CRISPR: History of Discovery

[@mehwishrafiq735]

I didn't find completely understandable content about the history of CRISPR but it's very clear and easy to understand. I appreciate your efforts in this important video. God bless you!

[@savedbygrace7143]

Thank you so much for this beautifully made video! One of the best science videos in KZbin!

[@belewyifru3624]

Most comprehensive video about the discovery of CRISPR

[@santircastillo]

So many amazing scientists recognized in this video

[@KARINEMOOSE]

This music and style makes me feel like I'm watching a Studio Ghibli science documentary. I'm here for it 🙌🏼

[@gauravthapa6060]

This video deserves a big round of applause

[@kellylin8364]

a thorough explanation with a nice summary at the end. Like it!

[@manuelramos5869]

Very good video! Standing on the shoulders of giants! Poor guys that have done some basic research has not been recognized by the Nobel Prize! At least Francisco Mojica should charge royalties for the CRISPER name!

[@akshayavidhya9325]

This is an amazing explanation of CRISPR discovery. Thanks a lot.

[@michasosnowski5918]

Wow. Great video. Thanks for easy to digest information about CRISPR and its history!

[@justlikethat1726]

I am relieved that they have noble prize for literature.... coz my single DNA in head cant understand such genius thing... my work has my space and i assume they cant write emotions and i cant make their genetics.

[@andythiennavarro4896]

thanks for saving me on my science asignment!!!!!!!!!! URE A LIFE SAVER!!!!

[@souvikburman1646]

Great video !!!! Very well explained..

[@dr.salmanahmedkhan6507]

This is amazing... Keep up the good work

[@greygarcia3808]

Your video was amazing, thank you !

[@westfield90]

Just brilliant. I’d love a poster of that image

[@kvvful]

Awesome video with very clear details thank you so much

[@somerandomperson3970]

CRISPR might be the best discovery ever in human history. Humans could, in practice, be perfected

[@NehaSingh-kx5xe]

Wonderful explantation thanks.

[@averageillegalmemesdealer]

As child friendly as this seems, it was actually pretty helpful

[@9curry]

do we humans have short palindromic repeats in our DNA too? 🤔

[@유튜브는이곳으로]

what a great & educational movie!

[@pov_173cm]

thanks for saving my life for a science assignment :)

[@andreaswellens3485]

Could you please send that science assignment to me LMAO

[@lilyzhong7458]

our professors recommended this video to us!

[@goudagirl6095]

This "next big thing" may end up having terrible, unknowable future consequences. Modern science never seems to take to heart the old adage "just because you _can,_ doesn't mean you _should."_ It always seems to push the envelope, without looking further down the road as to how it might affect other things. Like a genie in a bottle, or Pandora's box, once this stuff gets out there, you cannot put it back into the bottle again. I fear for our world. Science = sorcery far too often.

[@Steve-yn3cs]

If everybody thought like this, we'd be riding horses and writing letters. It's understandable, the fears, but you can't live like that. Science is risk, that has brought about solutions to endless problems.

[@mirzamudassir3937]

Very nice vedio about crispr history

[@WahooLee]

Now you can explain how the even newer BRIDGE technology improves on tbe CRSPR system!

[@infatum9]

How about taking already available bacterial gene code that blocks viruses and read | extract it to enhance our own DNA? I'm no gene biologist, but I think in terms of computer code. Can we apply CRISPR to coronavirus?

[@ngshiai1]

Provided you can code for Cas-9 and regulate it in your own cells across the whole cell line on top of the various virus genes. You do not want a bug to happen. In biology, a bug can potentially mean death, not rectifiable with patch.

[@frasersingh8106]

The latest way to detect COVID-19 with CRISPR: www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-0513-4

[@amalamol7893]

Beautifully explained

[@rikkigupta9546]

Very nicely explained 👌thank u

[@osamakamal3674]

marvelous, concise and to the point

[@jimmywong4615]

Great content!

[@rohitranjan3719]

What a video, thanks to creator

[@sonofagunM357]

Ming-boggling, staggers the mind

[@williamjayaraj2244]

Thank you.

[@Keyumiz]

And this is how gattaca starts

[@richardgrossberg9943]

Great as usual but can you slow it down a little

[@missbiomajor5388]

An amazing discovery for sure! CRISPR definitely has its benefits, one of which is gene editing to cure diseases. However, how effective will it be in trying to completely cure complicated diseases like cancer and inherited brain disorders? What are the limits of CRISPR in these cases? How far do the benefits of CRISPR go in making gene editing effective and safe for everyone?

[@ngshiai1]

As it is a new technology, I guess no one really knows the answers to these question. But that is what makes it so interesting and such a hot area of research!

[@danielmoore4024]

What is defined as a disease is my concern, can you recall homosexuality defined as a pathological disorder? Hitler and racial hygiene? Why were alternative races defined as diseases? Why did scientists actually believe women are inferior to men claiming they have evidence women are intellectually inferior as recently as 1950? Humans clearly cannot be trusted, they will no doubt abuse people with it with selfish motives. I am autistic and I don't want to be cured of the gifts that come with it, they should not have the right to change people without our consent, it is racism and discrimination. Molecular biologist Miroslav Radman writes, "Mutagenesis has traditionally been viewed as an unavoidable consequence of imperfections in the process of DNA replication and repair. But if diversity is essential to survival, and if mutagenesis is required to generate such diversity, perhaps mutagenesis has been positively selected for throughout evolution." Evelyn Fox Keller explains: "We now know that mechanisms for enduring genetic stability are a product of evolution. Yet a surprising number of mutations in which at least some of these mechanisms are disabled have been found in bacteria living under natural conditions. Why do these mutants persist? Is it possible that they provide some selective advantage to the population as a whole? Might the persistence of some mutator genes in a population enhance the adaptability of that population? Apparently so. New mathematical models of bacterial populations in variable environments confirm that, under such conditions, selection favors the fixation of some mutator alleles and furthermore, that their presence accelerates the pace of evolution." The mutants behind autism offer some great advantages to the human race, diminishing the genes is a great risk because without those mechanisms there is no asurety of genetic stability pushing us in the direction of extinction. This is based on the false concept of "inferior or superior". A predisposition in one environment will be advantageous in an alternative environment, to keep it simple, if all the UK were genetically identical made of the "fittest" genes went to Mexico, they are all more likely to develop skin cancer and the Mexicans' genes will be the "fittest" and the UK's the "unfittest". Just because we can do something doesn't mean that we should, CRISPR-Cas9 is even worse and more dangerous than the eugenics movement. Psychologist Howard Gardner warns: "With the coming of age of genetics, the danger magnifies. Beyond doubt we will discover genes that are important for reading alphabetical scripts; and there is already evidence that a small set of genes may be related to reading problems. As with the brain evidence, such information can be helpful for early intervention; but it could easily be used for stigmatising purposes. Indeed, it might become relevant for marriage prospects, holding a job, securing insurance, or even eugenic purposes. And no doubt, especially in our interventionist society, individuals with a genetic predisposition for reading problems will look into different kinds of genetic engineering or therapy. It is possible that such interventions will work and have no negative side effects, but it is perhaps more likely that they will have unanticipated effects. And we might even want to consider which valued human abilities - eg. spatial or pattern recognition skills - might be placed at risk were we to target our interventions specifically at reading disorders." We can see the vast majority of so called diseases for what they are; they are discriminatory social constructions, not an intention to objectively understand human biology. Were global warming, warmer oceans, production of epidemic diseases, climate change, increased natural hazards and more anticipated. I doubt it so I would say Howard Gardner has a good point, every time humans have tried to play God and control nature nature struck humans back with greater problems, the people trying to solve the problems are the people who caused the problems and are trying to solve those problems repeating the same mistake to cause more problems. Do you know why sociobiology is strikingly parallel to the eugenics movement?

[@rayrocher6887]

I appreciate you too, the effort to save the future world. chears me up, gave me hope. cure disease - ALS, and cure Parkinsons; disease. and help cure Alzheimer's amen God bless you/.

[@intrametaarchi1015]

they skipped the patent war. and Virginijus Šikšnys and co. did his work before Charpentier.

[@harshitapandey4818]

wonderful..

[@thebiologybox2959]

Very helpful

[@arvinsubramaniam922]

Good video, but pretty ignorant to equate Fleming and Jobs at the beginning. One should not conflate inventors/scientist with marketing/business people

[@riniunj279]

Great

[@melody6163]

0:23

[@gerdhuebner2848]

Michael Hauer ❤ #thuxla

[@a.i.dimmer4616]

CRISPR will fix that horrible Singlish accent.

[@drrjackel2534]

Jennifer Doudna invented crisper

[@a.i.dimmer4616]

*CRISPR

[@andythiennavarro4896]

no she did not the japenese scientists came upon it, Jennifer doudna took THEIR discoveries and put it together. SHE GOT THE EASY PART

[@andythiennavarro4896]

PEOPLE THAT DO WIKIPEDIA ARE SCIENTISTS TO.......

[@Lagspike99]

This is not true. It was not her discovery. Do not spread this false information.

[@simranrachel7929]

Well she with her group and then many other people around the world simultaneously, discovered how the crispr can be used as gene editing tool . Yeah we are at a point were we have to use the previous knowledge ,add our own , and i think thats smart of us a species , because many are were there,many are working and hope and many more will work and study genetics for the good sake .

[@kebirbenkaccem726]

This person is not good teacher

[@drrjackel2534]

You got this information from Wikipeadia, which is a unreliable source.

[@VISHNUMS]

Here are the references for the information (even more since they skipped few steps) in the video . Have fun. Barrangou, R., Fremaux, C., Deveau, H., Richards, M., Boyaval, P., Moineau, S., Romero, D.A., and Horvath, P. (2007). CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science 315, 1709-1712. Bolotin, A., Quinquis, B., Sorokin, A.,and Ehrlich, S.D. (2005). Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Microbiology 151, 2551-2561. Brouns, S.J., Jore, M.M., Lundgren, M., Westra, E.R., Slijkhuis, R.J., Snijders, A.P., Dickman, M.J., Makarova, K.S., Koonin, E.V., van der Oost, J. (2008) Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes. Science 321, 960-964. Cong, L., Ran, F.A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P.D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L.A., et al. (2013). Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 339, 819-823. Deltcheva, E., Chylinski, K., Sharma, C.M., Gonzales, K., Chao, Y., Pirzada, Z.A., Eckert, M.R., Vogel, J., and Charpentier, E. (2011). CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III. Nature 471, 602-607. Gasiunas, G., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P., and Siksnys, V. (2012). Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria. Pnas 109, E2579-E2586. Hale, C.R., Zhao, P., Olson, S., Duff, M.O., Graveley, B.R., Wells, L., Terns, R.M., and Terns, M.P. (2009). RNA-Guided RNA Cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas Protein Complex. Cell 139, 945-956. Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J.A., and Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337, 816-821. Makarova, K.S., Grishin, N.V., Shabalina, S.A., Wolf, Y.I., Koonin, E.V. (2006). A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action. Biology Direct 2006, 1:7. Mali, P., Yang, L., Esvelt, K.M., Aach, J., Guell, M., DiCarlo, J.E., Norville, J.E., and Church, G.M. (2013). RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339, 823-826. Marraffini, L.A., and Sontheimer, E.J. (2008). CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA. Science 322, 1843-1845. Mojica, F.J.M., D ez-Villase or, C.S., Garc a-Mart nez, J.S., and Soria, E. (2005). Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements. J Mol Evol 60, 174-182. Pourcel, C., Salvignol, G., and Vergnaud, G. (2005). CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies. Microbiology 151, 653-663. Sapranauskas, R., Gasiunas, G., Fremaux, C., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P., and Siksnys, V. (2011). The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli. Nucl. Acids Res. 39, gkr606-gkr9282.

[@danielmoore4024]

@@VISHNUMS What is defined as a disease is my concern, can you recall homosexuality defined as a pathological disorder? Hitler and racial hygiene? Why were alternative races defined as diseases? Why did scientists actually believe women are inferior to men claiming they have evidence women are intellectually inferior as recently as 1950? Humans clearly cannot be trusted, they will no doubt abuse people with it with selfish motives. I am autistic and I don't want to be cured of the gifts that come with it, they should not have the right to change people without our consent, it is racism and discrimination. Molecular biologist Miroslav Radman writes, "Mutagenesis has traditionally been viewed as an unavoidable consequence of imperfections in the process of DNA replication and repair. But if diversity is essential to survival, and if mutagenesis is required to generate such diversity, perhaps mutagenesis has been positively selected for throughout evolution." Evelyn Fox Keller explains: "We now know that mechanisms for enduring genetic stability are a product of evolution. Yet a surprising number of mutations in which at least some of these mechanisms are disabled have been found in bacteria living under natural conditions. Why do these mutants persist? Is it possible that they provide some selective advantage to the population as a whole? Might the persistence of some mutator genes in a population enhance the adaptability of that population? Apparently so. New mathematical models of bacterial populations in variable environments confirm that, under such conditions, selection favors the fixation of some mutator alleles and furthermore, that their presence accelerates the pace of evolution." The mutants behind autism offer some great advantages to the human race, diminishing the genes is a great risk because without those mechanisms there is no asurety of genetic stability pushing us in the direction of extinction. This is based on the false concept of "inferior or superior". A predisposition in one environment will be advantageous in an alternative environment, to keep it simple, if all the UK were genetically identical made of the "fittest" genes went to Mexico, they are all more likely to develop skin cancer and the Mexicans' genes will be the "fittest" and the UK's the "unfittest". Just because we can do something doesn't mean that we should, CRISPR-Cas9 is even worse and more dangerous than the eugenics movement. Psychologist Howard Gardner warns: "With the coming of age of genetics, the danger magnifies. Beyond doubt we will discover genes that are important for reading alphabetical scripts; and there is already evidence that a small set of genes may be related to reading problems. As with the brain evidence, such information can be helpful for early intervention; but it could easily be used for stigmatising purposes. Indeed, it might become relevant for marriage prospects, holding a job, securing insurance, or even eugenic purposes. And no doubt, especially in our interventionist society, individuals with a genetic predisposition for reading problems will look into different kinds of genetic engineering or therapy. It is possible that such interventions will work and have no negative side effects, but it is perhaps more likely that they will have unanticipated effects. And we might even want to consider which valued human abilities - eg. spatial or pattern recognition skills - might be placed at risk were we to target our interventions specifically at reading disorders." We can see the vast majority of so called diseases for what they are; they are discriminatory social constructions, not an intention to objectively understand human biology. Were global warming, warmer oceans, production of epidemic diseases, climate change, increased natural hazards and more anticipated. I doubt it so I would say Howard Gardner has a good point, every time humans have tried to play God and control nature nature struck humans back with greater problems, the people trying to solve the problems are the people who caused the problems and are trying to solve those problems repeating the same mistake to cause more problems.

[@mythbuster1133]

Except for the accent, brilliant video

[@hoang8112]

the voice and accent is sooo annoying!

[@greygarcia3808]

Wow, people are different, who would have thought?

[@hoang8112]

Of course people are different, I didn't denied that... anyways for me it's still hard to listen and understand because of her voice so stfu

[@a.i.dimmer4616]

@@hoang8112 dont worry soon CRISPR will fix her horrible accent

[@olefan2298]

@@a.i.dimmer4616 that's hilarious