Construction Materials: 10 Earthquakes Simulation

🛑Watch my Empire State Building Simulation: • Empire State Building ...
Which building materials are the strongest in case of an earthquake? Watch this incredible physics simulation video to find out!
I would so appreciate if you could SHARE IT this video with your friends and family and see what they think! :)
Let's start a conversation in the comments below about interesting things that you have noticed in this simulation!
I hope these simulations will bring more earthquake awareness around the world and educate the general public about potential earthquake related hazards. I do also hope that my videos will inspire a younger generation of architects, engineers and scientists!
-------------------
Watch the only LIVE, 24/7 home-made seismograph drum in the world located in Los Angeles:
KZbin.com/caseismograph/live
-------------------
Music provided by Epidemic Sound: share.epidemicsound.com/dp0zag
----------------
Welcome to the world’s largest and only 3D earthquake simulation channel on KZbin! My channel focuses on realistic 3D earthquake simulations of a variety of virtual structures and types of buildings from around the world. Some of my work has been featured by various international media news outlets and it has also been used by other large KZbin channels such as GeologyHub, GeoPop and CaSeismograph for educational purposes. This channel’s content has also been featured on the Curiosity Channel in a recent documentary called “Breakthrough: Forecasting the Big One”.
The simulations that I post serve an educational purpose and should be solely treated as such. We should not forget that earthquakes are real world events that can sometimes lead to loss of properties and lives.
----------------------
MEDIA and INQUIRIES: You can reach out to me at: [e-mail]
----------------
Simulación de terremoto | simulazione di terremoti | भूकम्प सिमुलेशन | 地震シミュレーション | jarðskjálftauppgerð | Erdbebensimulation | 地震模拟 | भूकंप सिमुलेशन | deprem simülasyonu | simulare de cutremur
#earthquake #awareness #animation

[@EarthquakeSim]

3D CITY Earthquake SIZE Comparison: kzbin.info/www/bejne/oXexppdqo6h5qZo

[@wilcofaber9863]

Its now well above 3 million. This is a succes video

[@eveadame1059]

All of the little piggies should have built Monolithic Dome Homes, that can easily survive natural disasters

[@user-jz8jv2wj9m]

Is there any simulations on reinforced concrete?

[@elumbalourenceclarkegay6162]

May I know what software you are using? We badly need your answer for our thesis. Thank you so much.❤

[@user-xp2sz6gm4n]

Дома надо строить как в Узбекистане сейсмоустоичивые

[@zeldathomas3498]

So what I'm getting from this is, the third little pig should have built a steel-frame house

[@EarthquakeSim]

yes indeed! :)

[@Crutsz]

lmao

[@GDA-BPUOC]

A

[@Steve1766]

they survived the wolf but not the Earthquake 😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣

[@sebastianrojas9293]

The wolf: Time to use my secret weapon: jet fuel

[@richardrothkugel8131]

I saw a new hotel being built in Japan and was amazed that all the structural beams were steel. The even more amazing thing is that most buildings in Japan only have a 30 year lifespan. When those steel buildings are taken down, all that steel is recycled into the next construction project. I have nothing but respect for the Japanese construction industry.

[@aashdude1]

That 30 year lifespan policy and insane amount of houses constructed, along with Japan's declining population has led to millions of unoccupied homes

[@patty109109]

How can you respect and industry that’s replacing buildings every 30 years

[@hawaliakbar9081]

​@@patty109109keeping their building in a prime condition

[@orange8175]

@@hawaliakbar9081 and homeless too

[@alexandrediasdesouzagouvei150]

They had to learn a lot with all those Godzilla's attacks

[@mikeherlihy5490]

I'm from New Zealand and hold a PhD in structural engineering from the University of Canterbury. Our campus has worked in close collaboration with the Universities of California, Seattle Washington, BC, Japan and many others since the 1970's on earthquake design of buildings. Most engineers would agree that brick is a problem but the concrete model shown is especially unrealistic for countries where proven design practices and strict building codes are enforced. Unfortunately, the form of collapse shown with floor separation is still an issue in countries where building officials appear to lack the onus or authority to enforce standards. The good news going forward is that the structural engineering know-how to prevent these disasters is like totally dude available to all those who choose to look. Just bring some note paper, a pen and calculator (HP, TI and Casio are all good).

[@EarthquakeSim]

thank you so much for this feedback! I am working on a new simulation that will be more realistic (added shear walls and better building design for reinforced concrete). I would love to keep in touch with you and get more of your feedback in the future :) Greetings from Chicago, Mike!

[@mikeherlihy5490]

Sure no problem. A simulation with shear walls would be good to see....it should change the deflected shape from sway to single curvature cantilever. I think what you are doing here illustrates the incredible difference between well engineered and appropriate structures from their opposites. All people from the Pacific Rim region will appreciate this. Chile in particular has very many strong quakes (the most) and when studying I found a text on structural dynamics written by Prof. Mario Paz (a Chilean) to be very helpful. There is a lot of collective thought involved on an international scale, especially by those most affected. You're in Chicago with the tall stuff by Fazlur Khan and the like....so wind is your main issue. Keep up the good work 👍🤓

[@lxr0710]

This is so accurate! Greetings from Chile 😁 we use ACI code + a modified spectrum for RC buildings

[@a2falcone]

Exactly! I'm from Chile and I couldn't understand how concrete failed so easily, when we know it's the best material.

[@mikeherlihy5490]

@@a2falcone Yes, concrete structures are very robust if properly configured with enough reinforcing steel present and correct. I see from an earlier post that Chile uses the ACI code and response spectrum accelerations, so that's a great approach. Here in NZ we use our own design standard NZS 3101 and modified response spectra. Our concrete design standard would consider ACI 318 to be the parent document, but modified to include our own and other international research. We have a community of Chileans here in NZ too, my next door neighbor comes from Puerto Aysén in the south and her brother farms in Tierra Del Fuego. NZ is not too cold for her 😃

[@johnbrubaker2033]

Wouldn't the concrete building be steel-reinforced? I don't see a concrete building above one floor being constructed without steel. Also, brick isn't really used as a supporting material anymore. It too would have a steel structure underneath.

[@emilyn6725]

What I was thinking...

[@gmail.commmmmmmm]

No, even 100 floor building can be built out of only concrete (structure wise). im cevil engineer, ask me anything.

[@prashantkumar-tv3js]

@@gmail.commmmmmmm have any vacancy in your company ? 😉 give me it's website link. I want to improve my experience in construction work .

[@gmail.commmmmmmm]

@@prashantkumar-tv3js unfortunately i work for government and am a civil servant in one of ministry of my country. the only way to work in my co, is to be our citizen first. xD

[@testsalv4366]

@@gmail.commmmmmmm How is that possible? The structural code of all countries are almost the same, stipulating the use of reinforced concrete or braced steel in high structures.

[@ahmedhamdy4587]

Building resilience is not just about the materials used , but how to design a form that suites the material

[@alis49281]

European wood frame looks very different from that and all the pieces are locked into each other.

[@Jamie-lw5sy]

Very underrated comment. 👍🇺🇲

[@blt4085]

yes exactly!@@Jamie-lw5sy

[@pixelzebra8440]

From the simulation all of them seemed to fall differently which means they’d probably need different ways of keeping them up. I’m NOT an expert but maybe the brick one would need more support at the bottom because that’s where it broke?

[@kyriakos_ioannou]

@@pixelzebra8440 Bricks would take a building shape resembling an arch or pyramid, having a wider and more solid base than the top.

[@Lapt0pMarc]

Japanese pagodas dating many centuries since their construction have demonstrated that wood is actually a great material for resisting earthquakes. Timber is a natural polymer, which tend to have better plastic and elastic properties than ceramic materials (like bricks or concrete). Steel being a metal, has even better elasticity and ductility than that of timber, hence why it lasted the longest.

[@michlo3393]

I had to explain this to my Polish in-laws who were baffled as to why every house in California is made mostly of wood.

[@TheSkunk1996]

I love and admire the Japanese building construction to this very day. Most of Southern California buildings up to date. But I don’t know if we can handle 7.5+.

[@davidcolin6519]

Yet steel is only used in Japan for the largest structures, and even then the buildings have to be tuned out of the frequency of the earthquakes that Japan has. One of the interesting things is that different regions of earthquakes have different frequencies. If you don't tune your steel structrue out of that frequency, you might as well build with rubber. Steel can become extremely plastic if subjected to the right frequencies of vibration. The most famous example of this was the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse. A steel bridge literally flexed itself to death because, of all things, wind.

[@garryrichardson4572]

It would appear that the timber structure could have done better with different joints. We don’t have earthquakes here in Tasmania but a recent 5 or 6 story building built with LVL and glass looks like the structure could survive well in these conditions.

[@olymak]

@@TheSkunk1996 there's was only one flaw with the old, very old Japanese buildings, the roof was covered with tiles made of clay, if I'm no mistaken, and that weight on top creates pressure on the all building, as soon as one tremor occurs it all adds to make them very unforgiving for any shaking...don't know about now, I'm guessing that they correct that... anyway they probably don't build like that anymore

[@vasosvacios7694]

Being Chilean has taught me that in case you live anything stronger than a VIII degree earthquake, you shouldn´t worry about buildings anymore, since at that stage earth itself probably will collapse. Nice video! Edited: saw on another comment that this scale is Mercalli and not Richter, my comment applies to IX-X degree Richter

[@a2falcone]

Roman numerals for Mercalli, arabic for Richter.

[@101jir]

Interesting, thanks.

[@ziodres2212]

Magnitud de Momento, no Richter.

[@user-hu7ix5xc8q]

The earthquake that hit eastern Japan was about 10th degree and it wasn't tectonic plate subduction nor eruption. If we have any of such, the continents will be shifted and deformed greatly, but that's not the end of the world, ppl still will survive.

[@venskus2009]

RIP to all who lost their lives in these disasters. This is so heartbreaking.

[@EarthquakeSim]

I will shout out the person who writes the most interesting observations about this video in the comments below! It can be anything from small physics errors to building resonance, collapse triggers, anything you can think of! :) Good luck!

[@user-wr6mj5hs4m]

Ini terkait resistensi bangunan misal rangka batu bata karena terdiri dari rankaian pasang maka cepat hancur. Semen karena terdiri atas batuan serbuk sehingga mudah hancur. Rankaian kayu berbeda tergantung apa yg dipakai. Rankaian baja sulit hancur karena terdiri atas besi besi.

[@umarsibarani2405]

This is related to the resistance of a building, for example a brick frame, because it consists of a series of pairs, so it breaks quickly. Cement because it consists of powdered rock so it is easily destroyed. The range of wood differs depending on what is used. Steel chains are difficult to destroy because they are composed of ferrous iron.

[@seankingwell3692]

Wow, the wood absorbs and flexes a lot more the other materials, but once its past its breaking point it shifts off base dramatically that makes sense. Brick buildings fall outward while pancaking, the concrete ones just pancaked! Good old wood lasts pretty long. It makes sense a lot of wooden buildings of the old world were often pretty old buildings. Falling masonry is one of the most terrifying things about earthquakes. Anyone watch Earthquake its a movie about a quake in New York city. Doesn't have the fancy CGI of San Andreas, but it follows different people through the event. San Andreas isn't the same now, now I can't stand anything with "The Rock" in it, and I never liked Oprah to begin with. Millionaires with their own TV shows named after themselves where they give tiny amounts away to peasants willing to sacrifice their first born for a chance to get close enough to meet her EWE. Real heroes are everyday people, that are kind compassionate and brave, they save us from all forms of harm. They are each and every one of us :) Cascadia is coming, it will be a very big day for many of us. Prayers for people still recovering from the quake in Syria. That was a crazy situation. We need powerful simulations on here to cause buildings to come off foundation intact but just rolling around on its side instead, and we saw that often throughout the footage of the destruction in Turkey and Syria. Simulations on this channel helped me understand the scale of what happened and the magnitude. Maybe, just maybe, if we start being more peaceful and stop pissing the earth off she wouldn't have so much steam to vent you know what I mean? At the end of the day we can only build structures to resist only so much forces, I do believe that karma of the hearts of humans effects the earths magnetic field, and quakes. Its a global thing to not just for one place or only in one place.

[@FlamingBeat]

These guys are desperate for a shout out 😂

[@briantaylor858]

I noted in the recent Taiwan earthquake that some large buildings that were otherwise largely intact tipped over. Wouldn't it be the case that at some point the quality and strength of the earth holding the building in place would determine whether the building stays upright?

[@crx5591]

意外と木造って地震に強いんですね。 地震の多い日本でお寺の五重の塔が1000年近くも倒れずに残っているのは納得します。

[@DontUputThatEvilOnMe]

そうです。

[@lasaraungbakri7386]

Steel structures are fascinating the way I look how steel ships are build. A ship is battling high and rough seas almost every occasion on her service and 30 years down the line, if well maintained, is still a sea worthy. The second best is timber, again a wooden boat

[@EarthquakeSim]

Very interesting comparison! Thanks for the comment 🙂

[@Spring-ni4vq]

What a brilliant analogy. Thanks.

[@baconkulit1513]

I was thinking if we can recycle those large retired cruise ships and place them on land for an instant buillding and structure. condos / apartment or other multi-purpose building... hmmm.

[@EarthquakeSim]

Here's an UPDATED video of this simulation: kzbin.info/www/bejne/jKeUqYusfbVkrNk Thanks EVERYONE for providing all your amazing feedback in the comments so that I can make better videos!

[@coinbowl]

nine one one simulation

[@EarthquakeSim]

3D City Block! - Earthquake DAMAGE Comparison - kzbin.info/www/bejne/aGGno2SHd9aHr9E

[@mehmetdemir-lf2vm]

i would like to see the comparison of quake behavior of wall concrete (tunnel formwork system) and columnal design (like the third building in this video) concrete buildings in quakes of intensities 6 to 12.

[@sunilkumarbahadursha]

Start with serious attention end up so funny 🤣🤣🤣

[@VenturaIT]

Yes, but you designed everything like it was a steel structure... each material requires it's own design and considerations, there are older brick buildings in places with earthquakes than steel could last due to rust, but they are designed differently... a donkey can beat a race car in a cross country race if there are no gas stations...

[@Orca19904]

Impressive how the steel-frame structure survived the intensity 12 quake even when struck by the collapsing timber structure next to it. Also found it a bit odd how parts of the concrete structure remained standing even without any supporting elements still attached to them, almost like tree trunks. Not sure if concrete pillars that tall would be able to remain free-standing like that in real life.

[@zomfragger]

It's possible. Given photos from the middle east and the Ukraine war it is possible for a single piller of concrete to stand on its own.

[@WiardiVK]

As long as the foundation is good and there is enough reinforcement to deal with the wiggling, a concrete pole should be quite sturdy and able to stay upright like that.

[@St0n3dCold]

A 12 level eq in richters scale would be something completely catastrophic, not something like in this video.

[@antoniocastelo8195]

@@St0n3dCold Intensity is Mercalli, not Richter.

[@antoniocastelo8195]

@@riccardo6820 you're confusing intensity (damage felt/done) with magnitude (energy released) there.

[@yootoobnz8109]

I remember going through a 7.8 earthquake a few years back (Fiordland, NZ). I spent the entire time, watching my friend's $700 teapot ride on top of the refrigerator rolling about the kitchen, while holding on to my brand new TV. The fridge had wheels. I had to make a tough choice on whether to save my friend's expensive teapot, or save my nice new big TV. 40 seconds of concentrated decision making - what to do, what to do??? I saved the TV. Funny thing was, the teapot was fine, just rode out the whole thing sitting on top of the roving refrigerator. I am now thinking, next earthquake, is the top of the refrigerator my go-to safe spot?

[@certiPHIer]

No, if you have a really sturdy desk or kitchen table, get under that - most people killed within buildings die when they are crushed by the furnishings within toppling onto them. A sturdy table can protect you from falling bookcases, refrigerators, etc. If the whole building collapses you could still be killed, but even then, if you can stay beneath your table as the whole floor beneath you falls away, the table might keep parts of the building structure from completely collapsing the space you are in, allowing you to live long enough to be dug out by rescuers.

[@Qu1ckn0ck]

Tokyo Skytree, which is the tallest (634m)building in Japan has encountered a big earthquake on 3.11 2011. At that time, the building was under construction and the core, which is most important for earthquake resistance, had not been installed. However, Tokyo Skytree survived the earthquake with only a steel frame. Without any damage. This is amazing and shows the high level of Japanese architectural technology.

[@stopthattrend]

Why the timber one trying to sabotage the steel one at the end 💀💀💀

[@FirstLastOne]

It got wood over the rigidity and flexibility of the steel building next to it so it just did what comes naturally to it and started hitting on it.

[@tsepheletseka5115]

I'm really impressed with the timber structure. It really held on right to the end. Still wouldn't live in a timber high rise though. There is still the very real threat of fire with a timber structure.

[@serebii666]

"very real threat of fire with a timber structure" The timber is treated and engineered. Engineered glulam timber has a burn-off rate of glulam is 0.7mm/min and therefore expensive fire protection coatings are normally not even necessary for standard fire safety norms.

[@limbicferret]

concrete burns at high degreed and melts down, and the paint that coats it is very easy to fire up. timber is really underestimated but not in Japan. they now what they are doing.

[@TecnixX]

Burning wood forms a coal layer which protects the inner wood and slows the burning. The construction then is longer intact. A steel construction will deform because of the heat and Breaks down then. So a steel construction will fail before a wood construction.

[@yonatanschlussel]

Fire threat these days in timber buildings is very low. They're built with special coatings that prevent the wood from catching fire. In the event they do, the building is built in a way that the fire won't be able to burn for very long. The B1m and tomorrows build did some interesting videos about it

[@kebub1]

u dont know muhc about it man,.

[@cdbox9]

Amazing video. It's good to see a chanel like this to raise awareness about the danger of earthquakes. But, it would also be interesting to see how the buildings would react with a reinforced concrete core in the middle of the floor plan, or if they had a diagrid system on the facade. Buildings with a core made of walls are very common.

[@stevejobs1653]

Странно. В Японии проводили РЕАЛЬНЫЕ тесты зданий и деревянный сложился уже при 7 баллах. Так что я считаю эту симуляцию - фикцией.

[@fromSiberia38]

Я конечно не эксперт, но думаю высота строения тоже влияет

[@Dmitriy.B]

Как выше подметили, бетонный домик у них без арматуры. А вообще бетонные колонны не ведут себя, как резиновые. Так что да, симуляция - фикция.

[@TheRealLink]

There's a reason why Timber is seeing some resurgence in construction, once banded together and adequately fireproofed. It's surprisingly strong and flexible but I did expect the steel building to win. Appears to be fully welded in terms of both floors and columns, plus + spread out supports. It'd be curious to have seen if it'd survive an intensity "XIII" scenario. Brick, sadly, was doomed from early on. Also curious as to the concrete reinforcement question posted below.

[@Lv-nq9qz]

The reason is because the timber organizations have lobbyists now and are greenwashing their products to appeal to people who like that kind of thing. The most sustainable way to build is steel, when you consider the lifespan of the building. There are steel structures that have been standing in this country for over 100 years at this point.

[@harukurumi2747]

hmmm i get your point the in the timber is you can regrow them, but making steel is a permanent lose from the materials if destroyed@@Lv-nq9qz

[@FlorenceSlugcat]

@@Lv-nq9qz steel is much more expansive than wood. It is not about lobbying, it is simply about economics. You want a house right? Well, a house owith a steel framing will be more expansive than a house with a wooden framing. In countries with alot of timber, such as canada, every single house ive been in has wooden framing. This is simply because of costs and how difficult it is to build too. You are probably from europe. In northern united states and canada, every single house is wood. And yes, houses can still last long. Many wooden homes even outlive steel homes, because wood does not rust. Wood can rot, but steel can rust. Its all about good maintenance.

[@DanielFenandes]

That is not actually timber, that is cross laminated timber, which is a material with very different properties than pure timber

[@stefanoballiero8319]

Wood resists fires very well, but in the USA it seems that no one knows. the trick is to use large sections, the fire affects the wood from the outside to the inside at a speed of about 1 inch* every 30 minutes on each face exposed to the flame. There are tables by type of wood, I put an approximate average value.

[@DoubleM55]

Nice simulation, but I think the buildings are not properly designed. There should be shear walls present to make the structure more resistant to horizontal movements and much more robust in all scenarios. Usually It's elevator shaft or stairwell that is also build with extra reinforcement to act as a stabilizing core.

[@EarthquakeSim]

All my other simulations are more complex. This simulation is just for an informational purpose about material strength and I did not intend to create realistic buildings. Will do that in a future video 👍❤️ thanks for the feedback!!

[@plinker439]

Also brick buildings has steel for beams, ceiling, etc etc (what for i dont know the correct english term). So they are much more resistant if constructed correctly.

[@tomkers850]

Agree on that. It is nice as a video but nothing to do with reality. In real it looks completely different.

[@edwhatshisname3562]

I'm surprised the wooden structure lasted for as long as it did.

[@EarthquakeSim]

Yep! I totally recommend watching my last video on my channel it’s similar and better 😋

[@jcpenny3606]

Maybe because wood or timber is more pliable. It can bend, flex, and divert traveling energy outward, where as bricks, ceramic, concrete can facture from the violent shakes and vibrations.

[@sjoerdtollenaar4089]

It has also something to with mass. During an earthquake the building is loaded by x times it own weight. The lighter the mass the less impact.

[@sultanabran1]

that type timber structure aren't just big pieces of timber. they're laminated and bonded together with a lot of connections. timber construction requires larger columns, larger beams etc. all of which are labour intensive and very high cost. it's not a straight up like for like comparison.

[@adityanehra182]

I thought Timber would fall before Concrete but its amazing how it lasted till the end.

[@duderino1950]

It would be interesting to see this modeling repeated with the addition of a mobile mass damper in each structure.

[@EarthquakeSim]

That's a very good point!!!

[@GentleTaipan]

Animate the Taipei 101 damper in action! It's designed with both earthquake and typhoon winds in mind.

[@StereoMadnessss]

Imagine being in a chair on one side of a room in the steel building then being shot over to the other side the next second

[@_redniel_]

😵💫

[@Orca19904]

Or getting yeeted out the window!

[@andrewmacgregor8717]

I've been involved in the design and construction of Post Disaster Structures, specifically Fire Stations. My engineers felt that in actual fact, wood frame structures were the better choice for their resilience and flexibility . When the earth quake is done you want the structure to perform it's function. Looking at the four models presented here there is one noticable issue. All were constructed using the same method, post, beam and horizontal diaphragm. This method will favour the steel structure. The wood structure would have survived had vertical diaphragms (sheer walls) been used. Similarly for the masonry and poured concrete but clearly this example was biased towards the steel structure. Dollar for dollar you can't beat wood frame structures (within reason of course).

[@firstjohn3123]

Not sure what fastening techniques were set up in the models, but how the materials are joined makes a huge difference as well...many brick structures in earthquake areas are now polymer laminated, essentially turning them into dry-stacked structures in an earthquake as the mortar is destroyed. Good demonstration of material stress response though.

[@fartmnms]

True, the base makes a big difference

[@jimmuir3060]

And the fastening makes a difference. If using joist hangers, screws and angle braces on the timber construction, that's much stronger than end-nailing or toe-nailing. I would expect that strong lateral forces could knock down a timber structure pretty quickly if only nailed together. This has already been pretty well publicized in hurricane-prone areas, where the use of screws, clips, and other brackets or fasteners are required by code

[@bukboefidun9096]

In Charleston SC after the great quake of 1886 (Mercalli X) most of the houses and buildings made of brick were cross reinforced by metal bars with large stars on the exterior...still common there today. Charleston also suffered a severe quake approx 1699.

[@aaronreinsmith6136]

Timber is much stronger than i anticipated.

[@kebzkebz3110]

Bricks are strong in compression, but not in tension. A reinforced concrete structure if Analysed using NLTH, may be able to withstand greater intensity. For the Timber and Steel Structure, THE Connection Details are not clear. It the Connection details which yields or breaks first.

[@ABC1701A]

Pity you didn't include mud homes. During a huge earthquake in NZ the only building undamaged was the cob (mud) house - still standing today - while the others, mainly wood, all collapsed.

[@ChristianWagner888]

Tens of thousands of people died in western China as their mud homes crumbled from a huge earthquake about 20 years ago.

[@a2falcone]

Traditional adobe (mud and straw) homes in Chile are death traps during earthquakes.

[@wendyweaver8749]

@@ChristianWagner888- Were the homes in western China actual mud houses or were they cob houses? The undamaged house in NZ was a cob house.

[@ChristianWagner888]

​@@wendyweaver8749 the Sichuan earthquake caused about 90000 deaths, because most houses were built with without a seismic forces resisting structural frame. "Most residential houses in the region are made of mud, stones and bricks, with little reinforcement. These buildings were the hardest hit as 83% of them collapsed..." (Nature). Also in 2023, it was mud-brick housing that made the Morocco earthquake so deadly. When building houses in earthquake regions, you need some kind of structural frame to resist the lateral (sideways) forces. In China and California they have tested steel reinforced mud-brick, which seems promising. Where I live in earthquake-prone Philippines the structure is usually steel reinforced concrete post and beam with masonry infill. Even the masonry infill is reinforced with steel every 60 cm vertically and horizontally. As masonry you could use concrete hollow blocks, lightweight AAC blocks and probably mud-brick or cob. The Philippine building code will not allow you to build an unreinforced building and I think New Zealand is similar. Just because some structures survive, does not mean that they are sufficiently earthquake resisting up to magnitude 7 or 8. We just experienced a magnitude 7 earthquake nearby 3 days ago, with almost no structural damage even near the epicenter, but plenty of non-structural damage in suspended ceilings.

[@user-hu7ix5xc8q]

That's amazing story. I'm living in south Korea and we have long history with only a few rare events of earthquake. Up until recently we used to live in cob house too. But we also don't have much more infos about the collapsing of cob house when striken by earthquake several hundred years ago, and 1 thousand years ago. The record says, intensity 6-7 degree of earthquake as of those times, but not so much damages reported as for those cob houses. Probably it was because they were built by mud, without structural frame inside. We usually use muds with dry hays to build house. I wonder if mud made bricks with steal frame inside would be more resistant to earthquake than steal plus concrete structured building.

[@Delibro]

Would be very important to know how thick you made the columns? As of cause a steel building would be more stable if it has triple diameter columns. Good that my house is steel at the base and wood in the upper part :)

[@mb-tg5gt]

Just to point out, ive been a fan of your channel for a while and i saw the pinned comment and tried to make an observation about this video. The overall graphics are immaculate and i am so grateful we have this channel to make these videos, but the concrete physics are slightly inaccurate, in real life the concrete wouldnt sway to side as it is quite stiff, since its connected to the ground though, it will move with the earthquake and collapse this video told me that brick and concrete buildings are quite weaker than i expected. Thank you. your channel is so amazing please know that your work is strongly enjoyed.

[@kate2create738]

I’m curious about log homes now, I’ve heard they can be resistant to earthquakes but it would fascinating if there was a simulator to demonstrate the effects an earthquake has to the structure.

[@jimlambrick4642]

A well designed wood timber structure with wood stud inframing and plywood sheathing fastened with screws, not nails will stand up to any earthquake and usually it is the land slip beneath them, which takes them out. That was the case in the 9.4 Alaska quake in 1964.

[@Hoowy12334]

I did expect steel to win, and I knew timber would come in second because it can withstand strong shaking within a short period. also, in order for the brick building to survive longer, more reinforcements should be added to the bottom of the building, as it would prevent the building from collapsing like a pancake, floor by floor. the concrete building feels as if it isn't connected, so even small shaking can make the building collapse. @earthquakesim, please make more videos about this, it really is interesting! 😄😄💯💯

[@von6736]

I observed the same thing, based on what I can tell: 1. The structural members; especially the brick and concrete, were not properly designed to standard. 2. The way i see it, the structural materials were not simulated on a human scale (columns had no size/ height limitations due to transportation limitations in real life). With size limitations, the connection of structural members becomes even more important for simulating load transfer and how it seismic load affects the building. With that being said, I like that it shows the weakness and strength of each building material we mainly use.

[@tomkers850]

Author also knew it so he draw this cartoon this way.

[@MrMirville]

Ten is the theoretical maximum. Everything is destroyed because the topography is deeply modified and the map has to be redrawn : if a sinkhole forms under your skyscraper however perfectly built it is and whole it remains it will fall like a column. In general controlled demolition occurs to prevent the damage from spreading. The maximum ever recorded was 9.5 in Chile in 1960.

[@EarthquakeSim]

Remember that what you see is Mercalli scale and not Richter scale❤️

[@MrMirville]

@@EarthquakeSim I don't know that scale. I'll check. Thanks. The fact is that beyond a certain level the quake proper is no longer the main destructive factor but the destruction of the ground below the buildings. That was observed in Chile and also in Alaska about the same period : some houses remained intact but fell into precipices and cracks and turned into tombs.

[@user-pb5qn4hv6e]

@@EarthquakeSim stupid video

[@rj7855]

I had a 1980 manta B with a 2.0S motor, really enjoyed my time with it

[@blackhawk8678]

Informative. Comments by the readers are valuable. Thanks

[@rspy77]

Is the concrete structure reinforced concrete?

[@Delibro]

That would b e my question too :)

[@Dmitriy.B]

It looks like the concrete was reinforced with rubber.

[@c-style]

It’s going down. I’m yelling “BRICKS” you better move, you better dance

[@RomanianMapper333]

XD

[@nemo227]

This is just one scenario with similar construction designs. Each building material should be designed to take advantage of the inherent strengths/advantages of that particular material. During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake the building in which I operated my business survived with very little damage. I was inside and feared the building would collapse. It was built with concrete block walls with steel rebar and poured concrete in the hollow blocks. The walls were attached to the concrete floor which had criss-crossing steel rebar in the floor and footings. The gently sloped roof was 2x8 or 2x10 T&G planks secured to 6x10 beams. The building suffered a couple of 6x8 plate glass windows broken. The houses on my street were virtually undamaged. We were about 10 miles from the epicenter. Santa Cruz and Watsonville had major damage but not nearly as extensive as San Francisco and Oakland. Moss Landing (about 15 miles from the epicenter) also had major damage. Liquefaction was a major factor in the worst damaged areas.

[@f.a.b.m.7669]

Here in Chile, a very sismic country most construction are highly audited in all specs. Most seismic buildings are a mix with Concrete and Steel anchored to a steel seismic base. can endure very high earthquake.

[@FranciscoZeta]

Me parece extraña la forma en que ensamblaron los pilares con las losas tanto en la madera como en el concreto puesto que en el concreto no hay refuerzos en los pilares (al unirse con las losas) es decir algún tipo de escuadra o alguna biga en todo el perímetro ni muros interiores como un núcleo y pasa algo similar con la estructura de madera no así con la de acero en que los pilares tienen escuadras en los extremos y los pilares y vigas tienen formas de L que en sí actúa como refuerzo de la estructura de ladrillo ni hablar porque a menos que sea de un piso no tiene cómo soportar un sismo, saludos desde Santiago de Chile.

[@piporrin]

Sin dejar de mencionar que en el video, los sismos duraron unos pocos segundos cuando en la realidad, pueden durar minutos. De hecho el terremoto de 9,5 de Valdivia de 1960 duró entre 9 y 14 MINUTOS!!!!

[@Techno-Universal]

In real life there’s now multi layered refined and treated wood types that are just as strong as steel while being lighter and more flexible! They are also extremely fire resistant because of the chemical treatments applied to them! :)

[@satyakammisra]

One negative thing about the wood-multi types is the chemical treatments being used for fire and weather protection could be carcinogenic. And once those treatments come off, structure is vulnerable. In coastal and tropical areas, these cannot be built. The best standing structures today from ancient times are made from rocks. Pyramids, temples, etc

[@octopus-7]

I am from an area where an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 occurred, and it was a very terrifying thing. Before I heard about an earthquake, but I did not feel afraid until an earthquake occurred. My whole outlook changed toward earthquakes. Honestly, I could not express this topic well enough. There are no words to describe this event

[@marduk_ashur]

Does the sim program have the capacity to combine materials or is just one material per object simulated? Or can you wiild stuff with different materials in the program?

[@EarthquakeSim]

The software can simulate multiple materials. I have simulations that I used up to 30 different materials 😁

[@racerluke5412]

I am impressed with this comparative simulation. Steel structures are the best with shaking, one only needs fireproofing. Timbers are great for a period of time only that timbers are susceptible to termites, aging, molds and fires...

[@shiroumxm2052]

also hurricanes would destroy them.. we have strong 6 months hurricane season here in México

[@ABC1701A]

Define aging, how many centuries? Lots of timber houses in Europe still standing and still being lived in coming up to a 1000 years old, some even more.

[@CodesOfLine]

I am glad to live in Chile, even though we have earthquakes frequently, our buildings are very stable. in the 2010 earthquake, a few buildings collapsed, with some others badly damaged. (it reached a maximum magnitude of IX)

[@katynewt]

Intensity "X" was so strong even the biggest tree toppled, while the ones on front of the brick one kept getting repeatedly crushed and resurrected... 🌲⚰

[@johnreynolds875]

The steel structure because the beams and posts have a web structure to resist shear forces was able to stand. In Europe and north Africa, primarily in the Mediterranean Sea area, where masonry structures are the majority there is no structure to resist shear which results in massive damage and death. Not only do these structures have no lateral bracing they actually put very large loads on the roofs adding to shear loads.

[@jimjim8645]

So what should they do in the Mediterranean sea area? Are high buildings (skyscrapers) ''safe'' in this area?

[@johnreynolds875]

Only if they have better lateral bracing to prevent swaying. That is why bridges and steel structures are fabricated using a 'series' of triangle bracing. Triangle bracing won't bend like rectanglular structures. @@jimjim8645

[@lamandula85]

I found some correspondence with European Macroseismic Scale (used in Italy): 0:42 EMS VIII: some badly built brick buildings collapse 1:15 EMS IX: some ordinary RC buildings partially collapse 2:04 EMS X: some ordinary RC collapse completely However, well built wood houses may collapse at EMS XI and even the steel ones at EMS XII. In this simulation, they're very robust.

[@EarthquakeSim]

Very interesting findings! Thanks for letting us know! 🙂👍

[@webcucciolo]

Yes, our Mercalli scale is actually based on descriptive definitions of the outcome of earthquakes, where XII is total destruction, so definitely steel would also be gone. The deadliest earthquake I was in (Irpinia 1980, 3000 casualties, entire towns down to the ground) was 6.8 Mw on Richter scale, and level X on Mercalli

[@EarthquakeSim]

@@webcucciolo thank you so much for your feedback😊

[@lamandula85]

Nevermind, I just found out that the concrete is not reinforced. Indeed, the falling of multiple floors in the partial collapse scenario seemed a bit weird.

[@RiverString1132]

Could you run a simulation comparing various construction standards? For instance, the construction standard in Chile is quite rigorous compared to that of neighboring countries and other nations in different regions, especially regarding seismic resistance.

[@chestersleezer8821]

Even though the steel building was still standing after that last one it would probably be dropped due to all of the internal damage. Though if it was a 30-60 floor building it would more than likely drop. The taller it is the more sway it would have. I got to experience the Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964 as I was heading to school it was around a 9.2 earthquake that was felt all the way down to South America. I was walking down the middle of the street and the house off to the left sounded like their was a major fight only on inside it and when I looked at the school everyone was pouring out of it and I was wondering it is a bit early for a fire drill. My friends told me that it was an earthquake and I then knew what had happened in that house. Thing is I never felt a thing maybe due to walking down the middle of the street since that street was closed during the week. When I got home later after school mom told me that my youngest brother had just bounced across the floor and there wasn't any damage to the house.

[@LFilippidis]

is the concrete building using steel reinforced concrete or just concrete?

[@iang8032]

I absolutely didn't expect the wood to make a stand for so long. Neither that the beicks would be the first to fall 🤯 Guess we can be glad in Germany that our quakes are barely noticeable. We'd be so screwed otherwise 😅

[@carebearkj4320]

America and Canada are natural disaster central. So the houses have to be made with wood and drywall. There are only a couple spots in America where building with brick and stone is okay. Elsewhere, you got earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, high wind blizzards, etc.

[@travismichaud7969]

Great sim. I was wondering if the wood structure could be demonstrated, as well, with other material methodologies? I was thinking of things like laminated beams, as well as current framing techniques that are used in North America, where each story is framed on top of the previous. Your sim here, seems to show vertical beams that go from the ground to the roof, which is approximately 20 meters/66 feet.

[@certiPHIer]

No the wood structure in the video was platform framed, likely with thin steel connector plates; you can see the moment when the steel connectors broke and the columns about 3 stories up detached from the ones below and started sliding all over the place until the upper stories began to fall. That would not have happened with continuous wood columns and balloon framing method, which might have had the floors detach from columns as happened with the concrete building.

[@mariokajin]

I can’t help but I have some points to make or questions to ask. 1. The concrete construction, does it have rebar calculated in to the model? 2. The wooden pillars broke with a clear cut, is that because of the mathematical model used for the structural design? 3. Again wood, where are the cross beams? 4. Thank you for sharing. Obviously there was some work that was done here. 5. Thumbs up.

[@krishnamoorthyiyer8805]

Superb! Shared on my Facebook Wall.

[@OfflineDisconnects]

Your videos are the best for a compliment, I'm being honest and steel wins! Steel will not always lose! 😃

[@EarthquakeSim]

Steel will not always lose haha!

[@kevinli2574]

A bit skeptical about whether timber can hold it's own weight for a high rise. I've never seen a timber high rise.

[@Myria83]

They have just built some where I live. 10-12 floors or so.

[@hopefletcher7420]

Los Angeles still has a large number of brick commercial buildings. After the 1934 Long Beach Quake the building codes were amended requiring reinforcement, but the buildings already built were grandfathered until they had renovations done. After the 1971 Sylmar Quake the codes were changed again and the old brick buildings had to be reinforced with metal rods. I worked for an insurance company and we had a paper binder that listed the address of every unreinforced brick building in the county. I remember atound 1980 I actually found a building that had its Certificate Of Occupany revoked because the owner had done the reinforcing. One thing about high-rise steel reinforced buildings. It may survive the wuake but if you're on the upper floors you'll have vertigo for a long time after it stops swaying.

[@darwinsaye]

I’m no engineer, but I’ve never seen a building actually made with bricks as the structural support. They are usually used as a siding over a concrete, wood or steel framed building.

[@Revolver.Ocelot]

Correct bricks are not used in new housing for strenght. Bricks are for wind and rain. Its the inner layer that holds the floors and roof. They first build the house and then put Bricks in front of it.

[@Revolver.Ocelot]

Normally 10 cm concrete blocks then insulation maybe 15 and 12 cm brick

[@yonathanjaramillo6670]

Pregunta... ¿Que tipo de terremoto se ha simulado? (vibratorio, osilatorio, etc) ¿En esta simulación a que escala RITCHER corresponde cada intensidad? Soy habitante de la Ciudad de México... GRACIAS.

[@pronak4410]

Ha de ser una simulación con ambos tipos de movimiento, dado que no hay sismos con únicamente oscilatorios o trepidatorios.

[@yonathanjaramillo6670]

@@pronak4410 Tiene usted toda la razón... Replanteo, ¿ Superficiales, Intermedios o Profundos? Y aún así, me gustaría conocer la escala planteada para esta simulación... Gracias.

[@luisantoniochavarriaalvare6291]

Hi! I would like to know the seismic parameters you are using. It would be great a video considering deep foundations and 2 or 3 geological strata.

[@EarthquakeSim]

The maximum ground accelerations I’m using are corresponding the the Mercalli scale featured in the video 🙂

[@SoyLuisDa]

This is definitely amazing! I live in a Wooden Building with some thick thick foundation posts, and i always thought we were in danger if an earthquake, but this showed me I'm pretty much safer than i thought.

[@mariuszmoraw3571]

You worry should be always wood root. Sadly non-proofed wood disintegrates within one generational use.

[@wendyweaver8749]

@SoyLuisDa - We had a 6.7 earthquake in the Seattle area in 1965. Our home was built entirely of wood. There was only one indication in the entire house that a severe earthquake had happened: The ceramic knick-knacks on a small, wall-mounted, 3-level corner shelf unit were askew. Not overturned, just out of their normal positions.

[@certiPHIer]

Wood structures are only as strong as the connections between the wood members; you will notice when the wood building failed, it was because columns about 3 stories up detached from the ones beneath. So if you want to know how safe your wood home is in an earthquake, try to inspect its connections. Nails pull out easier than screws, notched and pegged heavy timers do fairly well, but pegs can snap, the best is usually steel gusset plates or other metal plate fasteners joining the wood members, but if they are really thin, the steel can tear under extreme stresses like that magnitude 12 earthquake. If you see nailed connections, you may be able to reinforce over top of them with steel connecting plates and joiners readily available at hardwood stores.

[@mariap2129]

The concrete building has steel reinforced or is it only concrete?

[@Pavelsome]

I knew that steel would win, but the timber actually surprised me a lot in a good way!))

[@mrlolkar6229]

Timber is amaizing material (And that i say as structural civil engineer) Its easy to work with, its cheap, its easy to repair or to reinforce if needed. Actualy i dont see anymore reason why people use concrete on buildings except HPC, basic concrete mostly used have nearly same strenght as timber. Problem are in legislations. For example im from czech republic, and i cant disign a timber bridges becouse we do not have them in our state materials that we have to follow (its not eurocodes its something extra for national projects).

[@justogarcia175]

A timber structure would not withstand anything greater than an 8.

[@EarthquakeSim]

You referring 8 MMI scale or Richter?

[@vineetbhati1018]

Steel frame or Rcc frame there must be use lateral load resisting system like outrigger belt truss or shear wall steel bracing etc for stability of structure

[@imsonicnoob2112]

Now I know which material to use, thank you!

[@RonDevito]

I was surprised to see the timber building survive all the way up to XI. IN your simulation is the concrete building reinforced? No one that I know of builds anything out of concrete without rebar.

[@EarthquakeSim]

Unreinforced ☺️

[@RonDevito]

@@EarthquakeSim - you might want to do it for reinforced. An un-reinforced concrete structure will crumble like a Nabisco cookie. There’s also pre-stressed and pre-fabricated - like the bovadilla and viquete system often used in Mexico. The viguetes (beams) are pre-stressed, reinforced and pre-fab. No one in Mexico builds unreinforced.

[@asifhuq8809]

Just out of curiosity, what is reinforced concrete structure?

[@RonDevito]

@@asifhuq8809 when steel rebar and re-mesh is set in the forms, and the concrete is poured. The rebar and re-mesh are the reinforcement. Any concrete building made today is built this way generally.

[@onlineo2263]

@@RonDevito agreed. Also the walls and floors are connected together with the rebar internally. Which stops floors collapsing like this.

[@wilcofaber9863]

Timber is stronger then concrete and brick. Steel is also strong

[@EarthquakeSim]

Yep! The San Francisco simulation is coming along very nicely!! You will be impressed 🙂

[@wilcofaber9863]

@@EarthquakeSim I m excited to watch.

[@shrihanaleti4510]

I am making a shake table for the science fair at my school. I need some materials to test for the table but I don't know what to use? What are some household materials? Please answer.

[@ruthf6035]

I thought for sure the timber would be the best. Very interesting demo.

[@CZpersi]

I would like to see a simulation on pre-fab concrete appartment blocks, like the ones typical in Eastern Europe (known as "Khruschovka", "Commie block", "Panelák" etc.). In Ukraine, these types of buildings show almost heroic resilience against direct rocket hits with couple of panels falling down, but the rest of the structure surviving. But Eastern Europe has very little earthquakes, which makes me wonder, how would these buildings hold.

[@RockedChad-ts7ch]

Most of them bombed by mistake of Ukrainian anti-rocket system S-300. It's not made to destroy buildings like rockets bombing Gaza.

[@berkalsancak4914]

Most of the time prefabric is made from steel

[@rcl5555]

Romania is also Eastern Europe and they very much should worry about the earthquakes. And continental Europe has a K-T boundary and some isolated anomalies

[@a2falcone]

There are a couple 4 story-ish apartment blocks built with that system in Santiago (Chile) during the 70s. I don't know how good they are compared with other structures, but at least they're still standing after 2 major earthquakes.

[@WalrusStalin]

Soviet Union even produced a special panel series for regions with earthquakes - 1-467DS-8, which has thicker reinforced concrete frame. You could find many of them in Tashkent or Sochi

[@u01ijm7]

Theres probably a reason trees evolved to be made of wood and not brick

[@hakikat_ler]

Trees didn’t evolved, they were designed

[@246Trinitrotoluene_]

The true scale of a magnitude 12 earthquake goes way beyond what’s shown in this video. A 10 Richter scale earthquake is enough to level these buildings and any kinda earthquake above 10 isn’t even possible due to tectonic movements, it can only be caused by some asteroid impact. An earthquake of magnitude 12 has the power to change the entire topography of a continent ( these buildings will tumble down to the ground just after one shock.

[@EarthquakeSim]

But this simulation reflects the Mercalli scale not Richter scale 😁 you are right about everything else 😊

[@246Trinitrotoluene_]

@@EarthquakeSim Ah now I get it, pls mention which scale you’re using else people may be misleaded. Especially in asian countries where we almost always use the Richter scale to measure the magnitude of an earthquake since it’s more accurate (as it’s measured with the help of a seismograph).

[@zubairqureshi4958]

Well the brick and concrete also have steel reinforcement for better flexibility

[@borey123xx9]

Very Useful video. Moving to San Francisco and needed to know which apartment to choose

[@scottprather5645]

I'm actually amazed that they can build reinforced concrete structures in major earthquake zones like San Francisco.

[@guessundheit6494]

I live in Taiwan where quakes over 6.0 are an annual thing, sometimes up to 7.0. It is extremely rare for a concrete building of the last 20 years to collapse. Two years ago, a hotel on the east coast suffered a partial collapse, the ground floor pancaked and the two hotel employees crushed to death during a 2AM earthquake. All the floors above stayed intact and guests were rescued with few injuries (lying on matresses during a five metre fall).

[@scottprather5645]

@@guessundheit6494 yeah this guy that does the earthquake simulation is an rank amateur

[@AhJodie]

Which one holds up best when hit with a plane?

[@harryniedecken5321]

I am far from an expert, but when we get quakes here in the San Jose area, I can feel distinctly different types. Horizontal, vertical, rollers and sharp jerks. I wonder how this fits into the model?

[@ocsrc]

Amazing how well wood stands up. Built thick enough it is as good as steel, which is why it was used to build train and car bridges

[@davidofengland9557]

Any accounting for angle of earthquake wave or liquefaction? I've been in a few massive quakes including a masonry building - terrifying but stayed standing, wooden - thrown outta bed, but stayed standing, and breeze block 3 story barracks on base which swayed mightily but was the only multi level building to stay standing. In each case thousands of wooden, brick and concrete & steel structures failed.

[@certiPHIer]

Few structures can survive liquifaction of the earth beneath the foundations, but it is possible. I'm reminded of a photo of miles of beachfront properties with homes leveled like matchsticks when the hurricane storm surges washed much of the sand out from beneath the homes. The one structure still standing was built of Glass fiber reinforced concrete Structural insulated panels, basically fiber reinforced concrete plastered in situ over solid foam walls inside and outside. The concrete was less than an inch thick on each side of the foam, but it turned the whole structure into a rigid box that didn't deform. And it wasn't the only building still standing because the foundations were any better than any of the other buildings; it was a simple concrete slab on grade, and the sand had washed away under at least 1/3 to 1/2 of the bottom of the slab, so that you could see right through beneath the slab from one side of the still standing house to the other. Those kinds of structures probably perform as well or better than steel frame structures in earthquakes, even through liquifaction - it might tip and partially submerge on one side as the ground liquified beneath, but the building would probably stay as a rigid box without any collapsing of structure.

[@frost8077]

That final chair during level 9 had me laughing, just motionless, then flies out the building.

[@Spoolingturbski]

Steel structures that are welded, bolted and braced are always going to be the most resilient. So much so you can really stretch it and make some abstract designs, a lot of this seen in New York and San Francisco. Brick and Concrete are only solid if the they have steel reinforcement. Timber is amazingly resilient in exception to fires. Great video.

[@Nobody-iw2sy]

Holz ist besser als Stahl bei Brände

[@dorianf1456]

Does the corcrete building have rebar?

[@xa3558]

Thank you !

[@nl-oc9ew]

What's the failure mechanism for the concrete structure? Is suspect shearing forces in connecting bolts, or other fasteners holding the floors in place.

[@certiPHIer]

Floors didn't have much re-bar connecting them to the columns, if any. That is not usually allowed in seismic areas anymore, for obvious reasons. You can tell the columns had re-bar continuous all the way up, as some survived standing and were left swaying like tree trunks.

[@capnconway]

Please can you have a look at bamboo to replace the steel, with the building infill created from wood derivatives?

[@RagtimeBillyPeaches]

In the mid 1960's I was taking a class in structural engineering. One day, the professor told us that two bad things had just happened. The first was that DFPA no longer meant "Douglas Fir Plywood Association" and that plywood could now be made of lesser quality wood. The second thing was that the Uniform Building Code would now allow multi-story rigid frame concrete structures. He commented that in California, he'd never sleep in one.

[@EarthquakeSim]

Thanks for sharing this!! 🙂🙂I just published an updated simulation on my channel. It’s a bit more realistic. I wish I studied structural engineering in school!

[@edi9892]

I've seen multiple century old timber frame buildings survive absurd forces. One had been rotting and the ground floor collapsed, but all the upper floors survived the fall despite the wood being in poor condition! An even more impressive example was the Ahrtal in Germany. A flood wiped away all brick and concrete buildings, but many timber frame building survived albeit having the ground floors reduced to the vertical elements...

[@KicKandRoll666]

For concrete and steel would be interessting to have a second building of those with real walls. While it is fair for a direct comparison, only steel and wood buildings are build as frames. With concrete and brick, almost always all the walls are made out of it. Concrete is always steel reinforced and also most building have openings for windows or similar reinfored with steel beams.

[@michaelhall8373]

Apply the swinging column like the old pagodas in Japan have in the center of the wooden structure and see if the steel still surpasses it. Would be interesting to see.

[@Cyber-Shaman]

Great video. Can you show similar simulation with geodesic dome structures?

[@macrimel]

Concrete is intended reinforced concrete?

[@robertmihalinac]

In which programe did you made earthquake simulation?

[@matzplus2995]

You should keep in mind, that strongest earthquake ever meassured was 1960 in Chile with 9.5. Most earthquakes are under 8.0. Well, but even 5.5 is bad for material and also for men. Very good presentation. Thank you.