Did JWST SOLVE The Mystery of Supermassive Black Hole Origins?

[@karolbienioszek9902]

I remember the times when JWST was a program that was always being delayed and was taking more and more money and it wasn't clear when will it be finally launched. Nowadays we regularly hear about new discoveries made by JWST, which just shows how worth this program actually is

[@LuisSierra42]

Science rocks

[@8__vv__8]

The thing that makes me angriest about Hubble and JWST is that they only built one. Why spend $10B on ONE JWST when you could have TEN JWSTs for maybe $20B?

[@mvmlego1212]

I don't think that's the right way to think about it. The discoveries made by the JWST are going to feel more visceral than the lack of discoveries that would have been made by JWST's alternatives, even if the former is far less significant than the latter. I think that Daniel Kahneman has a good term for the difficulty of accounting for opportunity costs, but I don't remember what it is.

[@anarchyantz1564]

A lot of the issue as per normal with America and science is delays an due to congress canceling and interfering with stuff they have no idea about as they say "what return does this have to America" or "how can this beat the Russian's or China?" They are fine with spending untold trillions on military that often never works, is over budget in the billions or is just for their contractors to have work but want to enhance humanity as a whole? pfft

[@subtlehyperbole4362]

Translation: The explanation for why you are wrong exists… but is informing you, a random person in a KZbin comment section, worth the lost opportunity cost required to look it up?…. No. No it’s not.

[@Breakemoff2]

Dear whoever edits/does music for these, PLEASE make the outro quieter! I love listening to these before bed and the last 15 seconds are so much louder than the entire episode. THANK YOU! Sincerely, An overworked mom who just wants to peacefully learn and fall asleep to science

[@jvcyt298]

My sentiments, exactly, both the intro and outro are way too loud. I am constantly looking for videos that are interesting and boring at the same time to listen to while I'm asleep. There are some good ones if you like the subject matter, but this subject is ASMR gold.

[@Breakemoff2]

@@jvcyt298 They said they would adjust it on my other comment on their most recent video! I liked the channel called “Astrum” for fall asleep space videos. He even has a “sleep space “ playlist on Spotify.

[@nameismetatoo4591]

It seems louder, but I checked the audio in Audacity and the main part of the video is about 7.5 dB louder than the outro. In other words, the outro is less than half as loud. Tom Scott made a video a while back explaining how some sounds are perceived as being louder even when the actual amplitude is lower. But I agree it should be made a bit quieter, or perhaps the music could be changed to something more subtle.

[@Breakemoff2]

@@nameismetatoo4591 exactly. It might technically be half as loud, but the brash intense music makes it seem way louder.

[@jvcyt298]

I think it's the music itself that's off-putting.

[@gregsquires6201]

I find the lack of cotton candy in the early universe vaguely disappointing.

[@pbsspacetime]

Same.

[@n0tthemessiah]

You'd think they could budget for at least a little bit; but no, literally zero cotton candy.

[@bochica3562]

I'm planning a social media campaign to cancel the early universe as it was. It didn't do anything for us as far as I'm concerned. The new early universe has to be cotton candy friendly! And the contemporary universe should grant me more luck in general. 😂👍

[@travisty222]

If we're in a multiverse, who's to say there isn't a universe full of cotton candy? 🤣

[@AlanTheBeast100]

It has not been ruled out.

[@theplatypusofconsciousness1367]

Space time rules, a big thank you to the whole team ❤😊

[@MCsCreations]

*hole team. (Sorry, I couldn't resist the joke. 😬)

[@Jontman42]

I never considered that black holes do not need to be dense, but when you think about how the mass of a black hole scales with its surface area instead of the volume, it makes perfect sense.

[@user-sl6gn1ss8p]

Another way to think about it is that if all mass is assumed to be at the central, gravitational attraction goes down with the square of the distance to the center, while density goes down with the volume. So to get the same attraction, mass has to go up with the square of the distance, making density go down with the distance

[@thedeemon]

Mass is proportional to radius, not surface area

[@dsdy1205]

​@thedeemon added context for others - this is only true for black holes

[@Robert_McGarry_Poems]

​@@thedeemonunless you are a black hole. Singularity has no radius, but still has a finite mass. The surface area of the event horizon, however, is in direct 1:1 correlation to the mass. As mass goes up the surface area increases. The event horizon doesn't have mass.

[@alextaunton3099]

​@@thedeemonthe mass of a black hole scales with the surface area of the black hole, not its radius or volume

[@andrewchance8449]

It sounds like the connection between heavy elements and gas cloud fragmentation needs its own episode.

[@thomasrinschler6783]

They did a video on Population III stars (the very first stars in the universe) that shows just how big those stars got because heavier elements weren't there to interfere: kzbin.info/www/bejne/aqG2hqeNd86oeJY

[@Saltatory_]

I look forward to new Space Time more than anything else on KZbin

[@alexanderholmes3402]

Likewise. It has been my favorite youtube subscription for years. I have watched every episode at least once, and all of it has been time well spent. I surprise my calc-based physics prof every week with the comprehensive trivia I've picked up from this series. The pauli exclusion principle was the most recent example. I love it when my professors are caught offgaurd like "hey, you aren't supposed to know about that yet" haha

[@Beanskiiii]

The background music is the best I’ve heard ever

[@hell1942]

@@Beanskiiii 2 types of space time viewers: 1) wow this is really cool, i learned so much from this, im definitely going to show this to my professor 2) i like the background music

[@mvmlego1212]

Really? That's lame. The only reason that I come to KZbin is to get recommendations for financial advisors from the comments.

[@Saltatory_]

@@mvmlego1212 ha hahahaha

[@MCsCreations]

Honestly, JWST already paid for itself multiple times. What a heck of an investment!

[@Infinityisone]

Yes. it is one of the greatest discovered tools in the early 21st century. We must thank NASA and Dream America!

[@sheepwshotguns42]

100% i just wish we'd put more support into replacing the kepler space telescope because when vera rubin observatory goes online it would have been our best way to find earth sized planets in the habitable zone of potential candidates. right now its virtually impossible given our tools. rubin would look at huge swaths of space to find potential candidate stars to look at, and kepler2 would have the ability to get a good look. its sad that failures tend to shelf projects for EONS regardless of the potential science it can bring. the only reason we soldiered on with jwst was because of the fact that it was the spiritual successor to the amazing hubble telescope.

[@MAGA_Extremist]

Yup

[@davejones542]

What profit can you make out of an OBG - none!

[@MAGA_Extremist]

@@davejones542 it's a discovery. Something might come out of it.

[@UzairW]

JWST already proving its worth!

[@w415800]

I read it as SJW Solve the Mystery 🤣

[@Psy0psAgent]

​@@w415800like that would ever happen.

[@Psy0psAgent]

​@@w415800like that would ever happen.

[@YordkarYordkar]

Such as disproving the Big Bang theory?

[@Spartacus547]

Imagine if we made five of these and pointed them all in different directions at the same time how about 10 already sent that much money to Ukraine cancel few wars for the next few decades and we can build 100

[@TheMagicalNam]

The new intro explains the new profile pic It is really good

[@tubuliferous]

Welcome back! It's always exciting to see a new episode of Space Time. This series is absolutely wonderful. Thanks for the whole Space Time team for the great work and for keeping this going. Space Time is one of the bright spots in the universe of online media.

[@Loroths]

Love getting my PBS fix. Always good to see Matt dropping knowledge that I mostly don't understand but still explained in an excellent way and some stuff does stick. Very enjoyable!

[@CATinBOOTS81]

So, if I understand it right, the Volume of the sphere delimited by the Schwarzchild Radius is proportional to the cube of the Mass. And that relationship implies a crazy different density range, since as the Mass grows, that Volume grows much, much quicker. That means that the physical process able to form a black hole doesn't necessarily need to be always the same, and that some volume range may not have a physical process that can make them (like in the current gap from 100 sun masses to 100.000 sun masses), or if it has existed, it needed different conditions from the ones in the current universe (I'm looking at you, Primordial Black Holes). Maybe the future universe will have conditions that will lead to the formation of black holes in completely different range from the current ones. Anyway, IMO, the current gap of observed black holes in that mass range is quite a neat indicator of a different physical process to form SMBH. I mean, not a single blackhole seen in that mass range in an entire visibile universe (until today) seems to me quite "suggestive".

[@NboOfficialAus]

No black holes in that range cause there's no process to form them in that range it's either smbs or stellar most likely

[@VestedUTuber]

@@NboOfficialAus Except there is, or really _was,_ a process to form them. The hypothetical but very well-supported Quasi-star, also known as a "Black Hole Star", is a supermassive star ranging from 1000 to 10000 solar masses, with a black hole for a core. These kinds of stars require highly dense molecular clouds and extremely low metalicities to form, conditions only found very early in the universe, and would only last for a few million years before they collapse inward on themselves and shed their outer layers, resulting in the formation of intermediate-mass black holes. The reason why they're either super-rare or non-existent _now_ is because most of them likely merged into the supermassive black holes that sit at the centers of most galaxies.

[@dragoscoco2173]

Remember all discussed is theoretical. From the theoretical Schwarzschild radius to black holes we know nothing and barely can test anything.

[@CATinBOOTS81]

@@dragoscoco2173 yes, Schwarzchild solution is an ideal one, but that was interesting none the less.

[@VestedUTuber]

@@KrudlerTheHorse Existing theories being invalidated by new data doesn't just let you replace those theories with unfalsifiable bullshit. Alder's Razor (also humorously referred to as Newton's Flaming Laser Sword) comes into effect at that point - any scientific proposition made must have observable consequences and a formal demonstration that they are indeed the consequences of the proposition claimed. Or in simpler terms, the "vacuum" left behind by refuted theories can only be filled with another theory backed by direct observations. Saying "A Wizard Did It" is invalid unless you can somehow prove that, yes, a wizard did actually do it.

[@0_3_6_9_0]

Great to have you back Matt, especially with such an exciting favorite topic! Thank you.

[@ez45]

New Space Time episode, drop everything!

[@juandavidgilwiedman]

Glad to see you back Matt

[@Fecal_Eruptions]

The merch segment for the hoodie should have gone something like this: "Now you can be warm as you fall into a super massive black hole if you don't like cold spaghetti"

[@Soupy_loopy]

I used to eat cold spaghetti for breakfast.

[@Beanskiiii]

Cold spaghetti is really good though but this was clever nonetheless

[@Fecal_Eruptions]

@AnimeMeetsReality thanks. I wasn't aware cold spaghetti was a thing lol I edited it to be more representative

[@СергейПетров-р6р5ш]

I thought he said "wormed".. As is spaghettified

[@aSpyIntheHaus]

I love the change in music and video colouring.

[@keshe2692]

Been wondering what had happened to you guys. Delighted you're back.

[@franck3279]

Recovering from the hollidays parties?

[@zachstrawbridge8641]

@@franck3279 From his voice it sounds like he's on the tail end of or just recovered from a cold or the flu. Maybe if the team took a break over the holiday period and Matt got sick just after it could've delayed recording new episodes for a bit.

[@pgc6290]

At 0:53 and ai is going to help so much in advancing in physics, it wont just help in therotical physics, but will also help in analyzing interstellar data and noticing all important stuff in it.

[@cholten99]

Great episode as always. I didn't see many references on the graphics so I'm presuming their being done specifically for Space Time now, in which case huge kudos to the folks doing that as they're top-level quality. The only thing missing is the comment responses - are they coming back?

[@PronatorTendon]

I appreciate this channel immensely

[@sylak2112]

Excellent Video. Dr becky as a couples of video about those problems about black hole. PBS-ST fans should watch them too. Also, I want my black hole cotton candy now!

[@3User]

I love pbs spacetime!!!!

[@sathvikkashyap7674]

Its Space time now 🌌

[@anarchyantz1564]

Glad to see you back Matt and I hope you are feeling better now? You really have been pushing yourself a lot the last year or so, what with your professor work, your film, PBS Space Time, your own research and much, much travelling around the world. Please remember you are "made of meat" and overworking is not good for the health, believe me I found out the hard way and it made me seriously unwell. You are still a young man, take a break occasionally. Oh and congratulations on 3 MILLION SUBS! I remember when it was 1 then 2. Take that Malta and Pakistan!

[@IuliusPsicofactum]

Thank you. You saved me from boredom again!

[@Stogger1459]

Awesome intro. Can never live without Spacetime. Keep up the great work!!

[@luudest]

Space time with a new intro 😮

[@PhilipMurphy8Extra]

Being a while since I seen PBS Space Time but I am glad they are back.

[@feynstein1004]

The Schwarzschild density is really tricky to wrap your head around. I figured out the equation to calculate it when I was in high school. The higher the mass, the lower the Schwarzschild density. For something like a trillion solar masses, it only needs to be as dense as air and it'd automatically collapse into a black hole. Hey that gives me an idea. How much mass would correspond to a Schwarzschild density equal to the average density of matter in the universe? Huh. Doesn't this prove that the universe cannot have infinite mass and thus must be finite in size? Because if it were infinite, the Schwarzschild density would be zero and it'd just collapse into a black hole? Hmm 🤔

[@nydydn]

How would we even know we aren't inside a collapsed black hole? We can't look inside a black hole, that's why we're calling it black. The outside of the observable universe is also black, also by definition. This doesn't prove much though, there's many reasons we can't look at something. But infinite mass isn't even required for us to be in a black hole, just a higher mass than what would correspond to a Schwarzschild density equal to the average density of matter in the universe. Yet my understanding is that the Standard Model isn't compatible with this. Regardless, with our current understanding of black holes, it's not really scientific to theorize we are inside a black hole, since it implies that it cannot be proven, so you just have to believe it, if you wish. So, according to the standard model we aren't in a black hole, but we are also aware that the standard model isn't perfect, so we also can't rule it out. So the universe may be infinite in mass and we're in a black hole, or it may be finite and still be in a black hole, or the standard model is not wrong about this and we aren't in a black hole and indeed the mass is finite in size.

[@johnk6916]

@@nydydn And if we are in a black hole wouldn't it be possible that other black holes merged with it producing these too massive SMBs?

[@garethdean6382]

The density assumes that only gravity is acting however. If you factor something like expanding space then you can have a higher density. It also assumes that there's an 'outside' and center for the volume to collapse into; in an infinite universe of infinite mass there is no center and so no preferred point for all matter to collapse to.

[@feynstein1004]

@@garethdean6382 Ah hidden assumptions. They always get you 😅

[@nirosolis485]

I can't get enough of this channel, and black holes are definitely my favorite subject!

[@The_Real_Kyrros]

Oh boy, does the internet have treat for you... Go check out Dr. Becky. Her Oxford Doctorate is in SMBH research and she does weekly shows on a range of 'Space' and other Astrophysics topics, including SMBHs. (she gets shout-outs from Matt on this channel pretty often, as well.)

[@jeremycraft8452]

Could energies have been high enough in the pre-CMB era to produce supermassive kugelblitzes? That would provide earlier seeds for SMBHs despite energies in that era being too high to allow accretion.

[@danhnguyen-fn9eb]

The direct collapse proposal for SMBH's is the best suggestion yet on how those BH's grew so large so fast in the early universe. Most certainly not all of them were formed that way. The early universe was so chaotic and spatially not very large it is not hard to expect that in some densely packed areas mergers happened growing the BH's. There's one thing to remember though. Even if a BH has the density of Cotton Candy it is still a BH. Meaning that at some distance from the BH the gravity becomes so strong that it prevents light from escaping meaning if you get caught in that gravity there will be no soft landing waiting for you.

[@MCsCreations]

"In astronomy, where's there's one there's often many." Except for life by the observed behavior of astronomers.

[@MCsCreations]

@@alicederyn Don't they have mirrors? 😯

[@cholten99]

I hope this whole conversation gets quoted in the show!

[@adamwishneusky]

Love the new intro animation and not just because it doesn’t have an earth rotating the wrong way 😜

[@sarcasticstartrek7719]

"No" - any headline that's a question can be answered with "no".

[@exscape]

Studies on Betteridge's law have actually shown that "yes" is a more common answer. Both two studies on such headlines in scientific journals, and another that checked 26000 articles on news websites.

[@franck3279]

And in any headline starting with ’a study shows,,,’, the key word is ’a’.

[@NicleT]

Magnifique new PBS Space Time opening!

[@mrhadley8197]

I think the fact that the early universe did not have significant quantities of cotton candy (for all we know) may now be my favorite astrophysics fact of all time.

[@pauleugenio5914]

Why is there such a pronounced (even log large) gap @ 4:42? Could detector limitations contribute here? I would imagine it would be easier to detect black holes if they are close by, most of which I would guess are stellar; or supermassive via quasars. Is it possible the latter dominate at large distances in data because of instrumental limits? Thx!

[@garethdean6382]

Sadly no; w can detect supermassive and stellar mass black holes even at close range, and the masses don't scale with distance ,as we might expect if detection limits were the problem. The gap seems to be real and present even in our nearby universe.

[@rishitchithirala2977]

Love the new intro. Looking forward to further discoveries by JWST, it seems to be one absolutely amazing tool :D

[@KattDa]

Very nice new intro! Lovely work from the effects editor(s)

[@finp9689]

Click these videos as soon as i see them in my sub box. I was wondering if comment responses will return at some point in the future? I always found it interesting to see what people ask about certain topics and having such a great and knowledgeable presenter as matt answer them.

[@jasonmargretz5038]

It was stated if the solar system had the density of cotton candy it could be black hole. What about if we scale up to the observable universe? What would the density need to be for it to be a black hole and how does that compare to the estimated density (with and without dark matter)? With the expansion of the universe, what did these calculations look like in the past and into the future?

[@leightaft7763]

I remember when I watched this show years ago and I had no clue what you were talking about lol. Now I love learned a new language and it makes so much more sense. Thank you.

[@snaffu1]

Thank you guys! You are one of THE best science shows out there!

[@aajairaj]

Sick I've wanted that black hole shirt for forever. Dibs.

[@nobody.of.importance]

Whoa, new intro! Love it.

[@Fubbymaster]

Just want to say that I love this show and everyone involved with making it!!!

[@SuperVstech]

Awesome new intro animation. And logo!

[@olimnamllu6326]

Anyone notice their new intro! Great update ST Team

[@eds1942]

It’s both. The conditions or rules of the Universe were different during its young energetic phase. Making Direct Collapse was possible what we may call Ultra Massive Black Holes. (Not saying that this next phase couldn’t have overlapped the previous phase, but,..). As time moved along, the first stars (Population 3 stars) formed at greater masses than is possible in the later era. They began collapsing as things calmed down, forming the seeds that we see in most galaxies with large SMBH. And as they collapsed, it triggered the birth of some of the oldest known stars in the universe, the population 2 metal poor stars. By this time the energy / activity level of the universe has calmed down enough to resemble what we know. As time went on, enough time has elapsed for SMBHs and galaxies to have formed by way of the most prevalent theory, where stellar mass black holes just accumulated into SMBHs and the galaxies grew up with them.

[@grayaj23]

As soon as I heard about the accidental discovery idea, my first thought was Penzias and Wilson. It's such a great story.

[@hnlkitup]

Firstly, I absolutely love the channel and your content! Two scientific questions related to the visuals. 1. Why did you show high energy (gamma rays) on the left side and low energy (infra red) on the right? 2. @3:15 - @3:25 is this a scientifically accurate representation of a black hole from the observer's perspective? Keep on doing what you do, it's a breath of fresh air. ❤

[@garethdean6382]

1.) Left-right is used to signify progress or increase. Usually this is from low to high, so high frequencies are on the right.However in this case it is intended to show the progress of redshift, so the reverse is true.The most progressed, redshifted wavelengths are shown on the right. 2.) The rendering at 3:15 is artistic, but based on models and meant to show the temperature of the accretion disk (Red vs blue color) as well as waves in the disk as matter orbits. It is an artistic rendering of what is considered a good scientific model.

[@ThompPL1]

2:35 . . . Yea for Chandra (AXAF) !! 🤩 "The Really Exciting Moment Came . . . " X-rays @ Chandra = Gamma Rays @ Source !!!

[@7Alberto7]

I dig the new intro and Logo,amazing video as alwais also thanks

[@Jokers_Yugioh666]

Cool video!! Blackholes are my favorite topic

[@Dragrath1]

I've generally long favored the direct collapse model though since I have learned more about anisotropic and inhomogeneous models in particular discovered Matthew Kleban and Leonardo Senatore's 2016 proof for the no big crunch theorem and the implications for gravity in such a sufficiently large inhomogeneous and anisotropic universe I can't help but suspect that behavior of gravity particularly the irreducibly nonzero asymmetric(and probably more specifically antisymmetric) behavior as there will always be more underdensities than over densities and the rate of expansion in such a universe becomes directionally dependent due to the time slices for any given frame or reference now being constrained by the local time coordinate, i.e. time passes considerably faster in voids relative to more densely packed regions of spacetime meaning voids expand much faster while massive bodies get funneled into deeper gravity wells in bulk flows. It all matches remarkably well with what astronomers have observed without assuming the cosmological principal is valid and if mass is flowing into dense regions in the form of more compact gravitationally bound bodies in free fall that might let you get massive objects to form very quickly as its the net angular momentum which restricts growth. The biggest benefit however is we get rid of the need for dark energy, recover a natural reason for why we observe a unidirectional arrow of time, why we observe the Hubble tension with consistent measurement groups and can explain the growing number of odd structures apparently too large for lambda CDM can exist. It all comes down to the Einstein field equations needing to obey the laws of calculus! Also if true it suggests any quantization of spacetime itself and thus gravity must be Fermionic in nature, (like neutrinos) one observable consequence of that would be that black holes are only approximately real in the large scale limit i.e. that the escape velocity would only asymptotically approach the speed of light. For SMBH's this probably is indistinguishable from what we can observe because any black body light would be gravitationally redshifted towards the hawking limit but for smaller stellar mass BH's you might be able to see electromagnetic radiation albeit extremely redshifted from these objects. Perhaps some FRB's were emitted by such "black holes" as initially high energy gamma ray outbursts like seen from magnetars?

[@frixyg2050]

Well, I'm coming to this too late for anyone to see my question, but just in case: Does anything else create reshift? Like, does gravitational lensing ever induce redshift?

[@TheClintonio]

I've had people get really angry at me for suggesting direct collapse as they struggle to understand how a big ball of gas can just suddenly form an event horizon.

[@KeithCooper-Albuquerque]

Outstanding episode, Matt and team!

[@frankmalenfant2828]

I wish it was possible to go back in time to meet Albert Einstein just after he released his theory of special relativity just to tell him that, about one century later, we'd be looking at 'black holes' at the 'beginning of the universe' through 'gravitational lenses'. That'd certainly be overwhelming, even for such a genius

[@luudest]

1:48 does gravitation lensing shift the red shift?

[@artificercreator]

Oh nice, thanks for showing the cool data!

[@JAGFG42]

I just picture the density of the universe after the Big Bang, and then picture exponential growth with that density, I’m sure they started small, but with that much matter so tightly packed together I’m sure they grew larger than we could possibly imagine, faster than we can imagine, maybe causing black holes to collapse into each other causing crazy gravitational waves pulling matter back and forth like the waves on the sand. While launching matter on the rebound out into space, or a heart pulsing blood/mattwr across the universe

[@JavSusLar]

12:16 the acronym OBG reminded me about OMC. How bizarre...

[@zacharywong483]

Fantastic video, as always!

[@ryewaldman2214]

TIL that the early universe was filled with cotton candy. My theory is that the cotton candy was there to sweeten that bitter, bitter tea that Russel was brewing, AND NOBODY CAN PROVE OTHERWISE

[@rudejehlici5425]

Congrats to 3M subscribers, keep up your outstanding work!

[@sephrinx4958]

Yaaay a new video!! It's *about Time*.

[@shawns0762]

Black holes are based on a mathematical misconception. General Relativity predicts dilation, not singularities. In the 1939 journal "Annals of Mathematics" Einstein wrote - "The essential result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the Schwarzchild singularities (Schwarzchild was the first to raise the issue of General Relativity predicting singularities) do not exist in physical reality. Although the theory given here treats only clusters (star clusters) whose particles move along circular paths it does seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases will have analogous results. The Schwarzchild singularities do not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light." He was referring to the phenomenon of dilation (sometimes called gamma or y) mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. It's the phenomenon behind the phrase "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". Time dilation is just one aspect of dilation, it's not just time that gets dilated. Dilation is the original and correct explanation for why we cannot see light from the galactic center. Einstein's reasoning on why singularities do not exist is solid as a rock. He is known to have repeatedly spoken about this. Nobody believed in them when he was alive including Plank, Bohr, Schrodinger, Dirac, Heisenberg, Feynman etc. Dilation will occur wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. There is no place in the universe where mass is more concentrated than at the center of a galaxy. It can be inferred mathematically that the mass at the center of our own galaxy must be dilated. In other words that mass is all around us. Sound familiar? This is the explanation for the abnormally high rotation rates of stars in spiral galaxies, the "missing mass" is dilated mass. Einstein wrote about dilation occurring in "large clusters of stars" which is basically a very low mass galaxy. For a galaxy to have no/low dilation it must have very, very low mass. To date, 6 very, very low mass galaxies have been confirmed to show no signs of dark matter. This also explains why all planets and all binary stars have normal rotation rates, not 3 times normal. There was clarity in astronomy before television and movies started to popularize singularities in the 1960's

[@franck3279]

Yes, very likely, but they give the same result with far less maths involved.

[@MarkjBell1991]

The sight of one of those Heavy Seed supermassive black hole formations must have been something to behold!

[@gydscutroo9973]

This guy’s parents must be very proud

[@memehi8081]

Thanks you for another space time video.

[@doctordeecaf]

I LIKE WHAT YOU'VE DONE WITH THE PLACE.

[@Danielk8586]

The cotton candy example really puts into perspective how empty space is

[@DudeWhoSaysDeez]

I like the new intro!

[@vaterchenfrost7481]

8:35 I've thought the Earths Schwarzschildradius is around 1cm. Mount Eversts S-Radius is somewehre in the order of magnitude of nm.

[@BackTiVi]

Yeah, I think so too. What he said sounds false by many orders of magnitude.

[@Malkovith2]

Good episode, I'm hoping for one of those deep theoretical topics soon.

[@padders1068]

Great video, very well explained as ever! Thanks for sharing! 🙂😎🤓

[@mgrth]

thanks thanks thanks, really well broken down. really inspiring to stay appraised of the latest in space time ..

[@Numba003]

Thank you very much for another interesting episode. I haven't thought about the problem of intermediate mass black holes in a long time. It's cool to see our knowledge progressing since I was a kid. All these years later, black holes are still as fascinating and mysterious as ever. God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)

[@chhoc]

Great video; I was hoping you would do one for this topic!

[@ellielikesmath]

so good, thanks for the update!

[@BD-np6bv]

The fact there's no black holes in the middle range is irrefutable evidence that the hasn't been enough time for stellar black holes to grow to that size AND confirms galaxies have much bigger supermassive black holes. As you put, Matt, where there's one, there's many. There isn't a single one of those mid level black holes.

[@jml_53]

Does the Eddington limit constrain the rate an early black hole could grow by consuming dark matter? I wouldn't think the radiation pressure would slow the inflow of dark matter.

[@garethdean6382]

No,however the inability of dark matter to radiate energy sets up its own, actually lower limit on how much it can contribute. Dark matter shouldn't form accretion disks in the same way normal matter does. The same process that prevents it collapsing into the cores of galaxies keeps it away from black holes of any size.

[@jonathanbyrdmusic]

There’s a solar-system size serving of cotton candy at the state fair this year

[@eduardtronciu9786]

Can you make an episode on how astronomers locate known objects? More so how do they calculate depth of field/magnification. I mean how they report were they found an object for other scientist to observe

[@hellfire66683]

Or you could Google for 2 seconds and answer your own questions

[@ajdeem90]

Thanks for all you do, PBS Space Time. 🥰

[@katscottj2980]

This kind of supports part of a theory I've had for years. Give it a thought: At the begin of the universe We had huge stars, even bigger than what caused this Quasar, that immediately collapsed. some became super massive black holes (we'll get to others? These were larger than what we've seen today. These early black holes are the same black holes at the center of all galaxies. Galaxies are just huge nurseries that are shrinking. They are the remnants of the first stars. Imagine how big they were! Next part: some of these black holes became Quasars like the one we found in this video. These broke up the Nurseries a bit which is why we see the filament formation everywhere today. Galaxies started this way and as the universe expands they have gotten smaller because stars use up resources and produce heavier elements and black holes shrink as there's less fuel. Now the wild part: (I'm starting to think this based on a recent video about anti matter that was posted. ) Some of those primordial black holes were too massive for even their own gravity and collapsed as well. These caused an "explosion"( if you can call it that) that over powered regular gravity in someway. The result of these"explosions " somehow became what we call anti-mater. since these collapsed black holes were happening right along side the other normal black holes, the antimatter and matter mixed. Which explains why it's everywhere. This would explain why anti mater is throughout the universe so evenly. It also explains why we have more anti matter than matter. These black holes were a majority of the matter before "exploding". Anti matter isnt opposite it beyond matter. Since matter can't be destroyed it changed. Im still working on the how of it all but I'm starting to see glimmers of this exact idea being the case just from what we're seeing with the new telescopes as a black hole big to collapse itself would be a good deal of everything honestly a majority. If these were it explains a lot more too.

[@Wdbx831]

Life is incredible to be able to "experience" this.

[@bureboburebo4188]

I don't understand how the Eddington limit would apply to dark matter, as I'd assume the outward radiative pressure that limits the feeding rate of a black hole would only apply to normal matter? Do we assume that dark matter cannot be a feed stock for black holes?

[@garethdean6382]

While dark matter won't be expelled by radiation, it cannot emit radiation itself and collapse. This means that it won't tend to form accretion disks and feed black holes, severely limiting how much dark matter a hole can consume. Even moreso than with regular matter.

[@soccerandtrack10]

14:08 whaaaaat?!!!!, does that mean theres more places in space with no matter for some reason?!!!!!!!!

[@1daft_]

is it possible that the disk of matter falling in can become dense enough for that to become a backhole? it seems reasonable, but then maybe that requires a non spinning disk of material or just more matter than is generally around.

[@stephenzhao5809]

5:00 ... 5:24 how do we make a supermassive black hole? 7:58 heavy seed model:

[@margaretneanover3385]

The beginning is when light was used yes. But not exactly the way its described imo. Some chose to look at a light and distance it's trajectory as a start point. For some reason the lean went on that way. We might say light is a energy part that has to be involved. At least in making forming or arguing. Look carefully at a bulb designer. Before light , there is a must have control mechanism. Did it just happen? There must be something set to contain or maintain the light. Aas that bangin? Was it ?

[@novakonstant]

Thanks to Matt and the team for another great episode! By the way, no background music on this one

[@redaxecat9206]

I've never heard a good explanation of direct collapse black holes until now

[@Gregoriobaq]

Pre-recombination formed SMBHs interacting with a huge energy density gravitational radiation background are needed in order to reproduce CMB observations w/o CDM particles. I was confident early massive galaxies would be observed since SMBHs seeded the early universe.

[@DrssaFerri]

an other Great video Dr.Matt, tks a lot! a video about GRB association with SuperNovae would also be amazing!