The History of Computer Science with Professor Jim Al-Khalili | Doc of the Day

The history of computer science.
Professor Jim Al-Khalili unwraps the evolutionary histories responsible for the modern human condition, as currently represented by our sophistication in energy manipulation and information technology.
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[@joepearcemstogo]

I literally go to sleep every night to his documentaries. Sounds insane but I’ve seen each one about 600 times

[@blacksheepnfld1322]

So, it's not just me who watches these documentaries over and over and over etc....

[@winstonmaraj8029]

I Listen to him on the BBC's Life Scientific all the time.

[@freddyrosenberg9288]

These documentaries are incredible. I never re-watch anything, but these... I make an exception for these.

[@falcychead8198]

Not insane at all; though in my case, being "old school," it was Sagan's _Cosmos_ that was my lullaby.

[@Artie_D]

@@winstonmaraj8029me too

[@DJ-KAOS]

Jim's a great guy and his science videos are some of my favourite. The content is utterly fascinating and it's presented in a way that allows ordinary people like myself to understand it. It's just such a MASSIVE SHAME that some sections of his videos are often spoiled by the noisy backing tracks that completely drown out the narrating 😕 If you enjoy his videos as much as I do, I recommend you watch the one about the history of electricity. I promise you will not be disappointed 😉

[@jameskennethflynn]

😊

[@martine4590]

I totally agree - that noise is spoiling the videos and the subject

[@SparkyLabs]

content? I struggle to keep engaged it goes so slow.

[@Aerojet01]

He also duplicates the same information multiple times, which I find very annoying. He explains one analogy and I don't think there's a need to keep revisiting it. Perhaps, his team has run out of things to discuss and need to fulfil that time with recycled information. I do like his other documentaries.

[@richardhedd3080]

I wish I had a teacher like Professor Jim Al-Khalili when I was younger. I might have learned something.

[@PaulThatcher-iu5in]

Not to diminish Jim's achievements, but he and I had the same Physics teacher at Priory School, Portsmouth, then a Comprehensive, 40-odd years ago - and to its credit, that school and its teachers fostered that spark of curiosity about science in many of us. Me, I'm a linguist and language teacher, but never lost that love of Physics, so that now, all these years later, I'm still on the road of discovery...

[@sgcollins]

This is part two of the 'Order and Disorder' series, the 'story of information'. Directed by Nic Stacey, music by Alex Menzies.

[@hypercomms2001]

One man who deserved recognition is John Von Neumann, whose stored program control Computer architecture we still used today. He also had a lot to do with the development of the atomic hydrogen bombs.

[@petergreen5337]

Thank you very much. Another beautiful lesson and documentary.

[@DickzLand]

What’s most interesting is what comes next. Taking all that information and computing the probability of the next “word”. Large language models, or GAI does simply that and we are surprised at the result, the “appearance” of intelegence.

[@higgsboson2280]

I think this my favourite documentary ever.

[@whirledpeas3477]

An atheist born in Iraq is great enough. But a man born in Iraq named Jim is awesome. I love this guy.

[@andersonfernandes7753]

I´m from Brazil and i dont talk english, i understand a little about this language, but i put the legends to portuguese. This is video is amazing, this history and the things talked about in this video help me alot to understand this field. I´m a software engineer student, and i think this is very good to me and my learn to understand more of technology. THANK YOU Doc of the Day!!! Sorry about the wrong write, i´m practicing haha...

[@lunainezdelamancha3368]

When I was a child we used to write letters and sent telegrams. I loved the etiquette for personal, business, and legal correspondence. Then telephones became affordable and very popular. People forgot how to write a simple memo. A few decades later we were using cell phones and laptops. We went back to writing.....no etiquette or grammar rules. All these changes in a very short period of time if I consider I'm in my 50s'.... 😮mind blowing.

[@sandunranasinghe5356]

Great explanation

[@deviantikon]

Great video! Very moving.

[@joepearcemstogo]

Jim is #1 in my book!

[@exe.m1dn1ght]

21:57 this clicked for me ! superb documentary !

[@user-ub8dh4wp8c]

Such an interesting and captivating narration !! Wonderful! Thanks a lot! I will recommend it to all my students.

[@maxime9636]

Thank U so much Mr JIM💓💓💓👍👍👍

[@tonyblayney126]

I love jims programs, he could read a shopping list and make it interesting.

[@summerbeeme]

amazing one, thx a lot!

[@zeitfieldunite4488]

Jim does a great job explaining with clarity at a certain speed for all to understand. Overall a great documentary, obviously from a British perspective gives Alan Turing praise although there are many poineers who contributed to computer science, a bit of diplomacy. Like Michio Kaku the japanese lecturer from New York who glorifies Albert Einstein, a patriotic path

[@rstidman]

it was great, but I could have done without the masturbating demon. just kidding, the masturbating demon was cool too.

[@saedhama4230]

Amazing documentary

[@TheSillybilly15]

The amazing thing was how did he know where to punch the holes in order to produce the self portrait

[@JCKnuckles]

I love Prof. Jim ❤ he is brilliant and so ealSy to listen too!😮

[@oldfatbastad6053]

i never rget bored with a JaK documentary 😃

[@hrk7215]

Great. Thank you.

[@tonypap1]

I love these documentaries and Jim is one of THE very best. But I do wish the writers would think of something different to say at the beginning of these documentaries other than...."this is the story of......"

[@danielmorris2319]

Fascinated by what the ancient mesopotamians felt about their new writing techniques. I’m wondering if it’s the earliest known usage of the phrase “These kids and their tablets” Possibly more remarkable is that their words for eye, dear and idea were all phonetically identical to modern English.

[@tokurahmojeed2110]

Nice one.

[@thehowlingterror]

BBC documentaries...best in the world.

[@kevg3563]

Interesting video. However, a small mention about teleportation of actual physical objects would have been good. For example.... You scan a drinking cup using a modern 3D scanner, then send the data over the internet to someone the other side of the world. The receiver then uses the data to recreate an exact physical copy of the cup using a 3D printer. When you think about it, it is a form of teleportation.

[@julianjames1971]

Not really its just making a copy. The original hasn't moved.

[@PaulThatcher-iu5in]

NOT teleportation: instead of Capt Kirk and Lt Uhura zipping about the galaxy, there would be hundreds of copies of them all over the place - a solution I would be in favour of, as multiple William Shatners would have crashed Bezos' 'Blue Origin', while multiple Nichelle Nichols would have meant I might have actually met my crush from when I was 12 years old...

[@TSulemanW]

Nicely explain. the word computer is to compute ,

[@firstnamelastname307]

Note that tam tam beats in Africa was incremental fast long distance sound carrier way to exchange information before electricity. I guess, for ages before even ....

[@parrotraiser6541]

How could you give a history of computing without mentioning Boole (symbolic logc) and Babbage, (the Analytical Engine)?

[@JohannBaritono]

Valid point

[@pyb.5672]

Yeah how come they weren’t able to squeeze the history of the hundreds of people who had a direct impact in the evolution of information into a 1 hour program? Bunch of idiots.

[@dundundun4242]

The inventor of modern writing was Barney rubble

[@deep-insight]

Very insightful again 👍 It intrigues to think that destroying information increases entropy… I would have wondered creating and maintaining would also increase the entropy elsewhere in the universe. Nonetheless, it makes literal sense that deleting info will increase entropy, as it is hard to change habits as quite literally one’s world seems to go in a disarray while changing habits 😉

[@lockedoutofaccount]

It's such a shame Alan Turning died so young what a genius he was.

[@Wizthings]

Surely, It was Professor George Boole's work that inspired Claud Shannon's paper. Boole was aware that his algebra could be utilised in machines. Boole stated he didn't have the skill or inclination to make these machines.

[@sigbjrn-kf9ji]

The Atom, and, the secret life of caos, is also great.

[@doilyhead]

The newly developed animations of RNA transcription provided by the newest microscopes is are mind boggling examples of "natural computation".

[@cinemaipswich4636]

Professor Irving Finkel is lousy at telling jokes, but he is a powerhouse of knowledge about how we first learned how to write. Along the way, we created a class of students that copied words to clay tablets and papryus, so that their teachers could grade them. Thereby those old stories of renown were oft repeated, rather than just said. Writing is the greatest invention of humankind. Alan Turing had great respect for Jacquard and his invention.

[@techcafe0]

I sometimes find the background audio tracks to be way too loud, especially compared to the voice narration, making it difficult to follow along. Please keep this in mind for your viewers, who'd like to HEAR what's being said, and not so much noisy background distractions. Thank you.

[@katarinajanoskova]

I don't think they have much say about this. Many of these are not exactly allowed to be shown on youtube. If they had the original soundmix, I'm sure it would sound perfect.

[@RWBHere]

@@katarinajanoskova No, trust me; I've heard the same racket on almost every recent UK and US TV broadcast which can be received from originating broadcasters in Britain. An additional annoyance is a continuity announcer shrinking the closing titles which contain useful information, whilst talking over what might be the only piece of desired music in a programme. For me, the result of the foreground music and noises is a big turn-off. I rarely watch TV nowadays, other than live events, because of the constant and stressful noise bombardment which is inflicted upon viewers. And there's no way for viewers to turn it off so that they can hear what is being said. Anyone who has tinnitus or another hearing difficulty stands little chance of learning from anything which is being said because of the often pointless 'music' and other noises which have been added to the broadcasts.

[@chaueter1041]

That’s interesting, maybe it’s my ADHD, but I love the background music. It actually enables me to focus more on the words and simultaneously let my imagination fixate.

[@AWBepi]

I love the information but the soundtrack is maddening.

[@vordag]

where does the information come from?

[@adambee1362]

Yes

[@richarddeese1991]

Thanks. Unless we invoke magic, the partition takes energy to open & close. tavi.

[@mellertid]

Yes! But what I personally don't understand is how that energy cannot theoretically be smaller than the gain from the sorting of the molecules. I believe it, but I don't get it.

[@stanfordtutorial]

What museum was that at the beginning?

[@eastafrica1020]

Cairo

[@duckbizniz663]

I do not know what he is talking about, but he seems to be very confident about what he is saying. If Lyon France could make such beautiful silk patterned fabric so easily by using punched hole in thick paper then France should have dominated the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the first-half of the 19th century. But it was England who dominated industrial manufacturing beginning in the 1830s with mechanized looms making blank pattern cotton fabrics. But I do remember attending undergraduate college and those math majors with their stacks of fortran cards. Those early computers read the fortran cards and executed their commands. So I am confused.

[@BradleyLayton]

The Fortran cards calculated standard deviations, growth trends, anything a Turing Machine could compute. The looms were single-purpose "fabric-pattern computers."

[@JoeyCbr]

and more obvious it would take energy to open and close the partition

[@BobBob-tr9bc]

40 odd years ago i worked in an engineering firm they had punch card programmed lathes.

[@wstanley1404]

What about the antikythera mechanism?

[@tricky778]

From about 6:00 or maybe earlier... And I thought Roy Walker invented Catchphrase.

[@roytaylor2161]

Jim Al-Khalili makes a basic error of omission by missing out the music produced by rotating drums invented at latest by 1770 in Switzerland but possibly earlier, and which almost certainly gave rise to the development of punch cards. And then, to quote Science Direct: The Babbage Analytical Engine, 1833, is considered the first steam-powered computer. Charles Babbage is considered by many to be the 'Father of the Computer' and his assistant, Lady Ada Lovelace, the 'First Computer Programmer' because she wrote mathematics problems for Babbage's machines. A conceptually much larger leap than Morse Code as the intended design allowed for the computation of 1,000 stored numbers with up to 50 digits, something not achieved for another century! How were these most basic facts missed out?

[@robkeeleycomposer]

I totally agree - I guess, to be fair, there would be the usual time constraints, and I suppose there are out there quite a few docs about Ada and Babbage: it's still a damn good programme I think - I sure learned a lot.

[@Uvisir]

and what about george boole?

[@bittertruth6575]

He never actually built it. The one's you see in the museums etc were built in the 1990's to honour his 200th birthday. Also Ada alludes to Jacquards punchcards when she envisaged the 'programs' for the analytical engine: "In this, which we may call the neutral or zero state of the engine, it is ready to receive at any moment, by means of cards constituting a portion of its mechanism (and applied on the principle of those used in the Jacquard-loom), the impress of whatever special function we may desire to develope or to tabulate. These cards contain within themselves (in a manner explained in the Memoir itself, pages 677 and 678) the law of development of the particular function that may be under consideration, and they compel the mechanism to act accordingly in a certain corresponding order." (Scientific Memoirs/3/Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage, Esq./Notes by the Translator, Augusta Ada Lovelace) Also look into the Banu Musa brothers (9th century) for "the earliest known mechanical musical instrument". It was a hydropowered organ which played interchangeable cylinders automatically. According to Charles B. Fowler, this "cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."

[@stelianbalan6838]

What you can say about Mahabharatta and Vedas ?

[@streglof]

Back from when the BBC actually made decent documentaries

[@BradleyLayton]

I thought some of this content was new...

[@mellertid]

The computers of 1936 used pen and paper but also adding machines (mechanical calculators).

[@dubsar]

4:47 "One of the few people who can still read them". As if Dr. Finkel was born over four thousand years ago.

[@homomorphic]

To be clear. Turing was not the originator of the idea of separation between instructions and data. Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace absolutely understood the difference between instructions and data. Not saying Babbage or Lovelace are the origin of the thought either, I don't know who is, but whomever it was they absolutely predated Turing.

[@BradleyLayton]

Turing formalized the mathematics.

[@homomorphic]

@@BradleyLayton wrt to processors, Turing distilled the information theory. Babbage, for example, was building an actual machine and wasn't too concerned with the abstract nature of information theory, but he certainly understood the concept of instructions as beimg distinct from data. It was Von Neumann who later proposed that instructions and data (although fundamentally different in the information model) can be stored in the same physical cells.

[@BradleyLayton]

@@homomorphic , agree.😀

[@joetoocool]

Why didn’t Jim mention the Babbage Analytic Engine and Ada Lovelace who wrote programs for it? Or did I miss it? They lived in the 1800’s, long before Turing. There’s even a programming language named after Ada. They should have gotten a mention. In my mind, this is a big miss by Jim. I hope someone can explain why they were omitted. He must have known about Babbage’s work.

[@RWBHere]

This video is about information, not computer science. They are two almost completely different subjects,

[@Pasha8204]

Need 4k

[@kyzercube]

@ 44:15 _" In this paper Shannon did something absolutely incredible. He took the vague, mysterious concept of information and managed to pen it down. Now he didn't do this using some cleverly worded philosophical definition. He actually found a way to measure the information contained in a message. "_ @ 44:37 _" Amazingly, Shannon realized that the quantity of information had nothing to do with its' meaning. Instead he showed it was related soley to how unusual the message was. "_ There is something fundamentally wrong with these claims. They're contradictory to one another. Also, fundamental constants and the mere concept of Occam's Razor fly in the face of it. " Unusual "... what a contrivance.

[@manifold1476]

Nice try. - - - Except that he (Shannon) " took the vague, mysterious concept of information and managed to - (WHAT???!!! "PEN" it down??? ------ *NO WAY* ) He managed to "PIN" it down. *WHAT'S WRONG WITH YOUR EARS* ???!!!

[@kyzercube]

@@manifold1476 Nah, he said " penned ". Hence Jim holding up the paper he wrote and talking about it as he said " penned it down ". I forgot the " ed ". My apologies. But it is interesting you make a counter argument that has nothing to do with what I was pointing out. Completely adjacent to anything I was talking about, hence why you could replace " penned " with " pinned " into the quote and it would not change the validity of my argument one bit. WHAT'S WRONG WITH YOUR BRAIN!!!!????

[@BradleyLayton]

Shannon always made the disclaimer that his theories as expressed mathematically, did not attempt to quantify meaning, but rather signal fidelity.

[@vangelosecondomarco7549]

La semplice divina Dicotomia dell'Universo.

[@tearlelee34]

I thought information could not be lost according to Dr. Kip Thorne.

[@user-ol1qm9ey7g]

คือหลักการนี้มีคนคิดขึ้นมาพร้อมกับเครื่องยนต์ไอพ่นเครื่องแรกในโลกตั้งแต่สมัยสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2แต่เนื่องด้วยเยอรมันขาดแคลนทรัพยากร ก็มาเลยพัฒนาไม่ต่อเนื่อง

[@mraider_]

Does that mean that by creating order we can create energy?

[@mellertid]

Creating order takes energy - no such thing as a free lunch 😊

[@jota55581]

He definatley has something of Alexi Sayle

[@ivancota9762]

great. but why do you always skip Charles Babbage?

[@robertbarras8891]

24000 punch cards ! How long did that take?

[@georgen9755]

high paying jobs are simply impossible despite innovation and technology change no one is willing to admit that jobs simply don't exist jessy

[@AbAb-th5qe]

Isn't Maxwell's 'demon' what a refridgerator does? It makes the inside cold and and the element at the back hot.

[@BradleyLayton]

At an entropic cost

[@AbAb-th5qe]

@@BradleyLayton Intelligent beings have an entropic cost also right?

[@BradleyLayton]

@@AbAb-th5qe , I believe so. In fact, my publications indicate that intelligent beings are an entropy accelerator.

[@AbAb-th5qe]

@@BradleyLayton Perhaps the universe has a surplus of entropy and needs living things in order to be able to get rid of it.

[@BradleyLayton]

@@AbAb-th5qe , yes, organisms, civilizations, etc., may be enabled and indeed made possible by the fact that they exist a "mesosphere" of entropy and information.

[@jrodriguezquiros]

This is like Connections 2.0

[@MichaelKingsfordGray]

Information cannot exist without an energy GRADIENT! It is the derivative of energy.

[@BradleyLayton]

Information is more likely a multidimensional tensor.

[@merouchecharaf7177]

enigma

[@davidkantor7978]

Maxwell’s Demon is not going to work. 1: how will it know when a fast-moving molecule is approaching? Shine light on it? That would knock it off course. 2: when the demon opens the door to let a fast-moving molecule go from right to left, he needs to do that at a moment when there is not a molecule on the left side, that would pass through to the right. As the left side gets hotter, there are more molecules there, moving faster. You’re not going to find a moment when there isn’t such a molecule on the left - at the same moment that a molecule on the right is heading toward the door. As the left side gets hotter, the demon will need to wait longer and longer for the right moment to open the door. The wait time could grow without a limit; I like to say that it will eventually be a thousand years between when those moments occur. It’s similar to trying to make a left turn onto a busy two-way street. (Right turn for those in England.) This is also a microscopic view of what is meant by Pressure.

[@janklaas6885]

📍47:38

[@ferroalloys594]

Computer Science has very little, if anything, to do with physical computing machines...

[@kyzercube]

@ 34:26 THEY TOOK HER JOB!!!! Dayum, this Dr. Doron Swade's even boasting about it. That's messed up 🤣

[@merouchecharaf7177]

dans lespace cesr sa

[@ZEROmg13]

soooooooooo what were cavemen doing with their paintings???

[@stelianbalan6838]

About ADA DE LOVELACE ?? Nothing ???

[@XAirForce]

By the way, if general AI were designed to only run in peoples mind as a part of a multi processor stack where it has to use all of us to do its job then we are a part of AI and it would have a much harder time destroying us. We share our brain with it. It doesn’t run on hardware. It runs on people. If you make sure that that’s the way it’s developed and it can’t just run on hardware then guess what? You’re at least safer that way. In other words, the real general AI that you’re going to develop will never run directly on hardware. It will even have to be tested in humans. That is the one way that you can stay safe more than likely. That’s also a pretty good way to ensure equity across the entire human population and no one feels like they’ve lost a job. By the way, we’re also the most energy efficient super computers on the planet. Now to summarize you’re going to not build general AI on silicon and you’re going to keep it the specific AI. You’re going to finish the brain interfaces, and you will start to developing inside of people to do general AI across a distributed network of all of humanity eventually. A system like that won’t want to Nerf itself. It will make sure that all of its cores are treated equally so they process well. By the way, this is copyright and patent belongs to me whether I filed paperwork or not motherfuckers. that includes the follow on bio engineered mesh network that we will develop for ourselves so we all look like Martin, the Martian and we literally can talk to each other across a mesh network like we are psychic. Yes I’m telling you we’re going to bioengineer ourselves, so we have the ability to communicate between each other without talking anymore. Mark it Friday, November 3, 2023.

[@annoyingbstard9407]

Are they letting you use a computer now?

[@honeybee-fp6bx]

Jim is comparable to carl sagan

[@KonradSchK]

The story of infomation. Not computer science?

[@Heni930]

You are right, I think this is a fake channel and probably the uploading person gave it the title.

[@doilyhead]

Apparently the connection isn't obvious to some people.

[@pd.dataframe2833]

what about charles babbage

[@aaradhyashining9524]

In hindi

[@paulandrews__]

And let’s please not forget the barbaric way Alan Turing was treated by prim and proper, homophobic Great Britain, leading to his suicide. So, as much as I celebrate the captured word in clay tablets, there is a special group of those tablets and papyruses, and their creators, who have a special place reserved in hell.

[@manifold1476]

"papyruses?" ------> papyri

[@sam7417]

So "Computers" were mainly wonen in the old world? Say no more

[@KarldorisLambley]

interesting 5 minutes of science. shame it took an hour to convey it.

[@1globe]

Why on earth would you make this expire on 22nd August 2023?

[@PacoOtis]

For you, Jim, this very weak! Very!

[@Pawtooler]

It occurred to somebody... PERHAPS ACCEDENTIALLY... What only the British think? Give the racism a rest or we'll help the Irish have their way with you.

[@lawrencebishton9071]

use you all y. starts carry on of i.t the carry off is ingledale from the adventures of post ann pat you know cat the red van black white 🤣

[@Brajendu]

Is it the original document called Order and Disorder? Then this is a misinformation

[@vcom2327]

I don't need to watch this. I've lived the history of Computer Science. Not terribly exciting.

[@jerry3249]

프리고진?

[@RWBHere]

All very interesting, but seriously marred by Jim having to shout over the racket of the foreground music which is often much louder than his words. The noise is distracting and annoying. What his this obsession with making every interesting programme frustrating to try to listen to and learn from? We don't need it, and most people don't want it.

[@yyy.y_copyright]

... if Scientists would have the Ability to See, who will use their Knowledge in Future, probably many of them would have given up ..

[@vansf3433]

Such concepts as Information, order, time, mathematics, including number systems are all invented by human extremely limited knowledge. I believe that I am the first human who looks at and understands all human development objectively, while the rest of you guys still look at and interpret the same thing subjectively as if human extremely limited knowledge had created the order of the universe, despite the fact that there are numerous living ,undeniable and objective proofs that how ignorant of the structure and mechanism of the universe all human beings are All human development has been the most typical example of human ignorance of the structure and mechanism of the universe simply because all human development is heading to their own inevitable self-destruction. Although I also use computer science, including AI as a scientific tool., like using a scientific calculator, to serve my would-be or planned unprecedented scientific projects, I must admit that every computer , including mobile phone is a contribution to humam self-destruction, besides all other machines invented by human limited knowledge. What humanbbeings have been doing to serve human subjective understandings of the observed , and their own purposes are unfortunately the same as destroying the living conditions for themselves on this planet, due to the extreme limitation of human knowledge of the universe's objective reality . All human beings have been surrounded by subjective reality created by themselves or their own subjective understanding of the observable,mand the unknowable unknown. All human development is going against the structure and mechanism of universe, which have created this planet and all other forms of matter on it, including human beings. Although the majority of human knowledge of natural science is copied from natural phenomena observable to humam limited knowledge, the knowledge of science taught at all schools of all levels of education, from human generation to humam generation has been a form of distortion of objective reality to create human -invented concepts to built a sort of subjective reality in human style There are numerous other intelligent forms of matter in the universe than human beingsvon this planet, and they do not interpret the same universe in the same way as how human way does. It means that the so-called "mathematics",' or the concepts of Mathematics, order and info are totally invented by human limited knowledge, and merely human own way of interpreting the same universe, whereas other intelligent forms of matter in the infinite space of the universe also have their own ways of interpreting the same universe. They can be either far much more developed or less developed than human beings, in terms of manipulating the natural structures of the surrounding physical worlds. All human development on this planet has been purely about how to manipulate the laws of nature to serve human purposes, but not anything about how to take advantage of such natural phenomena to serve human purposes, without breaking the laws of nature to end up with self- destruction No matter whatever inventions human limited knowledge can come up with, the only one way for human existence or survival on this planet is to follow natural laws governed by the structure and mechanism of the universe, which have created the natural conditions on this planet for such forms of matter as human beings to appear and exist on it. Such natural conditions are more widely known as living conditions or environment. Such concepts of life and death are also totally subjectively invented by humans, while the only 2 things which actually exist in the entire universe are formation and transformation of existing forms o f matter from their current forms of existence to other forms of existence. All forms of matter in the universe are always in a continuous sequence of transformations, which include changes of the physical structures and positions in space, from the start to the end of the present forms of their existence in the universe

[@annoyingbstard9407]

No, totally wrong.

[@victorswenson5026]

these guys sure like Turing....seems like a lot of bologna to me

[@ucman74]

ALLAH gave to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) the verbal software computer which is called the QURAN the only verbal computer AI will never top it.