Cold Welding Metals In a Vacuum

In this video I show you how it is possible to cold weld metals together in a vacuum. I talk about galling vs cold welding and how it caused problems on the Galileo Spacecraft.
Get Your Experiment Box Here: theactionlab.com/
Checkout my experiment book: amzn.to/2Wf07x1
Follow me on Twitter: / theactionlabman
Facebook: / theactionlabofficial
Instagram: / therealactionlab
Watch other popular videos from my channel
Gömböc-The Shape That Shouldn't Exist
• Gömböc-The Shape That ...
Shooting a Nerf Gun Backwards While Driving At The Bullet's Speed Forward
• Shooting a Nerf Gun Ba...
Superhydrophobic Knife Slices Water Drops in Half
• Superhydrophobic Knife...
Real-Life Invisibility Cloak Can Hide Anything! How Does It Work?
• Real-Life Invisibility...
What's Inside the Worlds' Fastest Heat Conductor?
• What's Inside the Worl...
Can You Use Umbrellas Instead of a Parachute?
• Can You Use Umbrellas ...
Opening a Bottle of Liquid Nitrogen Under Water!
• Opening a Bottle of Li...
Warning: DO NOT TRY-Seeing How Close I Can Get To a Drop of Neutrons
• Warning: DO NOT TRY-Se...
*Any experiment you try is at YOUR OWN RISK. The Action Lab assumes no responsibility for any injury if you attempt anything you see in this video or on The Action Lab channel.

[@TheActionLab]

At 7:20 I definitely did not mean Celsius I meant Fahrenheit, lol. I don’t think I’d be very comfortable in a 60 degree Celsius lab.

[@ancovwojak6058]

Ok.

[@adriancorella5662]

xD you deserve an Oscar

[@chikenmorris7170]

Was just about to comment about that 😂

[@prakharsharma9263]

hahaha i did actually thought what are u saying love from india bro❤️❤️

[@Bnslamb]

Pin that comment or you a lot of comments about it.

[@UncleKennysPlace]

Given the melting point of gallium is under 30° C, the slightest friction may cause spot welding.

[@kbee225]

Friction welding.

[@ehodovic]

Exactly what I was just thinking.

[@danoberste8146]

The problem with welding gallium together is that you have to superchill gallium to get it to resolidify. It will stay melted down to pretty low temperatures. I have some gallium that I have to put in the refrigerator for several hours to get it to change back to a solid. It will very slowly crystalize even when it's ~5° C

[@OnTheRiver66]

The thermal conductivity of the metal is too great to allow heat buildup at the contact point with slight friction.

[@animationspace8550]

you have to realize it has to cool back down

[@marzbroz420]

So when I push these two pieces of aluminium together, they should stick together. But they don't. (Vsauce music).

[@ichweinicht1858]

Blah blah blah, right? WRONG!!!

[@Joshua.26]

Or.. Are they?

[@ichweinicht1858]

mathologer, Action lab and Vsauce 2 ❤️❤️❤️

[@isaach1447]

Are you sure this is cold welding and not friction welding? When you put them in the bag and the bag squeezes them, you could have a little bit of friction that could raise the tiny contact points above 85deg. You should put them in the freezer for a while and then try again.

[@isaach1447]

@Joe Duke I’m aware cold welding is occasionally use of space experimentally, my point was that this is not cold welding. This is friction melting gallium which then cools and fuses the pieces together

[@FallLineJP]

Great video! Two questions: 1) For the vacuum chamber test, wouldn’t you need to remove the oxide layer that is already present on the surface of the two metal pieces? Just putting them in vacuum does not remove the oxide that is already there 2) Would an inert atmosphere (nitrogen?) work instead of a vacuum?

[@phxgen]

IME: yes, no. 'twas argon though, no means to try n2. It's freaking wicked hard to find LN2 in this city of five mill nutjobs, I don't get it. "Most of our atmosphere? Sorry, we don't carry that. You want a bunch of a highly unstable fuel, dissolved in acetone, in a tank full of concrete for super cheap, though? Comin' right up!"

[@phxgen]

Strange having no mention of having to buff off oxide (sulfate, etc) layers to cold weld. Props for knowing stuff, stuff knowers ftw!! So yeah, big time yes to that...unless you're cold welding fine gold or something, then you can just wipe it clean first. I suspect n2 wouldn't do anything. Moreso than argon or any other noble really. Stuff I can pretty easily cold weld with the same process in an ultra high vac regime, does nothing of the sort in a vessel thoroughly purged of air and filled with Ar. I'd imagine inert gases present between the pieces meant to be welded would do what it typically does: be inert, and occupy space between the metals. I wonder if you could _pressure_ weld gallium(for instance)? Not like smashing two pieces together, I mean like putting two pieces in an *extremely* robust vessel and pumping it to 1500 bar or something. That'd be cool.

[@FallLineJP]

@@phxgen Very interesting, thanks!!

[@lucaslucas191202]

@@phxgen Just buy liquid nitrogen and let it boil?

[@phxgen]

@@lucaslucas191202 That's the problem, I haven't (yet) found anyone in this city that'll fill my little dewar. The only place I've found thus far that'll sell me LN2 is like 45min away & they won't fill my dewar, instead they want people to rent their enormous dewars for like $850 & up.

[@blackopsownage]

I asked for this is the comments ages ago, never thought he’d get round to do it! Great video as always.

[@m.s54116]

I messaged him on twitter about this too some months back and he he replied he is a good person

[@AbdullahSayyid]

Same here kid

[@Caerus256]

Same here, i asked him to do it 2 years ago and he did it now.

[@MammaOVlogs]

oh really? wow , way to go

[@Speeeedy]

Who asked?

[@andrewjvaughan]

but... removing the air doesn’t magically make the oxide layer disappear? it only would keep it from forming after forging

[@theoverseer393]

That’s why gallium/indium is being used IIRC

[@orchdork775]

Yea, I was wondering why ActionLab didn't remove the oxide layer first, but then I remembered that he would have to do that *inside* the chamber with a full vacuum pulled, which sounds like it would be ridiculously difficult haha. He would probably need a much bigger chamber, along with specialized tools/gloves that could be controlled remotely, which I'm pretty sure only a professional laboratory could pull off. Oh well, I'm sure that somewhere out there is a cold welding video with a truly accurate demonstration :)

[@orchdork775]

@@theoverseer393 I thought he said that gallium has *less* of an oxide layer, not no oxide layer, but maybe I'm wrong. What confuses me is that I don't think the titanium antenna on that satellite was being squeezed by anything, so how could have cold welded shut if this demonstration is accurate to what happens in outer space?? Even with the squeezing, the gallium in this video was barely welded together, so how could a titanium antenna get welded stuck just sitting out in space, without any outside pressure on it? I thought it must be because the oxide layer on the satellite had been ablated by solar radiation, while the gallium in this video still had its oxide layer. I've tried looking it up to see if I'm right, or if there is something else going on, but I can't find anything.

[@wolfsiejk]

Thats why you need to twist and press to scratch the metal to get it off

[@andrewjvaughan]

@@wolfsiejk yeah... oxides are SUPER hard - simply scratching or twisting the metal won’t do that

[@stevecollins2770]

I'm skeptical about whether you were able to actually cold weld. My understanding is that for cold welding to be successful, you have to get the surfaces scrupulously clean. I wonder if what happened was that a vacuum was created between the two pieces of metal and the edges were so well sealed that air could not get in. You probably had about 1.5 sq-in of surface area there, which would mean around 21 lbs of air pressure. When you take new microscope slides out of the package, they will stick together because they are so flat that the air cannot get between them. (Idea for an episode?) High karat weight gold should be easy to cold weld because it has no oxide layer. Would it work to put a sheet of gold leaf between two very flat silver ingots?

[@arisoda]

Those surfaces were crude af, so I doubt it could have been held together by a mini vacuum. Maybe grease held them together

[@rossbrumby1957]

He said dissimilar metals have different crystalline structures so don't work. But by his theory, 2 gold ingots that are dead flat and smooth, and clean should work. His attempts were relatively filthy from fingerprint sweat/oils let alone not totally flat for good contact. Pretty poor excuse for a lab experiment.

[@Newt2799]

The two ingots still had the oxidized layer from being exposed to the air previously. That layer does not just go away from being in a vacuum. The oxidization had to be scratched off on both ingots by mechanical manipulation. Only a few small scratches were made and connected which is why it was so easy to pull apart.

[@theangledsaxon6765]

@@Newt2799 right but I think he was thinking about the possibility of the bits being vacuum sealed together instead of actually being cold welded

[@schwarzerritter5724]

Yes, it looks more like wringing gauge blocks together.

[@paulcrouzat6657]

This is so cool! I have an oral presentation to do at the end of my year and your channel is a gold mine of intersting science phenomenons. Thank you for the inspiration! Love your vids

[@Dope-to5pi]

Watch Tom Scot

[@joedragich]

James, your genuine excitement over the things you discover in your videos is infectious. Thanks for the killer content!

[@shashank7220]

man i was so sccared about your fingers getting stuck inbetween the 2 monster magnets

[@markusgarvey]

i was gritting my teeth. little Neodymium magnets can hurt you.

[@youtube.commentator]

@@markusgarvey I usually pay extra for them to hurt me

[@SergeantExtreme]

@@youtube.commentator Kinky.

[@sleepful1917]

no you weren't

[@shashank7220]

@@sleepful1917 yes I was

[@InstinctRush]

You have the least click baity titles.. I usually have to force myself to watch your videos because whenever I do watch your videos I'm never disappointed.

[@velocitysam4185]

The fact that it didn't work the first time shows us how genuine your channel is.

[@researchers7998]

The attraction between the large neodymium magnet and the even larger magnet neodynium magnet through the glass was like _a desperate boy wanting to meet his crush_ Lol

[@EzeePosseTV]

Indium to Aluminium: You don't have the Gall to join in the open. - Aluminium: Your bad jokes can't foil my plans.

[@catdaddy666]

looool

[@theproGAMAS]

Yo you’ve been posting my favorite topics these past months. Love it man

[@dahahaka]

Great video, well explained, i like how you showed us how it behaves both with oxygen and without in the same setup (magnets), and also how you mentioned the temperature as i was slightly worried that the gallium might be transfering your body heat, but the room was apparently cold :) credit where credit is due, keep it up!

[@69k_gold]

James in 2040: Today we're going to merge Sun and Mercury together and see what happens

[@deadski8860]

you think humans can survive that far while Covid is here

[@mlgklipz2543]

@@deadski8860 COVID will either last and end next year or it will go on for a long time but with very low cases for the next 3 or 4 years so we will have to see

[@hacker1oo173]

@@mlgklipz2543 Nice to hear!

[@adityapratapsingh2518]

@@deadski8860 well we survived ww1 ww2 and black death I think covid is kida small compared to these all.

[@gabrieldelatortilla1]

more like 2400

[@LucasTheBot]

The laws of physics on earth: *exist* A vaccum chamber: "im gonna pretend i didnt see that"

[@SopanKotbagi]

bleh

[@allhumansarejusthuman.5776]

Other way round. Laws of physics exists Earths atmosphere and chemistry:I'm gonna pretend I didn't see that

[@peckcf]

Great to see this in action, thanks.

[@Spicystachegamer]

Love this channel you can always learn about new things or even thought experiments.

[@guys_animations]

3:46 that "close" sounded like it had some autotune on it, lol

[@fhsjdjskkshi]

Lol yeah

[@guys_animations]

@@fhsjdjskkshi BREUH

[@grifferkay9253]

Cold welding His nose : Feels cold let's swell

[@MohammadSharulMizwanMdSalleh]

Awesome as always!! Keep it up!

[@rodchallis8031]

I worked in Q.A. in manufacturing for years. We used to "wring" gauge blocks together. The phenomena is not entirely understood, but "cold welding" is thought to be in play. Galling: We press fit steel parts together and with certain product designs we'd get galling, and it took a lot of small process changes to eliminate it.

[@vasudevraghav2109]

I was about to look for cold welding on youtube, lucky enough TheActionLab uploads Day=Made!

[@kratekgames7610]

7:17 Shouldn't it be Fahrenheit? Galium melts at 29,76 °C

[@Yusso]

yes clearly fahrenheit.

[@jamesbrown99991]

I'm pretty sure he'd be dead if it was 60°C in his room.

[@kukenballe7063]

@@jamesbrown99991 heard of a sauna?

[@matiasivanarevalosbenitez811]

@@kukenballe7063 lol that depends on the core body temperature, if your body temperature gets to 60°, you'd be pretty dead

[@kukenballe7063]

@@matiasivanarevalosbenitez811 yes but we were talking about ROOM temperature

[@brostelio]

You are a joy to watch. Great content!

[@ProjectPhysX]

Top notch content as always!

[@mrolafdotcom]

Galling is one of the reasons we don't typically use stainless steel anchors for pool safety covers. They are made from brass since they resist galling and oxidize to a nice dark finish that compliments most deckings.

[@traze_gamer2004]

this is so cool no..this is AWESOME

[@SirGlazer]

Lolf unny pun

[@thesilversurferhackerking]

I have always been amazed by you experiments. Also you make it so informative and interesting. Keep it up bro.

[@TheShattenjager]

I got here because of a comment on a reddit thread when we were talking about this power tool that astronauts use, and someone mentioned cold welding. Then it was like “whaaaat?” and then yup, here’s a link to a video and : boom, I subscribed. This kind of channel is the bread & butter of my KZbin subscription list. LOVE IT

[@bindeshwaribais7598]

I am from indian and my name is ojas and i am of 13 years but has interest in science and i always see this man all videos how he explains that is the best thing of him he explains very clearly

[@vinaythakur4742]

Why did you need to mention your nationality, name and age?

[@JeanJacket311]

@@vinaythakur4742 I agree

[@bossd.k7127]

He is the only man who build his career from a vacuum chamber

[@fatonisodiq9341]

Love this cool experiment

[@Olaf_Schwandt]

I love your enthusiasm

[@bepisboi7370]

he is more informative than my school teachers

[@arthjai]

Damn true

[@Luco.26]

hahaha

[@EXZRB]

That a good looking pickle ngl.

[@momoreview5555]

HEh iSs MoR3 inForMatiVE tHaN MY SchO0l tEAchEr$

[@motionelco]

He makes a lot more money than a teacher

[@AJ_Stark007]

I just love this Channel I'm a fan of Physics It's very interesting!

[@LucasTheBot]

Physics is fun until you have to do an exam... school ruins everything

[@neutronenstern.]

@@LucasTheBotIt depends on the teacher if the exams are fun or not Might be in physics, that you get a lot of joy, when you have to calculate how many photons will come out a green laser every second with 3000 W.

[@AJ_Stark007]

@@LucasTheBot Concept wise Physics is Fun But yes I agree with you, exam wise it can get bad a lot of times But as far as you understand the depths of the vast knowledge that Physics provides you, those tests should not matter. Just that fun of learning is more than enough!! That's my take. What say??

[@frogz]

you should check out fermilab @atharva joshi, because physics is everything

[@Lars_Ziah_Zawkian]

Finally not someone using LITERALLY ALL TYPES OF WELDING and saying is cold welding. So nice work!

[@horacio6537]

Damn, this is so satisfying to finally hear about.

[@Viewable11]

Cold welding also works with hard metals, if they have perfectly plane surface and you slide them above each other. Distance or mass calibration items are well suited for this. Such items are stored in a fluid to prevent this from accidentally happening.

[@infernaldaedra]

Basically a shop grease, filtered kerosene, WD40 but generally you want a rust preventative that is easy to remove so kerosene and WD40 work very well.

[@vasurvawadajkar]

Hey, gallium has a melting point just above room temperature so when you put it in a vacuum, its melting point becomes low and it just sticks to itself! No cold welding today!

[@czimm118]

I used to do this all the time at work with hard drive platters, NO VACUUM CHAMBER NEEDED. And it's super fun

[@freezinfire]

I learned the property earlier, cool to watch it in action

[@FIRE_STORMFOX-3692]

I remember learning about cold welding in space as a kid, it was so mind blowing, one of many reasons why space it's cool figuratively and literally

[@Chris.Pontius]

You went to space as a kid? That's amazing.

[@FIRE_STORMFOX-3692]

@@Chris.Pontius hahahaha nice bro you make my day

[@rossbrumby1957]

@@FIRE_STORMFOX-3692 danger, Will Robinson!

[@NBC_NCO]

There's another kind of very unique welding done with explosives. Under extreme heat and pressure you can weld two dissimilar metals making a custom alloy to better suit your needs such as aircraft skin for example.

[@mage3690]

Friction stir welding also does that, but you can't use it for deep (beyond 1 inch) welds without a special machine.

[@chancebutler6472]

mind constantly blown... by ur videos

[@bin-14amanmangrulkar36]

This is so interesting and informative thank you sir

[@user-vn7ce5ig1z]

What about wringing gauge blocks together? Is that cold-welding or galling? 🤔

[@barkingbarker8291]

Both as they're basically the same

[@JamesBailey123]

Neither it turns out, check the sixty symbols video on it. It turns out that its just that when you make metals extremely flat to the eye, then when you push them together, they form microscopic suction pads, like the kind that hold your phone holder to your car window, just microscopic. They verified this by adding oil to the surface, and a bit like licking your suction cups, that improved the bonding. If it was cold welding, the oil would stop it working, and secondly once you joined then pulled apart your gauge blocks even once, you'd have microscopic mountains and valleys from where it didn't cleave cleanly, so it wouldn't work twice.

[@danielmcdowell9526]

It's called ringing when you get to pieces of like material to stick together we use this method in qc labs to put gage block together.

[@sleepful1917]

i think it's wringing

[@opesenator]

i love this guy and his videos.

[@ichweinicht1858]

He is simply amazing.

[@ericcwalinski]

I have a little concern about how you performed the experiment in the bag. You performed a twisting motion, which should generate some friction, potentially causing a small amount of liquid Ga to be produced, and then resolidify the two pieces together. Might be something to consider.

[@Bruh-vd1pp]

Ya know, I really didn't expect that you can weld using coldness. It's so _cool_

[@nuiob1766]

theres a similar thing with ice (ik its not metal) but its kinda the same thing you push 2 pieces of ice together and they get stuck

[@Bruh-vd1pp]

@@nuiob1766 that's pretty cool

[@ADVERSE04]

That's due to a pretty different phenomenon dude

[@melody3741]

Its not USING coldness.

[@Bruh-vd1pp]

@@melody3741 Yeah I know, trying to make a pun 6 months ago and I don't even know wtf I was trying to say lol

[@deepakshegaokar]

Love your unique expirements❤👌

[@Smushroom]

Bro you were my science teacher during quarantine thank you

[@talongrayson]

Get some engineering slips. They're so perfectly smooth that putting them together essentially creates a vacuum between them and they stick together like magnets, but they're not magnetic.

[@isaach1447]

Are you sure this is cold welding and not friction welding? When you put them in the bag and the bag squeezes them, you could have a little bit of friction that could raise the tiny contact points above 85deg. You should put them in the freezer for a while and then try again.

[@HifiCentret]

Tis is also the reason why in slow moving mechanics like in clocks where you can't reliably get an oil film in between moving gears then instead you make the gears out of different materials. It's not because brass is cheap as some people might think. It's because the alloy brass (copper and zinc) won't cold weld with steel (iron). The result is that you get a clock that lasts for generations. Had all gears been made out of the much stronger steel it wouldn't last as long as the steel would grind away because of cold welding. Naturally the largest gears are made out of the softest material as that causes gears to wear more evenly.

[@Pheaker12]

I was waiting for video like this for ages lol that was instantclick without thinking

[@adminscamp2563]

Hey Action Lab, put ice cubes in your vacuum chamber. Let us see what happens.

[@ADVERSE04]

They will just melt....😂😂...why does it seem interesting to you....there will be nothing worth significance

[@marsen7350]

@@ADVERSE04 shut up

[@tuyiren781]

@@marsen7350 shut up

[@ADVERSE04]

@@tuyiren781 😂I don't know why people find it interesting.The ice will just melt that's it what do they expect the water to flow or something😂 ,well this is a common misconception among people that gravity doesn't work in no pressure areas

[@FuneFox]

@@ADVERSE04 you must be a fun person

[@ninopino12]

Your hair looks great bro❤

[@mikedunn8427]

Just learned about cold welding and was going to ask action lab to make a video on it and then found this!

[@akashrodge5431]

Beautiful .... sensation of the Practical Physics ❤️❤️❤️ dopomin running through my brain

[@MartinPurathur]

I like these videos a bit more than the ultra black paint kind. Keep it up!

[@claudiavanvalkenhoef9971]

How did you send this 27 mins ogo the video was made 9 mins ago

[@jareknowak8712]

@@claudiavanvalkenhoef9971 physics do not work in a vaccum chamber :)

[@xploration1437]

Martin James Who asked you?

[@F_L_U_X]

3:17 - HOLY SHIT

[@PatClevenger0709]

The Action Lab is my guilty pleasure.

[@Davidsavage8008]

Great opening

[@matheww7847]

I don't think they were bonded at all. There is a pocket in each puck, you created a vac between them that held them together

[@simonhaddow5052]

In large steel structures like bridges we often use Tension Friction connections. The mating surfaces are brushed free of rust and the bolts are tightened to snug tight plus 3/4 turn. This creates a kind of pressure weld between the mating surfaces that is stronger than the sheer strength of the bolts. They don’t continue to stick after the bolts are removed.

[@Seth_Lekas]

Great job on the vid

[@haroldbn6816]

Cool welding tecnique.

[@ramakrishnanr3877]

Yesterday I was playing around with slip gauges and my friend rubbed it together and to my surprise it sticked to each other I thought it was magnetic but today after seeing your video I found it was a more interesting phenomenon.

[@TimmyTwo-Toes]

“They finally found out it was a series of unfortunate events”, is there anything Count Olaf won’t do!

[@hacker1oo173]

He is very dedicated XD

[@SigmaJAD]

Love your stuff

[@thevigilant266]

Really interesting!

[@mclaynebalzly1739]

Wait wait wait, so is this considered... cold fusion 😂

[@RayMak]

I learn more in this than university

[@cbkia]

why do i see you everywhere

[@kingterpin7256]

Lol, I know why he is everywhere, he posted it on his KZbin, but lol the comment itself made me laugh

[@krishnaasopa-the-next]

You should go india and take 8th grade because it was use to teach kid in 8th grade in india LoL

[@gibsonf06]

university is just as bad as high school?

[@ADVERSE04]

Wait....did you say that this concept is given in 8th standards books....stop kidding man....it's definitely not...

[@fano72]

Color of gallium is so beautiful!

[@justinmathew130]

Thank you, this is a great and new information

[@Think_Inc]

This guy said “together” too many times than is scientifically possible in a 10 minute video.

[@roborob4000]

Is there any chance the friction melted the metal a tiny amount on the surface?

[@michaelhedrick589]

Yes but I am not good at explaining things so I’ll have to look it up but it’s something called “sublime” I think

[@michaelhedrick589]

Not really the friction but yeah friction could help it occur

[@VoltisArt]

Sublimation means turning directly from solid to gas, with no liquid stage - such as ice evaporating in temperatures too low for water, or dry ice making clouds. Not related.

[@michaelhedrick589]

@@VoltisArt yes

[@ernestoterrazas3480]

Very interesting most of the time you present fabulous videos congratulations.

[@Return_To_Sender]

Your background music always reminds me of mass effect, I don't know if you do this on purpose, but it's nice.

[@Paul-ty1bv]

Eye protection when playing with strong magnets. Shatter danger.

[@pl5882]

Stainless steel nuts and bolts will gall especially when using nylock nuts.

[@pauldriscoll5010]

Stainless steel pipe fittings are really bad for it, to the point if you dont uses something like graphite in the thread you may never separate them

[@kaustubhkale1103]

This is called quality content 👌👌👌🔥🔥

[@chakramaharjan8462]

fantastic fact !!!

[@AJ_Stark007]

7:22 Celsius or Fahrenheit

[@neutronenstern.]

clearly Fahrenheit. Or do you think 60°C (140°F) are normal house temp?

[@Banana_Judge]

@@neutronenstern. It is in my house

[@neutronenstern.]

@@Banana_Judge good radiator or do you have a very good wood stove or something. Where can i buy it?

[@Yusso]

Melting point of galium is 29.76 celsius or 85 fahrenheit. So he misspoke.

[@Banana_Judge]

@@neutronenstern. No. I live on the sun

[@alfredoprime5495]

Would cold welding work in an inert atmosphere like pure nitrogen or argon? Personally, unless I'm missing something crucial, I don't see why not

[@SuputraBharathi]

Surface layer of metals must be kept clean from any impurities Inertgas is gonna keep metals safe from oxide layer . Since every materials have surface roughness and can act as an air pocket ( impurity ) causing Less metal to metal surface contact . Resulting in very awful weld .

[@AceKaliburOfficial]

I do welding, and I am thoroughly intrigued.

[@jeffsiegwart]

Very Cool!

[@custard-bun]

5:12 "it didn't stick :("

[@darshanvenkataramanan1785]

At last.... Oxygen was the Impostor 😶

[@Technical_Gaming07]

Love the channel

[@sketchyandrew]

Crazy when you remember that we're so used to how materials work on a planet with an atmosphere. Which is not the norm universally speaking

[@maxthedog8483]

you have to find a way to remove the oxide layer in a vacuum then find a way to place the two clean surfaces together without ever breaking the vacuum.

[@ColossalCrib]

Damn oxides.. being a welder, I know these things.

[@theonescratchwonder6484]

Thank you!

[@MuhammadDaudkhanTV100]

It's so superior ideas and good work