Could Quark Stars be the Engines of Self-Replicating Strange Matter?

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Could there be a bizarre exotic type of star out there made of quarks? What would these things be like and how could they form? Join us as we explore quark stars, and the terrifying implications they have for forging strange matter within their cores...
Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping. Edited by Jorge Casas. Special thanks to Dr Sam Gregson ( / @badboyofscience ) for fact checking our script.
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THANK-YOU to D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, S. Roulier, B. Smith, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, B. Walford, J. Boyd, N. De Haan, J. Gillmer, R. Williams, E. Garland, A. Leishman, A. Phan Le, R. Lovely, M. Spoto, A. Steele, M. Varenka, K. Yarbrough, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, B. Pearson, S. Thayer, T. Edris, A. Harrison, B. Seeley, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, P. Muzyka, E. Loomans, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, J. Smallbon, B. Reese, J. Yoder, O. Shabtay & X. Yao.
REFERENCES
► Drake et al 2002, Is RX J185635-375 a Quark Star?, ApJ 572, 996: arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0204159
► Truemper et al 2003, The Puzzles of RX J1856.5-3754: Neutron Star or Quark Star?, Nuc Phys B Proc S 132, 560: arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312600
► Kareet et al 2006, Evidence for 1122 Hz X-Ray Burst Oscillations from the Neutron-Star X-Ray Transient XTE J1739-285, ApJ 657, L97: arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611716
► Chakrabarty 2008, The Spin Distribution of Millisecond X-ray Pulsars, In "A Decade if Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars", AIP Conf Proc 1068, 67: arxiv.org/abs/0809.4031
► Annala et al 2020, Evidence for quark-matter cores in massive neutron stars, Nat Phys 16, 907: arxiv.org/abs/1903.09121
► Cherman et al 2009, Bound on the speed of sound from holography, Phys Rev D 80, 066003: journals.aps.org/prd/abstract...
► Ouyed et al 2002, Quark Nova, A&A 390, 39: arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0105109
► Gell-Mann 1964, A schematic model of baryons and mesons, Phys Lett 8, 214: linkinghub.elsevier.com/retri...
► Zweig 1964, An SU3 model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking, Developments in the Quark Theory of Hadrons, 22: cds.cern.ch/record/570209
► Rochester & Butler 1947, Evidence for the Existence of New Unstable Elementary Particles, Nat 160, 855: www.nature.com/articles/160855a0
► Bodmer 1971, Collapsed Nuclei, Phys Rev D 4, 1601: journals.aps.org/prd/abstract...
► Witten 1984, Cosmic separation of phases, Phys Rev D 30, 272: journals.aps.org/prd/abstract...
► Farhi & Jaffe 1984, Strange matter, Phys Rev D 30, 2379: journals.aps.org/prd/abstract...
► Caldwell & Friedman 1991, Evidence against a strange ground state for baryons, Phys Lett B 264, 143: ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_ga...
► Ali Alpar 1987, Comment on Strange Stars, Phys Rev Lett 58, 2152: journals.aps.org/prl/abstract...
► Madsen 2000, Intermediate mass strangelets are positively charged, Phys Rev Lett 85, 4687: arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0008217
MUSIC
Licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (creativecommons.org/licenses/...) or with permission from the artist.
0:00: A Slowly Lifting Fog - Brad Hill
3:44: Unhurried - Unkown
5:12: Music From Neptune Flux 04 - Chris Zabriskie
8:05: World of Wonder - Unknown
9:42: Falls - Life in Binary
14:08: Chasing Out the Chaos - Unknown
16:00: Cylinder Seven - Chris Zabriskie
23:22: Y - Joachim Heinrich
CHAPTERS
0:00 Prologue
0:30 Neutron Stars
5:06 Quark Stars
8:09 NordVPN
9:43 Evidence for Quark Stars
12:12 Why They're Probably Real
15:50 Strange Matter Hypothesis
22:08 Is Strange Matter Real?
24:55 Outro & Credits
#QuarkStars #StrangeMatter #CoolWorlds

[@SteedRuckus]

Between you guys, PBS Space Time, and SEA, there's arguably enough ridiculously high quality & comprehendible content available on astrophysics that it makes these kinds of cutting edge developments within the field relatively accessible to those of us who enjoy learning about it but aren't academics. Thank you for qll that you and your team do, we truly appreciate your time and dedication to communicating the science! 🙏

[@iGramage]

I'd like to add History of the Universe, and Astrographics to your list! As well as non space stuff like Be Smart, Veritasium, PBS Eons, SciShow, Voices of the Past, Fall of Civilizations, and Real Science. So much great interesting educational stuff out there it's hard to keep up.

[@SteedRuckus]

@@iGramage those are actually pretty much the rest of my list of channels that I'm subscribed to all notifications from 😅 great additions to the list!! 👍

[@ShaahzaadKaleem]

Melodysheep & John Michael Godier are angelss too

[@SteedRuckus]

@@ShaahzaadKaleem Godier is my Friday night go-to and Melodysheep is definitely quality over quantity!

[@SeanTrn]

Mr Cool Worlds- man I feel the same how much it means that you choose your words the way you do and are able to make these concepts easier to fully grasp. I absolutely love the subject matter of your channel as a whole and it’s been a real pleasure watching your videos and gaining a measure understanding I hadn’t had before doing so

[@matejkovalcik9976]

This channel is a must-go for every astronomy friend. Not as bombastic as some TV documentaries, yet still understandable even for us, amatures and enthusiasts.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

So glad you enjoy what we do

[@EyeoIsis]

Well said.

[@jamesbailes5314]

David's voice is so relaxing also. Should be doing documentaries for tv! :)

[@ChaosInCali]

@@CoolWorldsLabIn regards to FTL communication using entanglement what do you think about this idea? There is one piece of information we can send and measure on both sides accurately using entanglement, TIME. Or more specifically TIME intervals. How about we assign letters and numbers to each second that passes by between measurements? Same for punctuation marks? Use the first measurement as the signal for the person receiving the message to begin counting then count the seconds until the next measurement. We assign letters and numbers to each moment of time that passes by beforehand using that as our “key” that we give to both the sender and the receiver. So if 1 second elapses between the 1st and the 2nd measurement that equals the letter A. If 2 seconds pass by then it's the letter B. First “ping” or measurement is the starting point and the second ping is the end point. Count the time interval in between and refer to a “key” to find out what letter or number that time interval represents. We can write sentences this way. And just ignore the spins altogether. As long as both observers have the same "key", wouldn't that work? Would just need a ton of entangled particles as some have stated that once you interact with an entangled pair, that breaks the entanglement. We would basically be using 2 entangled pairs to spell out one letter. Use one entangled pair as the starting point and another entangled pair as the end point for the count. Then wait a minute between each letter we’ve sent as a reset before we send the next letter and repeat until a word is spelled out.

[@TheMiniman93]

​@@CoolWorldsLab David I'm trying to figure out if you're American with a British accent or British with an American citizenship 😂😂

[@frankmount]

Watching and learning from these videos has taught me to be observant about things in the universe. Like when Dr. Kipping goes from wearing a T-shirt while on-screen speaking into the mic. To completing the sentence on-screen speaking into the mic, now with jacket on. This guy is a God.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

😂

[@rancidblock5615]

Man, few creators match the awe and vibe from your videos, excellent work as always!

[@thatonemartini873]

As an aspiring Astrophysicist, I really enjoy these videos! Neutron Stars are so interesting not only due to their characteristics, but because a select few are very close to that 3 SM boundary. Studying those few could help refine existing boundary estimates, and give a greater understanding on the limits of matter at those insane pressures. Which is super exciting.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

They are fascinating laboratories!

[@MERCYONEARTH2405]

I have beeb worried for your well-being for rare inactivity on KZbin, Sir. You are the true mentor for me since you carefully choose every exact word in laymen's terms in each and every of your contents. I always rewatch your video about time-travelling whenever I am too down or sad with the losses uncontrollable, and emphasise the core message you gave in that one. I really hope to meet you in person to be able to tell you how your KZbin videos deeply affect on one's life and thank you. Take care, Sir.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Wow that's so kind of you to share. Really means a lot to hear things like this. Yes it's sometimes hard balancing everything in my life to make these, but you guys keep me going

[@MERCYONEARTH2405]

​@@CoolWorldsLabWow didn't expect a reply on such short notice, Sir. Please keep on doing these knowledgable and creative contents since there is less and less real science channels, and more and more pseudoscience or Ancient Alien channels out there.

[@terimorris6394]

True !

[@conlangknow8787]

Im also beeb worried

[@MasterBlaster3545]

@@conlangknow8787We have a word in English for people like that. A total planck 😆

[@peterjanson1058]

Dr. Kipping, you are seriously the best astronomy and physics journalist I have ever come across (and I consume a lot of that content.) Thank you for being the adult in the room about strangelets/strange matter, for the truly curious, the truth is always more interesting than any fiction. Plus, I can pencil cross off the existential dread of the strangelet apocalypse. Every video you release makes my world just a little cooler, thanks!

[@ImplodedAtom]

Quark stars exist, but Odo arrested them all.

[@Dextronaut1]

Just 2 minutes in and this is incredible!! I just love your style in narrating these amazingly crafted videos! You have a real talent for explaining such complex topics in great detail and the effort you put into making these vids really pays off😄👍 these bizarre cosmic objects are explained so well by you which makes it so much easier to comprehend how this universe works (not an easy task!😂), Love this content, please keep it up as its greatly appreciated!!! ❤😊 Man this universe is so unbelievablely strange.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

👍

[@jae52247]

I like that you give credits for clips and even link KZbin channels for clips in the video. It is a good example that others on KZbin should follow.

[@teeveegaming1238]

David, every time i see one of your videos it makes me smile because I know i learned something new. Thanks for all of your hard work

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Thanks for that!

[@asmodean9175]

Love all the videos you post! All of them are so fascinating. Keep up the good work.

[@CaseyW491]

Ahhh, only a Cool Worlds upload can brighten my day this much.

[@uixmat]

I’ve missed your content so much, and this video didn’t disappoint. Glad you’re back, hope it’s nothing more than just a busy time of year 🙏🏼

[@jburton413]

David, I know you are busy with work as well but if I could be selfish for just second here I wish you would post content more frequently 🙏 ….. I absolutely, thoroughly enjoy your videos! It has reignited my love for all things astronomy ❤ Thank you so very much for this!!! Edit: Grammar error 😉

[@zornu]

the problem is, producing more "content" (what a degrading term) often means lower quality. I'm happy with fewer high quality that I will watch many times.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Sorry I don't post more often! I always try to prioritize making sure the videos are high quality and it's tricky balancing my time with my job as a professor (especially during finals weeks like now!)

[@iainballas]

@@CoolWorldsLab I think all he's getting at is that your stuff is awesome and we are desperate for more XD Maybe the occasional short here and there?

[@haveanotherpinacolada]

Do you mean astronomy...?

[@AbeDillon]

I prefer higher quality to higher frequency. I also think his teaching and research work should take precedent over content creation. I am, however, in favor of radically unethical experimentation in human cloning and mind copying if it means we no longer have to make the aforementioned trade-offs.

[@JonathanAnimate2]

Thanks so much David. The podcasts are fascinating too! Nothing else quite like this channel, the level of detail and depth is perfect for curious adults with an existing interest in astronomy and astrophysics. Thanks for spreading the knowledge.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

It really means a lot to hear you guys enjoy what we make. It’s a lot of work!

[@jamesgeary4294]

It's always great to see a new Cool Worlds video. Thanks for putting out the great content that you do.

[@Nefville]

I have always found neutron stars more fascinating than black holes because we actually kind of know what is going on inside them. And they do not disappoint. Definitely my favorite objects in space. I just wish we had was a really clear picture of one in multiple wavelengths so we could see the surface.

[@Ken-fh4jc]

Same that’s why I was so excited to see today’s video was about neutron stars. They are amazing.

[@jhtrq1465]

There have been some pictures of neutron stars surface emission by Hubble, and a few years ago, a team of scientists was able to map the surface of one.

[@Nefville]

@@jhtrq1465 I did a search before I wrote that comment, just to make sure there wasn't something new but I didn't see that. Do you know where you saw it?

[@mejuliie]

​@@Nefville I think they were referring to this - www.nasa.gov/universe/nasas-nicer-delivers-best-ever-pulsar-measurements-1st-surface-map/ which is the NICER telescope being used to observe and attain certain measurements of a close by pulsar. However, to say they actually mapped the surface of a pulsar is misleading, as they observed and mapped temperature hot spots. P.s. Neutron stars are also my favorite 🥰

[@bbbl67]

Finally! I've been waiting for a good explanation of strangelets and why they would be so catastrophic, considering strange quarks aren't all that common in the universe. How could something so uncommon become so prevalent all of a sudden? This video finally explains the mechanism. Yes, I first saw the video about strangelets and strange stars on Kurzgesagt a few years ago, but that just left me with more questions.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

They make amazing videos but of course tend not to go very deep into topics

[@bbbl67]

@@CoolWorldsLab are there theories about other heavy quark hadrons that can become metastable if surrounded by more of its kind, like charmed, top or bottom quarks?

[@michaelfried3123]

David your channel is my absolute favorite on the KZbin platform. Please keep up the great work!

[@rwarren58]

It’s just nice when instead of destroying the universe, astrophysics ends up making us feel a little more safe and secure in a cosmos that doesn’t like us. Thanks for another amazing episode.

[@Ken-fh4jc]

Always a good day when our guy posts a new video. A great topic too. Thanks for these videos, David. Considering your high production value I imagine they are quite a bit of work. Hope you and your family have a great holiday!

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Yes getting ready for the break and more story like special episode…

[@SMELLGOODER]

EVERY video that you upload captures my undivided attention so much so that when you get to the "stay curious" line.... I'm already awaiting your next video. As usual.... brilliant stuff, doc!! 👃😎

[@CoolWorldsLab]

👊

[@MrPoots12]

The refinement of these videos is astonishing. I cannot believe you do not have millions of followers. This has become my favorite YT channel bar none. Amazing work, please don’t ever stop!

[@user-es8bm1zs2s]

How on earth has someone (me) with a dozen space channel subscriptions never heard of this?🤯

[@KingBritish]

It's a great day! Thanks David.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

notification squad! 👊

[@alfredotto7525]

Love your channel. You have one of the few bright spots on the internet.

[@stevenrn6640]

Wonder stuff to listen to while driving to work. Keep up the great work.

[@daryleldridge7769]

Another brilliant episode...I love these programmes by David and the crew.. I particularly enjoyed the 1G drive episode.... Keep up the great work 👍

[@maxwelllipphardt9118]

Nothing brings my mind back to peace like Professor Kipping's narration of wonder.

[@jacksonstarky8288]

This explanation of the stability of strange matter, using quantum states and the Exclusion Principle, is much clearer than most other KZbin videos I've seen on the subject. The transformation of "normal" matter into strange matter is likewise more clearly detailed. I'm a recreational math and physics nerd over 50 and I wish I'd gotten inspired into pursuing number theory and theoretical physics when my brain was younger... but KZbin didn't exist then. Thank you for these videos.

[@JuggleGod]

Love your videos! The combination of great science, great philosophy and great production value is top tier. Thanks so much for making these I was curious, I love the poster on your wall on the left side of the screen at 0:41 and I'd love to get one of my own! Is there anything you can tell me about it to point me in the right direction to get one? I've been obsessing over it for a while and just keep forgetting to ask

[@CoolWorldsLab]

It’s an art piece I got from art.com a decade ago. I can’t remember how I stumbled across it but just looked through many pages

[@JuggleGod]

@@CoolWorldsLabtysm! Now its time to obsessively scroll through what they have

[@dmsoundcollective6746]

brilliant as always ! I can't get enough of your utube content. Thanks again for all that you do ;)

[@breakthecycle5238]

Imagine what school/uni would be like if all your professors where as inspirational as Sir Coolworlds 😊

[@andromeda121]

This is one of your very best ones. Great job as always

[@DarkGodSeti]

Love you videos! Even though I am already deeply fascinated by the stars, space-time, yadda, yadda.. But, you always have me gripping with even more intrigue, every single time. Everything blends so well. Hope all is well! And thanks again!

[@niallmackenzie99]

Thank you for your latest upload, I'm just a simple heating engineer and struggle to understand many subjects surrounding space etc. You have a brilliant ability to simplify this subject so the simple man can even enjoy it. Many thanks 👍❤️🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

[@robsquared2]

It's inspiring that a channel about hard science can have a sub count this high. Also great podcast. Also I'm relieved I won't be a strangelet.

[@jamesrussell7760]

You've done it again, Dr Kipping. You've blown me away. I can hardly imagine how exciting it must be for your students at Columbia. By the way, how is the search for Exomoons progressing?

[@captain_outis]

New Cool Worlds video, let’s gooo!! Your work on life’s early start and our late arrival made me consider on the universal scale, 14 billion years may seem like a long time but if stars are going to continue being formed for trillions of years we seem pretty early on the cosmic timeline.

[@markantscott]

Another wonderous video.. I loved every minute. Thank you for what you do!

[@kirk1147]

If nobody else will do it, i will. This episode was very strange. KZbin would be empty without Dr Kipping and this channel.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

We’re all a little strange…

[@daveharrison61]

​@@CoolWorldsLabspeak for yourself. I've given up pretending, I'm very strange. Neutron and quark stars are something I'd wanted to learn more about (just for the hell of it, of no practical use to a bioscientist) and you are one of the better physics communicators.

[@omelettttttteeeeeee]

you're an amazing orator and educator. i was always interested in astronomy, but i know way more about it thanks to your content.

[@jameshall1300]

Always excited when I see an upload by you 😎

[@Merlin1A]

An absolutely wonderful video. Thank you for taking time to create content for us! Please do a video about the LISA mission (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), if you ever get a chance!

[@toottootfinn9455]

excited to see this video, thanks for your hard work!!

[@stevedempsey3610]

Sensational, as always. The best astronomy/cosmology channel on youtube by a country mile. Thanks so much.

[@isurititta3668]

those quarks making buddies looked like a magic trick 🧙🏻‍♂️✨

[@rolypoly4920]

This was a really interesting video. The worldbuilding for a sci-fi story I'm working on uses positively-charged strangelets as a super dense material for various uses and specifically bans the production of negatively-charge strangelets because of the danger of converting everything if any got out. It was great to hear a super concise description of how they would work theoretically.

[@Fam2014Ch]

David amigo .. you enlighted my night browsing here in London. Salute and thanks again for your work ! ✨✨

[@johnpulman7137]

Great video, clearly explains the science without relying too much on analogies. I’ve heard about quark stars before but hardly ever seen any good explanations- thank you. (But does quark rhyme with hark or hawk?!)

[@Outist]

I loved the video. Thank you for sharing this wonderful and fascinating video. It really made my day so much better.

[@jl8217]

It is astonishing that here is so much detail about the inner layers of such remote objects

[@alirezademon]

Really enjoyed your video, really well though and put together. Subbed.

[@indnwkybrd]

Thanks for this fascinating dive into neutron stars, quark stars, and strangelets! I much prefer this sort of (as you called it) "sober" take on the theory, which overcomes clickbait degeneracy pressure, to move from a metastable sensationalist state to this more informative and stable state. If you happen have a moment, I did have a couple of questions about the electrical charge of strangelets: 1. Suppose (for the sake of discussion) that a negatively-charged strangelet were here on Earth, somehow. How would it be able to overcome the negative electric charge of the electron cloud surrounding an atom of ordinary matter in order to interact with the neutrons and protons in its nucleus? 2. Suppose a negatively-charged strangelet encounters a neutron. Then (if I am understanding this correctly) one of the neutron's two down quarks will settle into a lower-energy state and become a strange quark, thus converting the neutron into more of the same strange matter that comprises the strangelet. But what happens when the negatively-charged strangelet interacts with a positively-charged proton? Is the charge of the quarks in the proton conserved? And, if not: what happens to the positive charge of the up quarks in the proton--would they eventually increase the charge of the strangelet, until it is no longer negatively charged?

[@AveiMil]

This is one of my favorite channels. The chill, the science and the handsome dude on screen makes my day.

[@Arcadelt12]

Love the casual shade thrown at Kurzgesagt. Always here for it.

[@LaboriousCretin]

Nice work. The only thing I would ask is could the double shock model of supernova point to a core island? Could neutron stars be considered in the island of stability, but way off from normal particles? And last the transition zones/areas/energy density regimes from neutron stars shows cutoff regimes. Why do I never see similar for Q.M. killing fields or cutoff regimes mapped into them? Or a type of island modeling inside black holes to go alongside degeneracy modeling. Keep up the good work.

[@raazan1128]

Always looking forward to your content. Thank you.

[@peasant8246]

Thank you for not sensationalizing this topic and exploring it in a professional manner.

[@Starman2319]

Thank you so much for getting me thinking about this. We've popped down this intriguing cosmic rabbit hole now, let's see where it takes us. Could you please do something on JMBOs and their significance now in the scheme of things? Could they also have moons?

[@DSMITH-cz7xi]

I can listen to this dude all day!!! Can't get enough of, "COOL WORLD"!

[@heidetermeg427]

This was mindblowing and insanely cool to learn about! I like to take my time and REALLY listen, when it comes to "matters" like these (:P), and I find myself rewinding entire sentences, over and over again - to ask myself; "Did he just say THAT?!" - and I love how learning new stuff makes me feel that way. Like, for instance, that most of the gold on earth is a product of the merger of binary neutron stars.. Like... WHAT?! That is SO DAMN COOL! I love it. Thank you for the beautiful knowledge. You have humility, and your presentation doesn't require viewers to be at Mensa level to understand - so thank you for putting this knowledge into easily digestible sentences (although, I still pause the video every time I hear a new alien word like "hyperon", lol) Looking forward to learn more!

[@daveanderson718]

Much appreciate another fine and fairly cutting edge video (at least in lay terms), and thank you for not going too far off on the strange matter red-herring when discussing the stellar journey on becoming a black hole.

[@oyoyoyo]

Thanks for this channel! I love how astrophysical phenomena are explained. I have a question about why "our hands are not going through the table". The electromagnetism repelling force seems to be the main cause in this video, however from other sources, it seems that Pauli exclusion principle is playing the main role. Can you tell us more about that?

[@awesomeized1432]

David, I absolutely adore your content as I move into my final yer of my bachelors in astrophysics, I wanted to ask about one of your previous videos regarding the causailty breaking of FTL systems. My question is this, assuming the universe has a curvaure such that it ends in a big crunch, just as the expansion of the universe isn't limited by the speed of light, the contractions also has no such llimit. In this case s there a situation that would break causality if the universe where to drop to a big crunch and furthermore, would that be a possible method of disproving a "closed" universe model since it would allow for casality breaking occurances?

[@robdetuinman2]

Well, I can't give you any credits for spelling

[@dougieh9676]

Please keep keeping it real. No sensational click bait. Please don't change your style. I've learned a lot from you professor Kipping. ❤

[@DoctorDork]

Oh my god that closing message almost made me cry

[@niehlsbohr]

Hilarious video clips. Wonderful video. Thank you, professor!

[@Matty002]

i regrettably always forget about this channel but its always a great surprise to see space science daddy

[@robertschlesinger1342]

Excellent video. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.

[@Ansset0]

My first visit here. 42 seconds in. Subscribed. Original content, bearable voice, but above all, decent quality of science.

[@oldschoolman1444]

Even though I only understand a tenth, if that, of what David is talking about I always find his videos so fascinating.

[@thetopfootycoach]

Always anticipating your videos, keep up the great work! hope you join Threads too

[@timothyclute6706]

Just want to say thanks for your channel. There are a lot of channels out here posing as science astronomy channels, but many range from poorly researched to flat out pseudoscience. It's awesome that passionate academics, like yourselves, are putting these out for us lay people. The science community really needs to do more of this, in general, for all fields.

[@CoolWorldsLab]

Thanks so much, Tim. Doing both isn’t easy but I think such voices are important

[@ericvondell5157]

I've only recently heard of the Quark Star. It showed up in a curiosity search for ideas related to the Hypothetical Seventh Quark. There's a growing number of Theoretical Physics folk saying things like: "a three dimensional object needs a Seventh Quark to generate a repulsive force keeping matter from collapsing altogether." Or something akin to That. I'm seriously lousy at mathematics, so, I'm unable to work on The quantum physics formulae presented by Such Folk. But, in your dazzling laymen's terminology presentation, here, I think they're on to a similar notion regarding the pressures preventing high mass neutron stars from collapsing into black holes. They're also suggesting that Gravity is An Effect, rather than a Thing and thusly, lacks Any specific Particle of Its own. That The so-called "Graviton" So widely used in science fiction stories, might NOT actually exist in Reality! It Does make sense with this Quark Star theory. Because: if you have gravitons at the pressures suggested for Quark Stars, they'd interact with Quarks striving to avoid being separated from one another! Of course, most of what I understand about This sort of thing IS mainly its use As plot devices in science fiction stories!🤪🥴 Do Gravitons, Actually, Exist? And, If So; Do they have any effects on the formation of a Quark Star? Because: the stuff I've stumbled across in this subject sounds like Gravitons would cause high mass neutron stars to Form into Black Holes instead of creating Quark Matter! And, they also suggest that everything is composed of "Quantum Fields" something akin to String Theory! 🥴 Whatever, it's a fascinating exploration, to be Sure 💖

[@tomasgray6441]

Thanks for your videos, I enjoy them a lot

[@techerkamp1780]

Thank you for approaching this discussion in a factual manner and not - as you stated - sensationalising it as KZbin does. This was very interesting, educational, and thought-provoking. Thank you. Subscribed.

[@t.c.2776]

LOL... "factual" manner about a purely theoretical/hypothetical unproveable "speculation"... BELIEVE THE SCIENCE... 😉... Star Trek is real... in someone's mind...

[@gravity00x]

Absolutely loved this video!

[@RBYU001]

It’s always a good day when Cool Worlds uploads!

[@bryanwhite4245]

Thank you Dr. Kipping your channel is absolutely mind boggling!

[@jns9023]

Thank you again professor!❤

[@recordstraight556]

Babe wake up, new cool worlds upload

[@Quickshot0]

An interesting question for sure, hopefully theoretical advances in future will help shed more light on which scenarios are the most likely here.

[@mikevan3876]

Bravo my friend. Great show. Thank you very much.

[@annanelson6830]

I don’t understand a tenth of this, but Dr. Kipping’s voice is so…mesmerizing I keep listening.

[@rayoflight62]

There is an answer to why a neutron, all by itself in a low energy environment - decays in less than 15 minutes? Thank you for this video Prof. Kipping, it is full of thoughtful propositions - and I'm slow in grasping both the meaning and the consequences of something like "strange matter". Greetings from the UK, Anthony

[@DrDeuteron]

What’s the question? Why do neutrons beta decay?

[@bhuvaneshs.k638]

Man this KZbin channel is the best. The contents you upload are so precious for nerds like us. I wish we can physically meet sometimes

[@aware25-madtraveller33]

Amazing video, as always 🙏

[@jameshoey303]

thank you for your channel...really enjoy your work..from Ireland

[@CoolWorldsLab]

👍

[@Captain.AmericaV1]

Fantastic and intriguing. 👏👏

[@davec.6456]

Thank you for your awesome videos. I have a question about why is the center of a star always mentioned when gravity decreases from the surface of a star getting less and less until you reach the center where there is effectively no gravity due to the equal pull of gravity in every direction. Surely this would cause any Neutronium to be created in a sphere at a stars surface, where the gravity is strongest and then more and more normal matter as you go towards the center of that star. Or is this shell of Neutronium compressing the matter inside it rather than the gravity crushing it?

[@roydoncrerar2852]

Thank you David for your insightful and indeed thoughtful content. We can always rely on Cool Worlds for, as you put it, a sober look a subject. Your lack of sensationalism is sought-after and appreciated. 🤓

[@stephanieparker1250]

Interesting topic! Thanks! 🙌🚀

[@kirandeepchakraborty7921]

Keep the good work going David 👍🏻

[@kirandeepchakraborty7921]

Love this channel so much ❤

[@mrt1957]

i am subbed, many thanks for the presentation.

[@Spartacus-4297]

Prof. Kipping, your hypothesis about quark stars being an inevitable part of the evolution of neutron stars is logically sound from a material science perspective. As temperature (thermal energy) is radiated away density increases. From that, it is reasonable to conclude that as neutron stars cool and their density increases this leads to a slow progression of quark core formation as a neutron star cools. I hope you don't mind me giving my thoughts on your hypothesis Prof. Kipping, I love your content and your work, especially your work on exomoons. Please keep up the great work.

[@DrDeuteron]

But it is not. Degeneracy pressure has to do with the physical size of quantum states, and is not sensitive to temperature. When a degenerate object cools to 0K, it’s the same size with a completely full Fermi sea.

[@Spartacus-4297]

@DrDeuteron degeneracy pressure isn't affected by temperature. You are correct. However, it is affected by density, which in turn is affected by temperature. So, while temperature has no direct effect on the degeneracy pressure, the density increase as a result of the dissipation of thermal energy does have a direct effect on the degeneracy pressure. The cycle is scientifically sound, somewhat unprovable, like string theory or many worlds, but scientifically, it is sound.

[@chaosrextheking]

Never heard of Quark stars before this, fascinating

[@insrtcowjoke]

Personally, I really wonder what we might find in the 'dark' areas of space. The dark, frozen places you might find, and the curious things going on deep within them, at or near their cores. If only I lived in a society like in Star Trek. Exploring, up close and personal, the varying oddities of the universe would've suited me well.

[@terrificm6569]

Someone just recommended this channel to me on Reddit now im hooked