Don't buy a SUBWOOFER until you understand... Subwoofer Parts Explained!

[@CarAudioFabrication]

Good news guys! I just uploaded a NEW video showing how to build a “stack” style subwoofer enclosure. This “stack” technique allows you to create some very advanced subwoofer boxes. Check out the build here! kzbin.info/www/bejne/hZ2QeWN7d6qCa8U

[@mattparks11]

CarAudioFabrication you ruined a perfectly good p3 :(

[@dwightdonaldson7613]

Which voice coil is better...copper or aluminum

[@sssmithVR]

This is a great introduction video Mark. Can you do a VERY in depth video on what makes the best subwoofer? As in what type of material is the best for the surround? Megaroll? Ribbed like DD subs? What type of metal for the voice coil copper? Aluminum? Flat wound aluminum? 4 layer flat wound aluminum? Size of voice coil? 3",4" 10"?! How about spider material? Nomex? Conex? Kevlar? 4 layer? 8 layer? 26 layer?! Linear or progressive spider? Double spider like that Fosgate your showing? Triple spiders with 1 linear in between 2 progressives? Where does it end? Single magnet? Double, triple, quadruple?! So many questions. That would be a great video and get LOTS of views for sure. Thanks again Mark!

[@vincentcisneros9737]

Did a research paper about this in early 90's for my English class. Tech hasn't changed much. Innovation in the design has. Still believe less is more though. Long live old school!!!!

[@mark.4047]

vincent cisneros : most car woofers are a waste of time. 4 8" pro woofers slaughter these low sensativity power hogs.

[@ACommenterOnYouTube]

as they say, it not the size of the sub, its how you use it. I have a free-air 8 inch in my genesis coupe and people can't believe its a free air sub.. Bottom line is .. if the sub can handle 500W rms... give it at least that much or a bit more... Don't starve it !!

[@lm6036]

@@ACommenterOnKZbin Bullshit. Free air a sub will reach Xmax long before it reaches rated RMS limits. A 1000 Watt RMS sub will already hit peak excursion at less then 100 watts.

[@innovateandinvest]

you old

[@bdsbckjdskl]

Wise man ,You're a great observer 👍

[@equalinfinite]

I am about to install these exact subs this weekend Rockford Fosgate P3D2 12" x2

[@Anonymous-cu8eu]

Excellent video, it's awesome you showed the unique design features of that sub so that people can understand how a company can engineer different aspects of the woofer for better performance. Much more to subs (and speakers) than a big magnet and how many watts of power it can handle.

[@CarAudioFabrication]

Thanks for checking out the video! Want to see the layered subwoofer box I am making for the Jeep Project? Be sure to watch here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/j56lmnqwjaieh7s

[@jasonlopez4855]

I got my Fosgate stereo and speakers in 1999 the HX3 subwoofers I'm still using it every day. Best I'v ever used 👍🏽 1100@1 and 800@2 amps I even got the old series 1 speakers and amplifiers too.

[@Querencias7]

Great loudspeaker lesson! Excellent job explaining the various speaker parts. Indeed, Rockford Fosgate makes top notch products ... great to go on par with your tutorial videos. Many thanks Mark.

[@knucklehead69deland]

i have 2 of the p3d4s. great subs. ive had them for 3 1/2 years and have been pushing them hard everyday and have not had a single problem. sound great and can take a good amout of power

[@brian69frmovale76]

knucklehead69deland really really ?

[@OriginalHooker]

I happen to have two Rockford Fosgate P3 12s so it's interesting to see exactly how they look/function. Nice video.

[@mrchubbyfella9421]

Jordan what kinda amp and do you like them?

[@OriginalHooker]

Right now I'm using the Rockford Fosgate Prime 1200-1. Works very well for these subs but eventually I'd like to have a T1500-1 bdcp. Their punch 1000-1 would be a good match as well.

[@sHoRtBuSseR]

Jordan the constant power amps aren't worth the money. just get the standard t1500

[@texmextu2]

I am Coast2coastLoud pioneer gm-d9601 works good too for half the price.. shop smart

[@youdoofus]

I have these exact P3 12"s also and am quite fond of them. There are of course FAR superior subs out there, but these have been serving me well over the last 3 years. Pushing them with a SoundQubed SQ2200.1 (the model without the words "sound" and "qubed" flanking the logo, and it hits HARD! The amp is only seeing 2 OHMs because i didnt know that a: its actually easier on the electrical system for certain amps at 1 ohm than 2 and b: didnt want to "push the amp too hard" at 1 ohm, which turns out to not be the case with certain amps either. Great subs for the price, but id definitely get sundowns in the event that i was shopping for subs again.

[@zappedcustomdesigns788]

Mark you are amazing man! You remind me of my days fabricating aircraft parts from alum and working fiberglass components in all shapes and sizes up to and including removing wings from jets, deskinning them, complete teardown and rebuild of new parts. Those tools you have, man, they melt my heart man they create art!! You have a set of subs you put in the back of truck that made the sub box look like fox eyes or something, it was bad ass. I want those templates but didnt see them on your store? Keep up the superb work you are second to none

[@VinnieVega76]

Nice video, many people don't understand speakers and how they work. One thing you forgot to mention is how the voice coil diameter affects the power capabilities of said woofer, as in a smaller voice coil will bottom out regardless of said power rating, RMS I'm talking about vs peak. A larger voice coil can take the same number of wraps as a smaller one, combined with a great suspension, spider, you can put way more power to it RMS or peak without the woofer bottoming out. Also a larger voice coil will cool off faster due to the diameter of the coil. I have a digital designs woofer with a 2.5 or 3 inch coil, and from my experience with pro audio where we used 4 inch VCs for a 15" sub vs a 2" coil for an example, Kenwood 12" 500 watt sub, I'll take my 2.5" coil 10" DD all day long, it has a fantastic spider, is made in the USA by top tier manufacturer's but looks like that fosgate has a 2 1/2 or 3" coil. Just saying that is a very important thing to know about your subs before you buy them. All in all, nice to show people who don't understand woofer basics instead of just saying I got these 500 watt subs that are awesome, but how much do you know about the sub before you buy it. Go made in USA always for a quality product like fosgate

[@michaelbarnett2077]

I just found your channel!! I was doing car audio when I was 17/18 y.o, I was going to do it for a career but chose cabinet making instead! Your channel makes me want to get back into the car audio! keep up the great videos!!

[@JohnClover-k2f]

I had almost every brand system in the last 3yrs and as soon as I put the Rockford Fosgate back in my truck I'm done for real it's the best you can buy . BDCP with T 1 subs will destroy all thanks Rockford Fosgate

[@matthewjones9597]

I've learned so much from you're page and am excited to keep going and eventually do my build. Thanks man

[@musicrockstar3816]

Your*

[@musicrockstar3816]

Im*

[@KHFilms]

@@musicrockstar3816 I'm*

[@chandlerlaruex]

I love rockford fosgate, live and die by them, but this video 100% feels like one long ad on why rockford is better then everybody else, and i dont feel like they are but they certainly entertain the beginner enthusiast well

[@ronmerkus5941]

I have a 10 inch P3 DVC from Rockford Fosgate, and I'll tell you all that one 10 inch sub can really deliver some heavy bass

[@BassblasterBassblaster]

Hey Ron Markus instead of you buying subwoofers but a dictionary

[@BassblasterBassblaster]

*buy

[@lloydhudson6463]

I'm considering buying this sub. What amp do you have pushing it and did you get a custom box for it or prefab?

[@medikate8277]

Rockford Fosgate is the best

[@zemansk7888]

I learned parts of a subwoofer and how things work but, You really don't have to understand how it works before you buy one. Seems the title was to get people's attention.

[@mesanders1113]

I don't consider it a click bait title. Most people watching this are not just your basic people. They are more serious in this hobby. So when you are putting together a well balanced high performance sound system this video helps you to completely understand what you are looking at when comparing subwoofers

[@felixleidersdorffnord7819]

why am i watching this, i dont even have a car...

[@neuclearb0mb]

because a car is the ONLY thing that has a subwoofer LOL

[@aliijunas]

Me 2 I even dont have driving license 😂😂😂😂

[@deletingthisaccount6385]

I dont have a car, but im a noob on car subs so i gotta learn

[@Dirtxbc]

i own a vehicle jusy get the darn licence boys

[@hierach5317]

You need a subwoofer to get a car, so you can get a licence

[@ryanmoore9877]

love my fosgate prime amps....havent used the newer woofers or miss and highs....but they have made good stuff for decades....nice video.

[@loveaudio1236]

Sick vid. Great job explaining all the components, this is great info so someone can understand what the companies are talking about when they list features.

[@mattw3406]

If any P3 owners come here and have a rattling sound inside your box, it's most likely the joint where the upper spider meets the cone. The resin cracks and becomes loose, introducing a very annoying vibration. It sounds like your trunk lid is vibrating when it's actually coming from the speaker itself. All you need to do is pick up some resin (Loctite 5 min epoxy works well) and run a bead around the top of the spider and the cone to glue them back together. Cheers

[@ACommenterOnYouTube]

I still have 2 pioneer TS-W1241C's from 13 yrs ago and they are still kicking.. !!!

[@Scorpio-tn4vy]

I would think the reason others make a uniquely different design is for patent/copyright reasons and not to look like a copy. Thanks for the informative video, perfect timing because I'm about to disassemble a couple pairs I have and see what they need. They'll probably need a trash can.

[@NvTwist]

The surround also had the job of sealing & keeping the air pressure/vacuum separate from air outside the box yet still flexible enough to provide Xmax

[@tonyv33ee]

NvTwist are you speaking on this particular sub being talked about

[@baljeetsangrur]

How this cut out woofer will sound??? We want to listen

[@Sewak_ghel]

mait oliver hellat lun te vajj

[@mare6638]

incomplete circuit won't even run.

[@hubaswift7640]

It looks like the tinsel leads and the voice coil are still intact, so it should most likely still work.

[@ThesexyMrX]

I was wondering the same thing!

[@JerseyPiney]

It'll still work

[@MrSpanky473]

Just think..back in 1989 Rockford subs sucked. The voice pole wasn't long enough. They would reach the top, slide over, and lock up. The amps have always been top notch.

[@mrfreeman1763]

Yeah, I love their amps, but once you move past entry level on subs there is a lot to be desired. $500 for a T1 that can't handle the power from a T1500.1 or at least the ratings would suggest it, and based on my toasted P2, I find it best to slightly under power their subs, not about to blow $500 to find out.

[@033Fritz]

I’ll take a RF PRO -Series sun ANY DAY!!!

[@033Fritz]

Mr Freeman at last buy the punch or step up to powers from 93.5-2004! And now the current T-2’s or a T-3.

[@mrfreeman1763]

​@@033Fritz I have a single Skar ZVX 15. It can handle the RF T1500.1bdcp no problem. Only $350 for 3,000w max. RF T1 15 costs $700 and maxes at 2,000w. Their sub pricing to performance is a joke compared to other companies.

[@033Fritz]

Mr Freeman imo I think the companies that build the majority of the new subs are wanting us to buy 2k watt amps and try to sell based on the wattage ratings, magnet size and excursion. I’ll stick with the 600wrms rating of my RF PWR’s 93db sensitivity, no im not referring to the new woofers. The Skar ZVX15 has a sensitivity of 86.3, & that’s a 15” sub. Why would you want two alts, and god knows how many batteries to run your subs. That’s just my opinion though, & I hope you enjoy your set up. I’ll stick with a power 650 & some pro series, Pwr or RFR 10’s or 12’s.

[@tommyhall2280]

I got two Rockford fosgate 10” subwoofer they have done me well and I will be getting two shallow mount Rockford fosgate 12” subwoofer

[@sidneywalker4896]

Very great information. I dont usually subscribe to people but you definitely got my first subscription! Love your shirt too! Currently im running all fosgate. Punch full range and components, a single t1 10 with t600-2 amp. Thanks for this video man!

[@jkitto2008]

Heads up to Rockford Fosgate

[@jaydawg116]

I sell Rockford fosgate at my store and personally have a p3 in my truck. Thanks for giving me more insight. :)

[@jonclemons8463]

Your videos help me alot. Thanks for making them

[@joseduranjr3152]

Why does a speaker have 2 magnets? Do they require more power to operate?

[@DrWhosmate]

Rockford Fosgate have moved to HTTPS so you need to update your link CAF. Usually I wouldn't bother commenting but Rockford Fosgate are worth it, even if I am a little biased, my first ever sub was a twin 10" punch rear facing box setup with a Phoenix Gold amp, man I loved that during the beginning of the D'n'B scene in my shitty beater car. It actually didn't hurt too much rattle wise after a bit of rubber on the manual window winder armatures :)

[@alanhilder1883]

Two videos in a row, different people, Rockford Fosgate shirts on both.

[@sssmithVR]

This is a great introduction video Mark. Can you do a VERY in depth video on what makes the best subwoofer? As in what type of material is the best for the surround? Megaroll? Ribbed like DD subs? What type of metal for the voice coil copper? Aluminum? Flat wound aluminum? 4 layer flat wound aluminum? Size of voice coil? 3",4" 10"?! How about spider material? Nomex? Conex? Kevlar? 4 layer? 8 layer? 26 layer?! Linear or progressive spider? Double spider like that Fosgate your showing? Triple spiders with 1 linear in between 2 progressives? Where does it end? Single magnet? Double, triple, quadruple?! So many questions. That would be a great video and get LOTS of views for sure. Thanks again Mark!

[@Beoyur]

hello, can you make a video of this woofer while running ?

[@ghostwarhammer007]

yurian huizing llook for a cartoon explanation with moving diagram

[@Matthigast]

*lifts subwoofer on shoulder* *starts running*

[@imchase7796]

@@Matthigast I thought of the same thing 🤣

[@nvlvdave]

Excellent video. I think it would have been much more useful, however, if you compared different component materials that are available and gave pros and cons of each - aluminum vs copper voice coil for instance. You could also show attributes of better quality subs and explain the benefits - extended back plate, for instance. You could take it even further and explain some basic Theile Small parameters - free air resonance, efficiency, etc. THIS would give a buyer the knowledge they need to be able to compare different subs and make an informed decision. Just sayin... I love your vids and your installs

[@CarAudioFabrication]

+DS Splicer thanks! It would have been difficult to explain all the design variables available while also explaining components and not end up with an hour long video. We could talk about design variables all day. Maybe a future video and now I can refer people to this video to make sure they have the basics.

[@brian69frmovale76]

CarAudioFabrication are you that guy on Craigslist in NorthHighlands

[@jeffreyokun2355]

I agree with the comment, but also appreciate the point of view of the video owner. It's mainly the claim that after seeing this video a person is well informed to get the best sub for their application that kind of sounded a bit misleading to me. There's so much that has direct impact on the sub performance that this wasn't such helpful in choosing a right type of sub. It was kind of like showing a V8 engine but not explain how the internals and enclosure itself translate to the power output. You can go and show a piston and say that's what generates torque but without additional information, just about any engine seems to do the job. But like I said, I do understand the video owner wanting to keep it not too technical for people who don't have any understanding.

[@sygerrryc]

Wow, I actually feel speaker educated, thanks!

[@TheTardis157]

I am installing an older A/D/S RS8 sub in my car because it only needs 0.6 CF of air inside of the box to get the tuning I want. Plus it has sensitivity most component sets wish they had. Long live musical subs.

[@kylem829]

Great video!!! Can't wait for the next video about t/s parameters!

[@CarAudioFabrication]

Good news! its already uploaded, check it out here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/jHWrmXapg9SGpsU

[@cdyoung976]

Another great informational video Mark thanks. I did just support Fosgate again by buying 2 p1s4-10's. Can't wait to integrate and enjoy them! Maybe I spaced out and missed it while you were talking about the spiders but I thought I'd seen a Fosgate video explaining that their reason for having two on their larger more powerful subs was to also help control excursion etc, in addition to the attributes/functions you described. Thanks again and yes, I for one make to the end of all of your great videos.

[@antwonsmith70]

First time to the channel. Awesome video. Like and subbed! ☺️

[@CarAudioFabrication]

Glad to have you here

[@nousername4402]

9:09 exactly what I was wondering how the speaker works with the electricity to produce sound, well explained. Thank you!

[@ruikazane5123]

subwoofers is life :)

[@richardr5888]

I know this is a dumb question, but why put a boot on the magnet? You won't see it when it's mounted. It takes away precious volume in the enclosure, traps heat, and could possibly loosen up and cause unwanted vibrations in a ported box (the fit on mine was very loose) . I just don't see the benefit, unless they're trying to make you think the magnet is bigger than it really is?

[@033Fritz]

Richard R asking as the subs are in divided cabs like.older subs should be.then it doesn’t.

[@mesanders1113]

The rubber boot may lower the resonance of the sub basket so could make it sound bettet

[@brycedale1712]

keeps the magnet from damage

[@033Fritz]

Also prevents the electromagnetic fields from interfering with each other.

[@TempoDrift1480]

That's all it's there for is to make it appear bigger than it really is. Don't let these clowns tell you otherwise

[@Warg666]

I had a pair of Crunch FatBoy 12in subs back early 2k's an the tinsel leads started to fray apart!~

[@MrTimdtoolman1]

Great video Mark!

[@antwain7942]

So, Memphis or cerwin Vega? 😄

[@carcomp101]

@3:40 - Why don't more people just use T-Nuts and machine screws to hold their subwoofers in place? The clamping force is phenomenal. Using T-Nuts also prevents damage to the wood from multiple tightenings, and there is much less chance damaging a subwoofer due to a screwdriver slipping... You can just run them down with your fingers and snug them up. Also, Another tip.. for positive and negative connection, just run a 1/4" bolt for + and another for - through the side of the box and torque it down. No leaks, and the connection is VERY good.

[@flexflex5901]

great but can you do the same demonstration with jl 12w6

[@OpTiclightning]

does this video apply to home audio subwoofers aswell?

[@DrBroncanuus]

brilliant video, thank you so much.....can you explain what would happen if I swapped my car sub driver 4 ohm into my REL home sub 8 ohm ?

[@kylenix5933]

Very well done!! Thanks for the info!!

[@JoshuaDemersProductions]

Defined based on how the top plate lines up with the voice coil (9:25) is a little confusing. The size of the wire, are you refering to the gauge (thickness) or amount (length)? An overhung design, the top plate is a smaller than the length of the voice coil itself?

[@dnrink44]

Sorry I'm late... I got stuck in internet traffic... Kudos bro... Great Video!!!

[@killabee623]

plus the stencil lead can break if not attached to the spider.

[@cjcarlos]

amazing, informative content.

[@CarAudioFabrication]

Glad it was helpful!

[@godzilla7391]

I heard it makes them sound better when you cut them up like that. Bout to do my SA-12s like that and let you guys know how it sounds. BRB

[@Isaacthompson]

Great video thanks!

[@gsxroyce256]

Question? Could you not make a very deep/ looong coil sub out of thick flat wound copper. With a looong form. And put a real bulky surround, and a big spider, and get a sub to travel like 8” up and down this making killer bass from a single sub?

[@coltonsanford9759]

What are your thoughts on shallow mount subwoofers? Preferred brand for shallow mounts?

[@darylatkins5317]

Well done. Thanks so much

[@jeremywhittler8591]

Good demonstration. Suscribed.

[@CarAudioFabrication]

+jeremy whittler glad to have you, thanks for watching!

[@ACommenterOnYouTube]

Back in the day... 90's... the size of the magnet determined how good the sub was... The larger the magnet, the better it was.. Not anymore...

[@awojunior]

Very informative, you are the best.

[@oc690dog]

3 p1 10s in my Honda that are about 3 years old and they still. Sound good

[@m4joker646]

Woahh.very good explanation man ..ive learned a lot.all your videos are very helpfull for me thx a lot

[@josh4u2nv2]

Video was awesome and now have a better understanding, but my question remains unanswered, my sub works when pushed in n barely. I tried multimeter test n shows nothing, guessing its blown, or can it be tweaked to work...its a Sony explode 12in 1000w sub inclosed

[@kern1110]

Rockford fosgate for the win! 😁 I wanna get one of their 10inch shallow subs. Do they work the same as the one you explained in this video?

[@dtorb6657]

Learned a lot in this video, thanks for making it, that was cool of them to help you out.

[@vermili0138]

Well, When I got my HDC3 I wanted a low bass monster. Now, it is an SPL monster but due to its stiff suspension it gets so low, like well below the tuning, like a box tuned at 28Hz and dropping to 20Hz and going up to 40HZ while still being loud. Real shame it's a nasty subwoofer and distortion is audible when it plays. Awesome video Mark!

[@HitemWithTheFlex]

Enclosure is a major part. Sounds like your distortion is amp setting or box related (I have ran HDC3's and 4's in the past).

[@vermili0138]

Travis (HitemWithTheFlex) Don't HDC's have higher distortion values, HDC4's being the highest? The box is a flat response box, amps is a Zapco 2000w RMS.

[@popwarhomie]

Tuning is way too low for an HDC3. They are not low end subwoofers.. Ive had 5 HDC3s in the past. Always tuned to 35hz with them.

[@DarrinLintz710]

my hdc3s are tuned to 33

[@brian69frmovale76]

I have 18" ZV4 AND I AM TUNED TO 31HZ

[@martinmi5]

Fosgate is my favorite brand by far, but a little too pricey lately lol.

[@jorgejimenez7139]

What do you suggest I see use on my Honda Pilot 2004

[@GhostHxr]

So if the cone has a break in it, can you glue it back together and it still be fine or is it trash?

[@The52brandon]

Rockford makes killer amps. I had a T1500-1bd paired with a 15" MTX 9500 sub. It was violent. Turned up over 50% COMPLETELY drowned out my JL powered Kappa Perfects. Literally not a sound from thdm

[@Big_Chilll]

I’m thinking about getting a focal E30 ex 12in subwoofer. What your take on it? Thank you

[@04mach1speed]

Very cool video

[@MyIronman8]

Good video .

[@davidm7824]

CAN YOU MAKE A VIDEO FOR HOME STEREO SYSTEM?

[@Frankenstainer]

thx bro,is better 2x2 Ohm,or 1x4 Ohm?

[@cake3291]

I was wondering if these necessarily *have* to be in a box?

[@thekeefcheef]

Do you have any videos that elaborate on the individual parts of the "motor" function of a subwoofer? I.e. How, exactly, does changing the size of the voice coil effect the power handling and in turn effect sound output, or how the plates can effect the sound output?

[@stevenp3176]

Nice to see on the sub I’m buying. Thanks

[@WickedMoto]

Thank you very much for this video! It's lead me to realize that there's a lot more to it that meets the eye. I don't know if maybe you could make a video talking about the different types of spider materials and cone materials and what type of tonalities they help to give the woofer other than the box that the sub is housed in. This paired with information regarding the wire size of the voice coil, I believe can help us to a better decision making process. This could also help us to identify the truly cheap subs that we would not be happy going with on a budget and lead us to the budget friendly subs that are designed for better performance and function. Thanks again for the video! The information is super helpful!

[@irynajohnson7083]

Can you explain xmax, q etc. next time?

[@cos-mecos-me3205]

that's an amazing sub

[@kurupsuresh8463]

Hi, Can you suggest a DVC subwoofer which can be used for home theatre application, please reply

[@dethraid]

The rubber boot around the magnet also protects the magnet not just cosmetic...

[@Luis_GonzaIez]

Was hoping to learn about ohms and what specs to look for when buying a woofer

[@erich3892]

Earned my subscription.

[@Ronnymikkonen2686]

You can reuse those scruve holes, Even If they are destroyed. Use glue and sawdust. Scruve the scruve in to the hole filled with glue and sawdust. And let it dry. The glue will not glue to the scruve, it will be really tight when loosening. And then you got a really strong thread in the wood. I use to do it in advance, i scruve the holes , then I remove them ,fill the holes with glue and put them back.

[@Chromedome-ss6mg]

I can't decide on what tenant subwoofers I should get. I'm either going to get the JL 10W3 or the Rockford fosgate P3. The p3s are $160 cheaper per sub. Anybody have any recommendation?

[@wertigus]

what about compact underseat subs? how do you determine those are any good?

[@HowardAbraham]

I learned a lot. Thanks!

[@antonioarreola5266]

I have a 2014 Infiniti q60 and I want to add more voice and bass. It comes with a bose speakers. What kind of equipment should I get to improve the sound quality.

[@572012myo]

Afternoon Mark, what's your take on underhung voice coils?

[@heavychevy383]

great video man, thanx

[@0SimpleSam]

Do you recommend threaded inserts for subs? If not what's top secure methods to mounting?

[@0SimpleSam]

Thanks! will look into it 👍

[@SubwooferKing100]

How can I be good as you one day??? Lol good video as always man. Hope to meet you one day

[@CarAudioFabrication]

+Subwoofer King motto to live by: learn something new every day. Once you convince yourself you know it all you are obsolete. Too many people in this hobby think they know everything there is to know and can no longer make progress because they are too stubborn to learn more. Hope to meet you too! Take care.