit thank you for the reply and pointer! I will watch that video! I’m a “well educated” American but until I started watching youtube, I didn’t even know the sun rotated on its own axis like earth. Now my mind is doubly blown 🤯 thank you so much for sharing these videos!!!

[@soorajmannancheri5527]

My objective is installation of 2*10^(46) watt solar panel

[@jerbib9598]

Does the galaxy rotate? or does our solar system orbit the galaxy?, or is it a little bit of both?

[@gamers-xh3uc]

The galaxy rotates on it self around the galaxy core see the galactic core as the sun and the arms as planets

[@jerbib9598]

@@gamers-xh3uc - Yes, I think that's the way to think of this. The Milky Way began to form 13.3 billion years ago and as it contracted all its mass acquired the momentum. Long before our solar system formed its formational dust acquired the momentum. That dust already had a momentum, but it was over-ridden.

[@robertbench5187]

🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯

[@dailynewfuns]

Mr gk channel la entha name ah pathutu vanthen 😂😂😂

[@skylarcrothers8239]

Earth is located in the Outer Rim of the galaxy

[@Kane-ib5sn]

can we move faster than the rotation of the Earth? - if we can, then aliens can move their UFO's faster than the speed of our solar system...upwards of 1000 km/s.

[@ugonelearntodayknewz4794]

U have no idea what the galaxy looks like.

[@abarref]

Great video!

[@soorajmannancheri5527]

My objective is installation of 2*10^(46) watt solar panel

[@soorajmannancheri5527]

My objective is installation of 2*10^(46) watt solar panel