Penicillin: From Fleming to the Pharmacy

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Do me a favor and check out the description. Look at all those sources. I wanted to make sure this video was as accurate as possible. But still, with a video this long, I'm sure I'll make an error somewhere. This comment is where you'll find corrections.

[@frankiecicero8742]

How do you get the motivation to make videos, anytime I try some I want to accomplish I’m reminded of how afraid I am

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@frankiecicero8742 You’re not alone! Every creative person feels that same way at first. You’ll feel the fear until you’ve made a few videos, then it’ll start to get easier. The fear never totally goes away, but you do get more confident with practice

[@knuckle12356]

Pppf, barely 40-50, by the looks of things. 🙄 suuuuuuuuuuuuure. 😉 dig your content.

[@skataskatata9236]

unfortunately, this wartime overproduction directly caused a massive overuse which quickly lead to widespread resistance

[@homerodysseus4203]

Your videos are brilliant! I found your channel shortly after you released your video of sulfa-drugs and every video I've seen of yours is both highly accurate and entertaining. Thank you!

[@littlemissmisses2981]

In STEM disciplines, it is said, “we stand on the shoulders of giants”, meaning all discoveries are built upon the work of our predecessors and I love that ❤

[@Lividbuffalo]

Who is “we”? Standing on the shoulders of giants is an expression originally used by Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest physicists who ever lived. The credit should go to him and not to some modern-day made up catchword (stem) in dubious american universities.

[@ponponpatapon9670]

@@Lividbuffalo thank you for the attribution, but i think everyone reading could've went without the venom here is a more respectful, apropos version of your reply: "Standing on the shoulders of giants is an expression originally used by Sir Isaac Newton; one of the greatest physicists who ever lived." the world would run better if people were kinder to each other, don't you agree?

[@Lividbuffalo]

@@ponponpatapon9670totally agreed. But I don’t particularly think there was anything “venomous” about what I had said in my earlier comment. Cheers.

[@ufc990]

​@@ponponpatapon9670I feel like not enough people are told how dumb they are though

[@kenoliver8913]

"If I have seen further than others it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants" - Isaac Newton, 1676

[@angelabrown8458]

My Grandparents were a doctor and a nurse who met and worked at St Mary’s, Paddington. One day my Granny was asked to take something to Dr Fleming, she was excited and nervous. All she remembered was him saying “Thank you nurse” before she left! She was a bit starstruck. She also said that the only time they were allowed to run on the ward was when they heated up the antibiotics under a Bunsen burner and drew it up into a syringe. They then had to run to the patient and inject it before it cooled and recrystallised. Exciting times. I hope I’ve remembered what she said correctly. My grandparents were amazing and I miss them. Great video.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

What an interesting connection!

[@gillesguillaumin6603]

And you do not know the worst. At the end of 18ème century (about 1870) a french doctor in medecine found it. But as he was searching for something else, he decided to give up and changed his * course * to an other road. By this way we have lost millions of human lives. 😢

[@gregoriomariano5070]

obv not true, every other comment here is from someone whose grandparents worked in a hospital and knew fleming lol

[@mevaser770]

What was his name?

[@gingerhiser7312]

Family legend has it that my father was one of the first civilians to get penicillin after he get sepsis and that it saved his life...at age 19 (otherwise, I wouldn't be here). However, he was 19 in 1946, which doesn't match the timeline for the penicillin moratorium. Regardless, his timing was impeccable. If he gotten sick earlier, penicillin may not have been available. As a side note, blood transfusions helped save his live. He became a life-long blood donor.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

The 40s seem like such an exciting and terrifying time to get medical care. Glad your father made it through!

[@PaolaEP]

Penicillin saved my grandmas life back in the 40s. We are from Mexico and she contracted a serious infection when she was a child, her father had a contact in the US that could get penicillin into Mexico, she was saved and became one of the first people in Mexico to be cured penicillin 💜 this was so interesting to watch, thank you 🇲🇽 I’m a big fan

[@wordcarr8750]

My dad was a budding (construction) engineer hired by Squibb in the early 1940's. He was assigned to design the pilot plant for Squibb's Penicillin manufacture. He told me there were only three other drug firms making Penicillin in the country, and that none of them would share process information. i.e. government secrecy surrounding penicillin manufacture, in those days, caused each drug company to develop its own method/s for quantity manufacture.

[@hedgehog3180]

These stories of how medicine got to where it is today are so endlessly fascinating, especially because you get into the weeds of it and show how much more complicated the story often is.

[@kronos5385]

This KZbinr provides such good content, without an agenda. It's a real public service.

[@hedgehog3180]

He does have an agenda, his agenda is to illuminate how the history of medicine is often a lot more complicated than what you hear and how science actually works.

[@thezipcreator]

@@hedgehog3180 by "without an agenda" I think they mean "with little bias"

[@gregr6829]

As a Aussie scientist that has spent many years researching the biology of infectious diseases it is wonderful to hear such a multidisciplinary team approach by Florey was the foundation of this achievement. Antibiotic research has floundered after the golden age of the post war years and there is so much more to do and discover here.

[@bswans8966]

I'm so surprised this channel doesn't have more subscribers. The quality of these videos is incredible. Love it.

[@dasping]

Love this series, looking forward to the Tetracycline video! Throughout the video I was thinking about topics that I assumed you wouldn't get to but you seemed to mention almost everything in just half an hour - no pointless filler like some other channels. PS: your release schedule is shockingly fast!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! I still have to finish writing the tetracycline vid, but so far it's dense with both science and money stories

[@sassywimple]

It's so weird, I just found this channel from my recommended, and you cover like the PERFECT niche of my interests (medical history I guess?) I've already binged basically all of your videos, and I can't wait to see what's next!!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Medical history is indeed the niche! Lots of fun with pharmaceuticals coming up!

[@diplomaticthreshold]

waking up to a patrick kelly video is a great way to start the day

[@Ian91911]

Your videos are amazing! I just started watching your channel like a week ago and I’ve already seen all of them. Keep making high quality stuff like this and I know this channel will be huge one day.

[@woofy2000]

Same story! 😄

[@susabobus]

I had extreme tonsillitis and when first time they prescribed me Clarithromycin but when it came back with new powers they gave me just plain penicillin. God bless.

[@Rose-ff3fi]

You're doing good after penicillin?

[@mlbs4803]

In about 1971 or 1972 I worked in the bacteriology lab at the new Peoria School of Medicine. I got to meet Dr. Harry S. Dowling, who was one of the nationwide team working on penicillin ....... quite a thrill. It was common knowledge at that time that both Hiram Walker Distillery and Pabst Brewery had their great vats converted to penicillin production for the duration.

[@joelb8653]

Outstanding content as always. Thanks for all the work you do.

[@rtn4928]

I am a Y11 student who chose History as a GCSE, and your channel practically covers all the "Medicine through Time" topics more concisely than my teachers manage to do, it's the perfect revision video for my exams next year. Thank you for the high-quality videos :)

[@grumpybulldog19]

Thank you so much! I'm a pharmacist from Brazil and I love history of pharmacy, keep up with these videos.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Will do! Lots of folks from Brazil in the channel lately!

[@Rosie-yt8nd]

"Fellowship of the Beta-Lactam Ring" had me wheezing!! informative, well researched AND funny

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I'm a huge LOTR fan, so I had to work that one in

[@kinexkid]

Im one of those people who are allergic to penicillin and amoxicillin, which is also the mold found in blue cheese. Ever since i was a kid, blue cheese has made my mouth and throat suuuper itchy. But i love cheese so much, and ive never stopped eating it. Nowadays, i only get a slight tingle from only the freshest blue cheese. I actuslly use that itching response to judge how good a blue cheese is now haha. But i do often wonder how much my body has adapted to the allergy, and if im still considered to be allergic to penicillin after so many exposures to it and how weakly it now affects me

[@powapuffer]

Love your videos! They started getting recommended to me on my home page and I have been listening to them while doing chores and only just realized that they don’t all have like 500k+ views. I’m a medical student so love this sort of historic information to know how the field came to be. Keep on going

[@FrankkBeanss]

So glad I found this before my History of Medicine Project 🙏🙏 You are a life saver!

[@haley18768]

WOW found your channel and what a blessing!!! Surprised you're not more popular! Keep up the good work

[@strakhovandrri]

It's unbelievable how you don't have a million views already. I mean, not only the quality of just video. You have subtitles - and it's rare to people of hundreds of thousands of subscribers to have them, and I thank you for them.

[@Hippiechick11]

Tony Hilkerman, the mystery writer stated in his autobiography, that he developed a severe eye infection and the doctors in the military thought he was going to lose his sight in that eye. They used penicillin and saved his eye as an experiment. When they told him that they used penicillin hoping it might help, he was very angry that he was an unwilling experiment.

[@bgshin2879]

This video should be on curriculum of every child and university students to learn not only the discovery but also the collaboration that goes behind the scenes to change our lives. This was the most comprehensive and detailed documentary. Thank you.

[@In_TheMoonlight]

The 20th century was such a transformative time for medicine and learning about it is endlessly riveting to me

[@sadhucat4476]

Subscribed! This channel is awesome - A+ storytelling without any compromise of the scientific details.

[@jennis8561]

I'm rather sure KZbin started recommending me your channel after John Green's TB videos and I'm especially excited for the next one because of that. Otherwise very nice videos, they fit my commute time amazingly and offer a nice soft change from work (in medical field) into private life. Keep up the good work, I truly hope KZbin will keep recommending your videos to possibly interested folks, they really deserve to reach a bigger audience!

[@jfu5222]

Thank you! I first watched your channel a couple of weeks ago and I have nearly completed your playlist. I'm giving you my Best Outstanding Science Communicator in the World award! Congratulations!

[@nikevisor54]

Holy bibliography, Pat-man! This video is better sourced than some of my grad school assignments

[@Chimbleton]

DUDE, i haven't come across a channel so interesting and consistent. You're content is SOOO good. Keep up the good work.

[@fergieferg9192]

I really like your editing and narration style. Every video I've watched so far has been fantastic and I only started watching this week.

[@horseman6468]

When I was young I remember my grandmother born 1890 told me gypsies treated infected wounds with mouldy bread poultices and it always worked.

[@chriswade7470]

There was a “ folk cure” around in farming and rural areas in the U.K., where a slice of mouldy cheese would be placed and bandaged into an open wound.

[@ribbon0219]

Dude, your channel is awesome. Im so glad I came across your videos!

[@gerardolopezolvera2885]

I've been binging your content and you deserve so many more followers! You create outstanding, comprehensive content, congrats!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that a ton. More videos coming soon.

[@lucasgondim9833]

Hey man, I'm surprised your channel has only 40k, you deserve a lot more! I'm a med student in Brazil with a deep interest on medical history and it feels like this channel is godsent tbh. Keep up the quality of content and you're gonna be really big very, very soon!

[@pmsteamrailroading]

I have heard that the cantaloupe was from a grocery store in Chicago. At that time my grandfather ran a grocery store in Chicago. He was the kind of cheap SOB, who would still have tried to sell a moldy cantaloupe. I smile, sometimes thinking it might been his store.

[@mlbs4803]

Nope, it was Peoria. More than likely the cantaloupe was grown across the Illinois River in the Spring Bay area, which has wonderful sandy soil perfect for growing them. And I bet the cantaloupe variety grown was 'Heart of Gold', which was still being grown when I was growing up there.

[@mevaser770]

Hey for the penicillin it generates. It's def worth something lol

[@Buerfrumhell]

@@mlbs4803you’re an asshole.

[@doclag80]

Just stumbled on your page. Let me just tell you… you’re awesome!! That’s for such amazing videos. OBGYN physician here 🙋🏻‍♂️

[@efailureify]

You deserve more views Patrick this is great content !

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that! New videos in the antibiotics series coming out soon.

[@midgeefuzz]

I lived in Peoria for a few years and drove by that lab all the time, never knowing what happened there. Awesome work, I love these videos so much!

[@IHaveAFatherButHesAbroad]

My mom's a pharmacist. I also want to be a pharmacist. I'm glad you know this, cause.. It's cool :D

[@juliacarl584]

You should have a T shirt made saying 'Pharmacy we do drugs'.

[@juliacarl584]

You should have a T shirt made saying 'Pharmacy we d@ dr@gs'.

[@andrewcornelio6179]

I always love your videos. They're so well researched. You should do a video on Pellagra, Joseph Goldberger, poverty, and cornbread.

[@trulyinfamous]

The fact that you cited your sources automatically elevates this video. It really bothers me when science, technology, history, etc. channels don't cite sources. I immediately become skeptical of the content because how can I expect them to maintain accuracy of the info if they don't even share where they got it from? (I'm looking at you Kyle Hill.) If you are teaching about facts, you better let people know where you got those facts so others can scrutinize your work. Thank you for doing so, and this was a very good documentary.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate the kind words. And yes, always show sources! I'm not. a doctor, so I want people to be able to follow up with sources who are smarter than I am

[@iamthatis25]

Just FYI, I clicked on your video bc I was curious about Penicillin and yours was the only video that was longer than 5 minutes, but shorter than 3 hours. It was the perfect amount of information I was looking for. I have since watched all your videos and enjoyed them all. Thank you!

[@thatwitch-ep4rd]

Love your videos so much. Can you do one on the discovery of insulin? Im a type 1 diabetic and have always been so fascinated about the treatment progression. I know a lot but would love to hear you explain everything lol. Keep up the good work!!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Yep! I'm working on one all about the economic history of insulin. It's....a lot of information. It'll be a challenge to squeeze it into half an hour.

[@thatwitch-ep4rd]

Thank you so much for taking all of that dense information and presenting it in such a clean narrative. Your videos are amazing. Really phenomenal work, I appreciate your effort in bringing this information to us!

[@davidpeniel7168]

Man I’m so easily distracted but your videos just grab my attention and it just sits in my memory like it’s meant to be there. Whatever you’re doing I absolutely love it, Keep it up

[@rosemarycaldwell8611]

Im new to your channel, and honestly im obsessed. Already watching almost all of your videos! Thanks for your hard work, these videos are masterful

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that! I love making videos and finding these stories. More to come

[@Seraph.G]

I've never been more excited for a video about mold

[@PatKellyTeaches]

We put the fun In fungus.

[@mariannarothbard1003]

My grandmother received penicillin for sepsis in 1944 following the birth of my mother. She delivered at a VA hospital. My grandfather avoided overseas combat by participating in experiments conducted by the Army for equipment such as boots.

[@ReyOfLight]

Being allergic to penicillin since age 10 (I'll be 38 in a few weeks), I could almost feel the hives throughout this whole video 😂

[@DozyBinsh]

I will absolutely be here for the potential history of the US health insurance industry video.

[@50srefugee]

Science isn't a collection of established facts. It's a process, a very human and complex process. Your videos describe that messy process in a fascinating way.

[@liamfoxy]

It really is amazing how often world changing discoveries comes down to someone going "Huh, that looks wierd.. neat"

[@russetburbanks275]

I love this channel! You are very easy to listen to, and the content is top-notch. I’m so happy to find content like this.

[@OverKill515]

Just jumping on the bandwagon and saying that your videos going over any medical history have been really great. I really appreciate your knowledge and you sharing it in a very easily digestible way!

[@j-b-9610]

Just came across your channel this week. Already subscribed and binge watched all your videos. Love medical history too. Can't wait for the next video 😁

[@arielchasipanta2237]

Your videos are amazing . Please post more!

[@Joghurt2499]

Commenting early for the algorithm! Man it is criminal that your channel hasn't blown up properly yet. It is insane how well researched all your videos are.

[@Rock_Girl_Daze]

Dr Richard Fleming, Alexander’s grand son is on the front line of medicine today.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Those are some big shoes to fill!

[@Rock_Girl_Daze]

@@PatKellyTeaches he’s been on this current medical situation from various angles. I think he has two degrees. He will also be recorded in history.

[@phyllostomus]

Great video as always! I have a book recommendation: The Seashell on the Mountaintop by Alan Cutler. It's nominally on the history of geology, but it goes very in depth on changing anatomical attitudes in the 1600s and the way that geology came about as an offshoot of medicine. As a geologist I hadn't understood how much crossover there was early on, and it's gotten me hooked on your channel.

[@swedneck]

Man this makes me really appreciate a webnovel i'm reading: it's an alternate universe setting where the main character is the inventor of penicillin and goes on a voyage to make first contact with a new continent, and he treats the ship's supply of penicillin as a near holy material. When he scrounges up some spores to set up local production he almost weeps with relief as his stock had been depleted much more than was expected.

[@twerktospec]

spoiler alert....

[@arielsclamshellbra]

The algorithm caught your channel recently and has been pushkng your videos and that is so good to see, you deserve it!

[@johnrine9671]

This is a great channel!!! Thanks.

[@aurizon]

I recall in 1960, I was a summer student at Connaught Laboratories (U of Toronto affiliated company - now part of Sanofi-Pasteur). Reading in their archives I found they were involved in scaling up Penicillin production in 1943 in 1000 gallon sealed vats. A vat was filled, sterilised by steam and a seed culture of mold added = warm/stir until it was full of mold in water based fermentation media. Penicillin was a weak grower - easily out competed by many air born bacteria. Over 40 batches were ruined by bacterial intrusion. The fault was hard to pin down. Contamination via seed introduction? Rotary stirring shaft seal failure and filtered air contamination were the faults. Finally fixed by heated stirring shaft opening and heated air addition finally fixed this and large volume production commenced in late 1943-4. I am not sure if a book has been written on this, or if such a book would sell in numbers. But it was a saga. Another saga was LSD, when LSD was a research topic in 1962-4 - when it was outlawed. Many chemists got LSD trips from stray contamination from the dust from bottle caps - remember micrograms made a dose. Lots of meat in that sandwich as well.

[@Bitternov]

Great lecture. Lots of fascinating history and detail. Lots. I'll come back to this lecture over and over.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that! And thank you for the kind words

[@BeeMcDee]

Brilliant vid! Like many others here I’m a recent subscriber, and I’m loving your content and style! Could you possibly do a video on neural tube defects and how folate operates and plays a part? Also, I believe there’s a shortage of folate worldwide in the last few years and it’s having an effect on birth rates of babies with spina bifida. October is spina bifida awareness month so could be good timing!

[@michealoflaherty1265]

I had always thought Penicillin = Fleming, end of! Then I saw the BBC drama "Breaking the mould" about Florey et al. It portrays Fleming slightly unsympathetically and has him pushing sulphonamides over penicillin. Goes to show, discovery is important but production is critical too. Great video Patrick!

[@saimaleon7115]

Thank you for putting this amazing amount of research into these topics. Very thorough, very informative.

[@izzyperez7678]

I watch these videos with absolutely no idea what he is saying. But I absolutely love it.

[@PlexiumGames]

I am so addicted to this channel. You are such a talented story teller!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate the kind words! There are fascinating stories everywhere 🤓

[@huntermcgee4981]

Just recently found your channel and I’m a big fan! I actually work as a microbiology tech at a veterinary diagnostics company and we get a lot of the species that you talk about, if you ever need confirmed pictures of common pathogenic bacteria I would be happy to get in touch with you and provide some! We get pasturella, pseudomonas, staph, etc just to name a few that I know you’ve talked about in your vids

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thanks for the kind words and incredible offer! What's your email?

[@huntermcgee4981]

@@PatKellyTeaches Huntermcgee14. It’s a google email, I’ve tried saying it a few other ways but KZbin keeps deleting my comments and I’m not sure how else to type it without getting flagged

[@huntermcgee4981]

@@PatKellyTeaches and no problem, thanks for making well researched/made vids!

[@speaklifegardenhomesteadpe8783]

​@@huntermcgee4981 exhibit A how KZbin stifles research, innovation and collaboration! It's beyond offensive and degrading. People should be able to communicate on social media platforms, hence the name and original purpose.

[@LOLquendoTV]

Insanely underrated channel, after stumbling across the pasteur vid Ive been watching the rest of them

[@tradingfriends]

since stumbling upon your channel a few days ago, I've watched all your videos, some multiple times! You're an incredible educator and I cant wait to see more!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you so much for the kind words. I sincerely appreciate it

[@keriw3518]

Please do a breakdown on the history of gynecology ! Love your videos! Thank you for all the great knowledge.

[@Affogato02]

I would have liked you to talk about Clodomiro Picado Twight. Although the attribution of penicillin is to Fleming, Picado's old laboratory notebooks date back 1923 about the Penicillin antibiosis. He's one of the precursors

[@iheart801]

Fascinating video about the one drug I am allergic to. (I luckily only got hives when I was given it as a kid.)

[@rayrocher6887]

Thanks for including florrey as a wise doctor, thanks heroes doctors, WW2 is tough

[@charizardman283]

Just discovered your content recently, and I'm shocked you don't have more viewers! Your content quality is amazing. Looking forward to whatever else you have coming!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

No matter how many people are watching, I'm still having fun making videos!

[@seankudler86]

I don't comment a lot but I wanted to let you know something. I've been using youtube almost daily since 2008 and I've easily crossed ten thousand hours of watchtime. But in all my time I have never came across a channel more deserving of celebration. Your videos are incredible well researched with sources available, your storytelling is wonderful and you have a knack for always gaining clarity of the full story. I came across your video on the London Cholera Outbreak and when I saw you only had 30 thousand subscribers or so I was genuinely dumbfounded. You truly punch well above your weight with production quality. It does shine through when someone makes videos not out of a desire for money or fame but rather out of a passion for the subject matter. Anyways, I apologize for the book of a comment but I wanted to express my sincerest gratitude for bringing these wonderful stories to light. Keep up the strong work

[@upsidedownopinion1440]

Babe wake up, new Patrick Kelly video just dropped

[@venomactual73]

Just watching the videos on this channel inspire me to spend my GI bill to study medicine and finding cures for diseases and honestly I never had an interest for medicine until now, this stuff is super interesting

[@banano4324]

i'm always so impressed with the amount of work you put into your videos. the quality of your content is just amazing!

[@RalorPenwat]

It's worth noting that a huge factor in antibiotic resistance, probably even over the use of the drugs themselves, is that a lot of these antibiotics are found in nature and then isolated and synthesized, or at the very least there are analogous agents that work via the same mechanism. With the exception of communicable diseases, the spread of resistant bacteria is fairly limited. You might get some cross-species plasmid transfer but that doesn't happen all the time, especially in nature where these microbes are competing for relatively scarce resources. It's not like we're aerosolizing it, and it's not working on its own, but alongside the immune system, so it's not as analogous to insecticide resistance as we had previously suspected. The microbial arms race is always happening, everywhere, with or without our involvement. We might have accelerated it, but not nearly as much as we thought previously. Scishow has an excellent episode on this.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thanks for your in depth comment. I'm a little intimidated by the prospect of the ABR video, since it's such a massive topic. Trying to summarize so much information and present a compelling story out of it is going to be quite the challenge

[@2nostromo]

One of the best books I've read: "The Mould in Dr. Flory's Coat"

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That one has shown up in my recommended list before!

[@catherinetester8365]

I was born in St. Mary's, Paddington (though not when Dr. Fleming was there) 😅 Yay, Alexander Fleming!

[@EuLucio]

I really like your explanations, good story telling also helps keep me engaged. Keep it up

[@curtishollerback1517]

I did some research of my own. I wanted to know why I was allergic to Penicillin pill or injection. But I love to eat Roquefort cheese and Camembert cheese. Maybe you can expand your video to include this aspect.

[@selenalu444]

I'm confused, this channel deserves more subscriptions, there's only 103k 😮😮

[@neerajwa]

My goodness ... How did this channel escape my attention for so long. Awesome content 👍👍

[@mateobravo9212]

Wiw! A great story and so well told. Thank you!

[@jacquelyns9709]

I was given penicillin and other cillens many times with no problems. Then one day they gave me ampicillin. I took 2 doses and developed allergic symptoms. I quit taking it and went back to the doctor the next day. He verified that I had become allergic and told me to stay away from the whole family of penicillin drugs in the future. I haven't developed any allergies to other antibiotics so far.

[@theconstant-qm3rt]

Been waiting for this!! Great job Sir Kelly

[@PatKellyTeaches]

'Twas a fun (if not massive) project to work on.

[@theconstant-qm3rt]

​@@PatKellyTeachesYES!!!! But thank you for making it comprehensive!!!!!!! Can't wait for your next topic/video :D

[@Tser]

I'm so glad to see this new video (I finished all your other videos within a week of starting to watch them) and can't wait to see the new ones you come out with (especially with the little mentions and teasers in this video). I'm hoping I can join your patreon in the next couple months because this is amazing educational content.

[@francisco.enguita]

Brilliant !... Congratulations. Already a big fan of your contents. I will recommend you to my students at Medical College.

[@KariGrafton]

My grandpa worked in the USDA lab in Peoria that helped work on penicillin. I don't believe he was on the project, but he was a mycologist there, and when I was pretty young I got to go visit the lab and see a lot of the interesting info they had about penicillin development.

[@blaket5346]

Where was this video a week ago??? I literally did this topic for a CIV class Industrial Rev project... I learned quite a bit more than I even researched, so thanks for feeding my curiosity. Definitely worth a sub 👍

[@rcrawford42]

Passed by the Northern Lab hundreds of time when I was in college! I have no doubt they had LOTS of corn fermentation by-products; the whole city used to smell like fermenting corn when the weather was just wrong.