Economic Depression and Dictators: Crash Course European History #37

We're still leading up to World War II, but first we gotta talk about the rise of the dictators. Today we talk about the rise of militaristic dictatorships in Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and Spain, and the economic depression that set the stage for their rise.
Sources
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019.
-Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.
-Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941. New York: Penguin, 2017.
-Slezkine, Yuri. The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.
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#crashcourse #europeanhistory #history

[@xessenceofinsanityx]

"Even taxes aren't a sure thing, just ask amazon." Sick burn.

[@ComradeHellas]

@bruh momentum yes really, there are certain cities/states/countries that do not tax companies or even individuals

[@Inceptions661]

TY!

[@nosuchthing8]

Oh, you are one of those people that cant be bothered to spend one second googling the tax rates of major companies, yet feel empowered to argue endlessly about how much money the poor companies are compelled to pay

[@JakeN482]

@bruh momentum Markets are not antithetical to Socialism, but Capitalist Markets are. Socialism is not when the government is doing things, it just merely means when the Means of Production is owned by those that work on the MoP. There are many ways that can be achieved, some of which without a state being involved. Despite the Nordic model having "high deregulation" from purely a state vs company standpoint, significant economic and political power is tied up in unions, which are a foundation of Socialist power. When the Nordic Countries began denationalizing certain industries they maintained the power of unions as a concession to work towards a system known as Market Socialism, where every company either has 100% unionization or is a worker co-op. It is this Market Socialism that American Democratic Socialists argue for outside of certain welfare policies to grease the wheels during transition, and active investment in renewable energy. They demand reforming the tax code such that Capitalist Corporations do not slip through loopholes, as this is how the owner class artificially cripples the national growth of markets in order to maintain their personal growth relative to everyone else. Further more taxation has very little to do with whether a market is free or not. For example, in a purely AnCap "state", there is the possibility for a wealthy enough corporation to buy up every plot of land surrounding a city, including any roads in or out. The corporation then hires PMCs to patrol their plots and shoot anyone that tresspasses. There is no state with a monopoly on violence and there is no demand of taxation, just a demand you respect property rights. And yet it is plainly obvious that the city's internal markets are no longer free. On the flipside a minarchist-capitalist state would still pass taxes to maintain the monopoly on violence, but most libertarian capitalists would be fine with this model of governance for the first few generations. The only thing that determines whether a market is free is whether a monopoly of violence wills it to be free. The only core difference between Lazzei Faire capitalism (US from founding towards the robber baron age), SocDem capitalism (US from FDR until Reagan, Nordic Model by their conservatives), neoliberal corporate capitalism (US from Reagan untill now), and state capitalism (Nazi Germany, USSR, China) is the amount that capitalist corporations have been allowed to horizontally buy out competitors and vertically integrate to convert the state's monopoly on violence into their own. Going back to Lazzei Faire capitalism without the presence of unions is an extraordinarily poor decision, as the owner class has the extended playbook of every bad thing corporations have ever done at their disposal. This is not what the Nordic nations are doing, and as such you should not use their deregulation as an example to own American Socialists demanding taxation reform. Read more theory before acting snide in youtube comments, especially about taxation.

[@Bird_Dog00]

@bruh momentum " you do realize taxing corporations is bad right (I assume, there should be a question mark here, right?)" No. A lot of people don't. And I'm one of them. A state needs money to perform all the functions it has to perform. The current crisis should make that one obvious. And there is no point trying to sqeeze milk out of a rock. Since most companies endeavour to pay their workers as little as they can get away with in the name of maximizing profit, the average Joe has little money left over what he needs to pay for essentials. So, not much tax money to be had there... It is - or at least should be - obvious that you must take the money from where there is money to be had. And the money is in the pockets of big companies and/or their shareholders. Again, milk the fat udders, not the dry rocks...

[@katherinepagan4860]

Can anyone else feel John's increasing desperation as he describes the rise of fascism? He's practically begging the audience to please, for the love of God, connect the dots.

[@IntelexualMedia]

LMAO deadass

[@Tfin]

Celebrate the hatred of others that you share. Yes.

[@jblackburn]

Yep. He's trying so hard every week not to just yell "For the love GOD people! ITS HAPPENING AGAIN!" And to his credit, he's restraining himself... but only just.

[@nathanseper8738]

@@jblackburn It is a very depressing time that should never, ever be repeated.

[@raylewis52R]

He is telling us that socialism and communism always leads to Totalitarianism

[@thedailybellringer]

It's interesting how the Great Depression is sometimes viewed by Americans as strictly an American event. The global impact is amazing.

[@chrisspencer6502]

If you're interested in that you should read about he Scottish banking crisis that took down the bank of englan later in the 17 or 1800

[@halfcool5014]

Financial crisis of russia after the invasion of Crimea?

[@TabbyTheCat]

Do you know many Americans? I assure you plenty would agree with you about how widespread it actually was, but I also agree with many do assume it was strictly an American thing.

[@kittydreamz86]

It's not any more remarkable than the French Revolution being viewed as a French event. It happened in France and also had massive worldwide repercussions. The American Stock Market crashed because of American activities and then had massive worldwide repercussions. The fact that America's economy was so entangled with other nations doesn't change that the cause and origin were American.

[@mickmickymick6927]

Every country is obsessed with things that happen to it, ignoring or downplaying things happening elsewhere. Children dying from preventable diseases are considered less important than some temporary political scandal. One of the many problems with nationalism.

[@MichaelBrown-yi5eo]

"History isn't just something that happens it's something that each of us helps to make, a responsibility we all need to take seriously,"-John Green 15:56-16:07 Thank you John.

[@Jake-rm4be]

Michael Brown very cool

[@Bulbophile]

blind masses help create dictators, no way! reallY?

[@Pajahro]

was about to write this, damn, hit the nail hard

[@alifallah1954]

Very good point

[@legendaryfrogfan]

yup, that's one truthbomb!

[@andrewgutmann9432]

John: “Nothing is a sure thing! ...Except death.” *CGP Grey has entered the chat*

[@gilgamesh_9119]

Captain America: "I got that reference"

[@husein881]

@@J.PC.Designs they will die, if killed or eaten

[@SuperSpidey313]

We need to stop him from making videos about death! He made a video about pandemics and here we are! lol :(

[@Electric62Kid]

As a grad student in military and European history, there’s no way I could cover as much as you did in such a condensed video. John Green, you are an inspiration. 📚 ✏️

[@TheFlygon13]

Some constructive criticism for the CrashCourse writing team: Our history teachers taught us that "Kristallnacht" (literally translates to crystal night) is a cynical euphemism invented by the Nazis to glorify the destruction they caused that night. It's better to call it "Pogromnacht", since the word "Pogrom" describes an organised massacre of helpless people, which accurately described what happened. Much love from Germany

[@CharlineLikesC]

I was just about to comment that, but you said it already much more eloquently. DFTBA

[@SeanFictional]

Thank you, I also wanted to leave a comment along those lines. I hope they add an annotation or something...

[@josephyn89]

Thanks, I'm living in Hamburg now (I'm from Argentina) and I didn't know this.

[@jolaechen8740]

+

[@moodist1er]

The modern usage of crystal defines it as a unified and organized structure. The transparency element fits well too.

[@akshaygowrishankar7440]

"Even taxes aren't a sure thing, just ask Amazon" That's the keystone of my bridge of happiness :)

[@jeffreykirton1780]

Akshay Gowrishankar damn. Beat me to it 😂

[@akshaygowrishankar7440]

@Ordinary Sessel state tax and federal tax are two separate entities. But now they're being more careful :)

[@akshaygowrishankar7440]

@Caleb Cruseturner after lobbying. Also, again, state tax and federal tax are two separate entities.

[@champthemaverick5811]

ask john mcafee

[@akshaygowrishankar7440]

@Ordinary Sessel no, I'm just saying that whilst Amazon paid their federal taxes, they didn't pay their state taxes.

[@DonBeuBeu]

That amazon line got me, nice one.

[@DuranmanX]

Time for the fun part of history. Remember, this all happened within 100 years, which is within a human lifetime, and is a blink of an eye in the grand historical scale.

[@Roky1989]

And yet, we have now 70+ years of unprecedented peace on almost the whole continent.

[@DuranmanX]

@@Roky1989 the same was true in Europe before WW1

[@varana]

@@DuranmanX 1912/13: Balkan Wars. 1911: Italian-Turkish War. 1885-86: Serbian-Bulgarian War. 1876-78: Serbian-Ottoman and Russian-Ottoman Wars. 1870/71: Franco-German War. 1866: Austro-Prussian War. 1864: German-Danish War. That's only 50 years.

[@michaelzheng5250]

August von Mackenson was born in the Kingdom of Prussia which was then part of the German Confederation. He died in Allied-Occupied Germany.

[@andrewhobbs255]

In a closed society all were guilty and the only crimes were speaking truth or getting caught

[@mohamedali777]

This episode's vibe is really scary and depressing 🤔

[@qafiansage4234]

I daresay that means it's done its job.

[@AbbeyRoadkill1]

Welcome to humanity. It's been this way for thousands upon thousands of years and it's not gonna get better anytime soon because, well, humans are dumb.

[@shane1489]

As well it should be

[@Torus2112]

So were the 1930s.

[@anonnymous1312]

Wait til the next episode

[@brandonamyot1297]

This reminds me in many ways of the current situation in Hungary. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a catalyst, the Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán, basically just consolidated power further. Something he has been working on for years. He did this not on his own accord, but with parliamentary support. He has a majority in parliament. This goes to John's point: tyrants usually have some support, that's how they can carry out their acts.

[@Bird_Dog00]

Times of crisis are allways welcome to authoritarians.

[@jaredfroman7053]

@@Bird_Dog00 Only if they use that opportunity wisely. Trump had an opening to consolidate power, but he (fortunately) botched the opportunity.

[@Pinkerton000]

I just want to say that calling that swastika a "Buddhist symbol" is an incredibly incomplete historical statement. Use of the swastika has been recorded as far back as 10,000 BCE, and it has been found in Bronze and Iron age art throughout Asia AND Europe in pretty much every single culture, as well as some places in Africa. Yes, it was misappropriated and had its image destroyed, yes it was a Buddhist symbol, but the implication made with that statement is that the Nazi party based their use of it on an appropriation of the symbol FROM Buddhist art, but this is clearly not the case. They used it as a reference to historical Germanic art, where it was also prevalent. Along with Celtic art, Sami art, Greco-Roman art, Illyrian, Armenian, Slavic, Polish, Hindu, Jainist, Ashanti, and interestingly enough various native American cultures from Panama to Canada, including Navajo art, based on which it had been used on Arizona roadsigns. In the time immediately preceding the rise of the Nazi party, it had been used in symbolism for the Theosophical society, a Danish brewery, an Icelandic shipping company, an Irish laundry company, both the Finnish and Latvian Air Forces, parts of the Polish military, a Swedish industrial company, the Oslo municipal power station, the 45th Infantry Division of the US Army...there is even a town in Ontario founded in 1908 which is named "Swastika". The place where the Nazi party likely appropriated it from was the Order of the New Templars, which was the first to use it in the context of "racial consciousness" and "Aryan aesthetics". But that group also used the Fleur-de-Lys in their symbolism, so the Nazis could have easily taken and destroyed that symbol, as well. Basically, the only point I am trying to make here is that I think it is incomplete to the point of inaccuracy to simply say that the swastika was a Buddhist symbol that had been misappropriated.

[@Pinkerton000]

​@- king- Again, I must say it is more complicated than that. Firstly, it is kind of a gross erasure of the individuality of a large segment of humanity for you to just say that Buddhists ARE Hindu...yes, Buddhism historically was an off-shoot of Hinduism, but Buddhists are no more Hindu than Christians and Muslims are Jewish. Second, you are correct that the word "swastika" is derived from a Sanskrit word. However, that doesn't mean that they took it from Hindu usage. Again, the symbol has been around and used by humans longer than Hinduism has existed, and for thousands of years in places where Hinduism was completely unknown. An important thing to note is that the Nazi party did not call it a "swastika". That is just the popularized term that everybody recognizes today, so we tend to use that when talking about it. There have been many different names for the symbol. The Nazi party, and most Europeans for that matter, knew it as the "hooked cross", or "Hakenkreuz" in German. And it had been known by this name in Europe for a long time prior to the 20th century. It has also been known in Europe as "The Black Spider", it has been uncommonly referred to as "Thor's Hammer", is has also been called "Thunder Cross", "Twisted Cross", "Gammadion" in Greek, in European heraldry it has been known as "Fylfot" in old English, "Crooked Cross", "Cross Cramponné"...and these along with other names that have been used for it world-wide. So, again, the fact that a similar symbol was used by Hindus and Buddhists does not mean that the Nazi party appropriated it from Hindus or Buddhists.

[@beforeafter2088]

Swastika is the universal symbol of the sun or rather solar power if it matters, but Nazis took it from the Indo-European heritage (Germanic, Celtic, Slavic etc.) specifically which is why it's very hard now to use it for anybody without being called a Nazi. A lesson from history: one demented guy with his cohorts can totally change the meaning of something that's been around for thousands of years in just a few years.

[@masudaahmed7990]

Europe: *plays empire game Japan: that looks fun Europe: only we can empire

[@Trashplat]

I'm really proud about the way we deal with our past in Germany, how much our education system tries to teach us, how brutally honest and open we are in our portrayal of history. And I used to think that, for a human that is now four generations removed from the time of the rise of the Nazis, I had a good grip on how that played out and how people experienced it. But I'm sad to say that my empathy with the world back then has majorly increased over the last few years. Now, our democracy is robust and I'm in no way saying or thinking that the threat nowadays is in any way on that level. It's far far far from that. The Nazis were the Nazis, and those populists today are not. But seeing the open hate against muslims and jews, seeing how much people want to get rid of our liberal democracy, how fanatic people can get within their world view? That's sadly helped me understand the situation back then. Let me make this clear once again: Today is not then, today is not leading to a racist industrial genocide of millions, but I understand some phenomena that I only knew from my textbooks better now, simply because I can see them today as well. I can now relate to those times better, because more of it is mirrored by my present. Horrifying.

[@KoreanBoy971]

So true, it's a wild world

[@notastrangeperson2298]

XY ZW ????

[@foundersprogeny1546]

Onur You basically sympathize with the communists that actually committed the largest genocides in history and are on your way to commit the same atrocities. History repeats when you don’t learn it.

[@BrutusAlbion]

@@foundersprogeny1546 time to boot up Hearts of Iron 5 ... commies vs nazis all over again. Also my comment illustrating the problems in germany with their immigration has mysteriously disappeared ... great ... I'm not even a nazi or a communist and I'm getting censored nowadays just for pointing out facts.

[@hanagreg]

Absolutely! Germans are great with dealing with their baggage from history.

[@brofenix]

Wow, that ending was very well written. We should take our role in creating history seriously.

[@Hyenatempest]

I'M SO GLAD WE LEARNED FROM OUR MISTAKES!

[@davidalmeida2991]

Hyenatempest But you didn’t... you have Trump and his propaganda machine, Fox News. Trump is a fascist, the immigrants are the new jews. Bit by bit he his eroding your democracy, with the complacency of the DNC in some matters. The AG shouldn’t act as his personal lawyer, yet he does, Ivanka and Jarod should not be in the government (nepotism is typical in tyrannical regimes) but they are, Trump shouldn’t enrich himself personally with the office - emoluments clause (here’s one example where the Dems are complacent, they didn’t impeach over this - why?). So many correlations between America nowadays and any autocratic regime over time!

[@BlueSky-oe4fn]

Sarcasm right?

[@denzelwenzel]

@Toxic Neon Gas Its all Gods fault! He is punishing me, for having impure thoughts about you!

[@ShidaiTaino]

Toxic Neon Gas wait they came into America legally. That’s what you want

[@scienceisreal779]

@Neo Toxism ill debate a conservative snowflake like you any day

[@tgchubbs]

God these videos are so important. I look forward to them every week

[@tannermcnabb4836]

"And what makes such evils so terrifying is not that tyrants can rise to power, but that they often do so with broad swathes of support. History isn't just something that happens; it's something that each of us helps to make. A responsibility we ALL need to take seriously." Got me right in the feels with that....... Have been banging my head against the wall trying to convey similar messages to folks these last few years

[@ashsides2439]

He just seems so depressed now. My social studies teacher used to assign his older videos for us to watch and take notes. He used to be so fun and jittery, but now he seems so depressed. I literally just went to this video because i missed John Green. I literally said, "i don't care what video i watch, i just wanna see John Green."

[@ladabe4979]

That's because he knows what's up. History is repeating itself and it's not looking good. Here in the U.S. and abroad. Ultra right neo-fascist governments are all over. With the collapse of the global economy, brings instability and basically that's where things start shifting. I'm hoping for the best.

[@azenethramos3103]

@@ladabe4979 Hi. Can I ask how history is repeating itself again? I'm just curious to know

[@ladabe4979]

@@azenethramos3103 the pendulum of power swings from left to right. History shows us when the wealth gap gets to large, an eventual rise of the peasants tend to occur. It's a power struggle. Right now the rich who currently control the majority of wealth and power, from all countries, are going through another shift. Just gotta look at the bigger picture.

[@azenethramos3103]

LaDabe ohh I see. But do you think that another “Hitler” can happen again?

[@ashsides2439]

@@ladabe4979 Yes, but it doesn't make sense. He knew what was up 3 years ago, but he still made history fun.

[@bradmotoko]

John’s comment of Authoritarianism “only solving the problems that it itself creates” reminds me of our current response to climate change and environmental policy. It’s interesting to look at our control over the environment as an authoritarian relationship.

[@christianlasala7603]

The irony being he’s wrong in his example. The problems weren’t cause by authoritarianism. They were caused by French brutality and cruelty to the German civilians via the Treaty of Versailles which required all goods above “minimum survival needs” be shipped from Germany to France. The Nazis rose in response to the evils of France and the French government’s desire to destroy Germany as a nation. Blaming the Nazis for employing people who were being punished for actions they didn’t do is quite stupid, it’s on par for blaming the Native Americans for the Indian Wars that happened in response to Wounded Knee. Post WW1 France were the bad guys.

[@bradmotoko]

Christian Lasala I think that’s an overly simplistic view of the situation.

[@christiandubbs2676]

I can’t help but watch this video and shiver given the turn that is ongoing in many countries currently, including my own.

[@GatorMH]

Which country is that

[@shane1489]

QueensBridge Murderer Rising with ANTIFA as well. Two sides of the same coin.

[@enclaveradioman6513]

QueensBridge Murderer and that’s a GOOD thing

[@muntadar1655]

@@enclaveradioman6513 yeah sure with antifa and nationalists it's going It's going to be ww3,and unless you're happy to fight for them this is definitely a Bad thing.

[@jonathanstafford3383]

Can we get one on just the Spanish civil war because it’s really the test grounds for ww2 and it sheds some crazy light on to what was to come

[@Kristonia69]

That last part hit John. I can see his distinct abjection.

[@jasepoag8930]

8:10 If that face doesn't say "HELP ME" I don't know what does.

[@varana]

That is President Hindenburg, and I strongly doubt that "help me" was what he was thinking.

[@AlphaGeekgirl]

varana312 He died shortly after

[@maazbinaziz3676]

He probably has that "Look at this idiot" look

[@golgarisoul]

The parallels to our time are so painful that it makes me cry.

[@FilipGODDAMMIT13]

13:08 Czech lands were indeed annexed and became protectorate of Germany, but Slovak part was left as a puppet

[@xhackmasterx]

Love this. One thing I always wish people would mention when talking WWII is the history of British Imperialism that preceded it. It's all well and good to quote Churchill as he was an important figure, but we never talk enough about the atrocities he sanctioned against those under British Imperial rule in India and Africa among other places. Capitalism has had far reaching negative effects and it is often left out of conversations about what "lessons" we should be taking home from videos like these. We can learn from WWII but it would be a mistake to think we have ever learn our lessons. We are always making history.

[@ladabe4979]

Thank you. People tend to bring up the deaths caused directly or indirectly by communism. Yet capitalism isn't even close to being finished with it's turn at the wheel.

[@NLTops]

We talk about capitalism and communism as if they're new things. In reality they're just amalgations of old ideas rebranded in the most frequent struggle between the two polar opposites. Which comes first? The individual or the community? How do we balance the interests of the poor with the interests of the wealthy in a fractured global community? How do we structure our society, locally, regionally and globally? These questions have been around for thousands of years. In reality no society can be either of the extremes for a prolonged period as it will lead to dysfunction. Clearly a balance needs to be struck between the interests of the poor and the interests of the wealthy. There is the need for upwards socio-economic mobility, but allowing it to be unconditional leads to a different set of problems. The current economic system the world applies is clearly not the ideal solution, as human exploitation still exists to this day. There is still slavery under a different name. Whatever system is created in whatever times, it always seems to favour the influential over everybody else.

[@lefteyereport6354]

Joseph Stalin helped lead a country that helped support the end of Apartheid, colonialism, civil rights, and defeated Hitler, he desperately tried to ally with the US and the UK in 1936 while Poland and the UK made treaties to divide the Sudetenland, all while Churchill advocated: gassing Indians, using tanks to destroy striking workers, exterminating the Irish, committing genocide in Africa, supporting Apartheid, and openly discussing his admiration for Hitler's policies. Churchill literally planned the Bengal famine, knowing that it would kill millions of Indians, and when asked about it said that the Indians were "a beastly people, with a beastly religion" who deserved it. Meanwhile, Stalin demonstrably acted to stop the 1932 famine in the Black Sea that were, by all accounts, caused by a poor harvest after the very successful harvest the year before. But of course, Goebbels was surely correct in calling that a slaughter of "the Germanic people trapped in Ukraine by the Judeo-bolsheviks," and Churchill is a defender of democracy--despite despising democracy, while Stalin--who was hated by party bureaucrats because he enforced policies that demanded workers be able to lodge complaints about their workplace conditions and supported the introduction of new non-party members of government in his proposed constitution of 1938--was "the least democratic" leader "ever," according to John Green. John Green called the USSR the "least democratic place ever" in the same video wherein he discussed the (non-democratic) rise of Adolph Hitler.

[@lefteyereport6354]

@@NLTops This is not correct. Please don't try to make galaxy brain takes that early in the Dunning Kruger curve

[@NLTops]

@@lefteyereport6354 Please don't reference the Dunning-Kruger effect if you can't spell it. It doesn't help your arguement. And by all means enlighten me as to why what I said is incorrect. The concentration of power and influence, no matter how an ideology calls itself, always results in the exploitation and oppression of the masses.

[@jamie91995]

I think a crash course for trigonometry and calculus would be really helpful. Maybe even one for geometry or algebra

[@jacobbwalters8133]

The Jeffrey 27 calc 2!!!

[@o76923]

Khan Academy is great for a lot of math stuff like that.

[@TheRealGuywithoutaMustache]

This is much more entertaining than my history teacher that just tells us to read the textbook

[@tylernewman9624]

I hate to be that guy, but where do you think John Green learned it?

[@UlexiteTVStoneLexite]

Yeah telling you to read your text book is not teaching. What is your teacher there for?

[@notastrangeperson2298]

Ranting Ratite are you saying that teacher’s should remember absolutely everything about their subject, and we should get rid of educational books, otherwise teachers are useless?

[@UlexiteTVStoneLexite]

@@notastrangeperson2298 no they should be going over the information in the book and actively talking about what is in the book. A teacher handing you a book and saying read it is not teaching. They are just standing there

[@afunnymonkey4948]

Ranting Ratite exactly, Only a few teachers I remember were like that. The education system hasn’t really evolved since it was introduced during the industrial revolution.

[@geofforysmith621]

15:20, I guess the quote from Star Wars, "So this how liberty dies... With thunderous applause." Is quite apt.

[@Ben-dw1vw]

It's too bad this video will get demonetized, but I appreciate your investigation of smaller issues that allowed for the rise and prominence of dictatorship (And specifically fascism) across the world, as well as how you covered broad issues in this video, allowing us to relate the content covered here to issues that are somehow becoming more and more relevant for a great many people each day.

[@martytu20]

Krank John has book royalties to fall back on. The series was always meant to educate people.

[@ShakyHades]

That's what the Patreon is for!

[@martytu20]

dbptwg The algorithm machine that Hitler wished was invented in his time.

[@Markvdl25]

Quick tip, article 48, the Enabling Act, of the Weimar republic's constitution was invoked by other Chancellors before Hitler. So him invoking it wasn't that new, what was new is that it became permanent

[@tonifischbacher4021]

That's kind of wrong, the article you talk about is the "Notstandsparagraph", which granted limited dictatorial power in the case of nationwide emergencies. The "Ermächtigungsgesetz" however was a permanent transformation of the Republik into a fascist dictatorship. It also wasn't invoked, it was passed like any legal bill, with the votes of not only the Nazi Party (which didn't have the absolute majority at the time) but also conservatives and nationalists either forced to approve it or willingly doing so. The communists were all in jail or had fled at that time, and (heroically, but to no avail) only the social democratic party opposed it. It is however to note, that Hitler used the Notstandsparagraph beforehand to silence any opposition, but could only do so with the help of police, army and other politicians (Hindenburg, von Papen).

[@Mrbertiification]

@@tonifischbacher4021 Agreed. I also wanna add that a lot of social democrats were imprioned A LOT. John talks only about communist imprisonment and prosecution as a political group which is a misconception, social democrats were persecuted as well (but it is true that the social democrats in the Reichstag were not at the time) as were other socialists.

[@thomaspalin7188]

Article 48, was used by Freidick Ebert (If thats how you spell), after the new constitution was confirmed in January 1919. He used it 136 times, ironically, he wanted to be more democratic.

[@eoghan.5003]

Pretty sure article 48 was different from the Enabling Act. The Enabling Act gave all power to Hitler, and was passed by the Reichstag - albeit by arresting communist and social democrat members so they couldn't vote against.

[@Markvdl25]

@@tonifischbacher4021 got my terms mixed, but your right the Ermächtigungsgesetz was separate from article 48

[@Arcanedoom]

YES, I have a test tomorrow over this stuff! fantastic, incredible timing. Thanks for the video, they're great and very helpful

[@fede22081]

13:01 "you were given the choice between war and dishonour. You chose dishonour and you will have war."

[@Beryllahawk]

My grandmother lived through this. She would have fallen under the "Aryan" definition - blond, blue eyes, on the tall side. She said it was a nightmare, that it was hell even for many of the people on the "right" side of the Nazis. I can't imagine what she would be saying about America right now in 2020. I'm almost glad she is not alive, that she is spared seeing her nightmare parading about in a three piece suit.

[@trevinbeattie4888]

"The theory was that Hitler would be easier to control than the communists" Evil laugh :D

[@unslaadkrosis3489]

conan263 Hitler put a bullet in his brain because he was too cowardly to face up to what he’d done. Typical fascist.

[@Argacyan]

There are two constants in politics: The cowardice of fascists and the willfullness of centrists to side with fascists, no matter what.

[@imperiumgrim4717]

@@unslaadkrosis3489 you mean a national socialist not a fascist, fascist came from Benito Mussolini party group

[@fabiankeller831]

@@Argacyan Sadly that's the case but what does this say about centrism?

[@unslaadkrosis3489]

ImperiumGrim47 no he was a fascist. If you get your political theory from Steven chowder I have some bad news for you.

[@xSuperSS]

John you and Indy Neidell need to do a collab! I would love to see you two doing Between two wars series or Crash Course European History!

[@Amantducafe]

I prefer Indy, he sounds more passionate and goes more deep into details.

[@Oxtocoatl13]

@@Amantducafe Me too, but I also feel like Indy's longer, more detailed format is aimed more at an audience that already knows the basic framework of historical events, while these videos are intended to teach that very framework. To my understanding the structure of this course largely follows the American AP Euro school course.

[@Krismissful]

Just wanted to mention that in german we use „Novemberpogrome“ instead of „Reichskristallnacht“, which is seen as a playing down of the horrible events

[@dansmith1661]

Shut up spammer.

[@kzisnbkosplay3346]

Thank you. It is always worth looking at what leads up to the atrocities we remember. Because these things do not happen overnight. They take a lot of planning and conditioning to put people at ease with each increasingly brutal step towards horror.

[@duncanwright8004]

The most important part of history is knowing when your walking towards it.

[@AbbeyRoadkill1]

Those who don't study history repeat it. And those who do study history are doomed to watch those who don't repeat it.

[@thegorb2653]

Great vid I personally find the interwar very interesting possibly the most interesting historic time. So much political and economic diversity in a sense and so many events that are crucial to modern history.

[@stvjful]

I could literally sit and listen to John Green talk for hours! It’d be great to just sit down and have a pint with him and chat ^^ maybe in another lifetime...

[@roshan65000]

The best part about crash course is that it gives history a new perspective. A different view to see history other than just dates and wars

[@ethanrepublic4554]

8:08 i feel bad for Paul as he knows what's to come. just look at his face

[@mickmickymick6927]

Hindenberg was an authoritarian himself and was not very keen on democracy.

[@IJustKant]

Mick Mickymick He still knew Hitler was bad news. Considering his experience in the empire and daily access to the Kaiser during WWI, Hitler’s bellicosity probably set off all sorts of alarm bells.

[@alessiodelcastillo1613]

Petition for Crash Course to have a whole episode dedicate to the Holocaust, Holodomor, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, the Red Terror, and the Great Purge

[@Iandar1]

The “great” purge is an over statement Endymion did a video on this cites sources also called I believes “the great purge and repressions”

[@alessiodelcastillo1613]

@@Iandar1 bruh

[@Iandar1]

HighburyAFCSoul it did go a bit overboard because of delegation but those people did get tried at court also at the time of the great purge the USSR’s military size was 0.2% that of of its entire population

[@alessiodelcastillo1613]

@@Iandar1 It's called the Great Purge since Stalin murdered majority of his political enemies

[@Iandar1]

HighburyAFCSoul there are first hand accounts of people who are near him position in the communist the party disagreeing with him and not being killed matter of fact if you could convince him you where right he’d join you.

[@javadmirzaei151]

that was one impressing and great video... thanks John

[@Dream-bebe]

Thank You for explaining this topic throughly. You inspire to delve into history.

[@ninreck5121]

I'm a german history major student and I just want to say that my teacher would love this video

[@justinleokennedy]

I love John Green and his videos. I'll always be a fan. That said, I now have a very painful pit in my stomach after watching this.

[@vsekino2679]

Very valuable and interesting information

[@tonycamisi9131]

Amazing video!!!! Thank you, John.

[@DragoniteSpam]

14:46 This is presumably the kind of thing they wanted us to write on all of our papers in history class in high school, and yet failed so spectacularly to actually teach us. Come on, American high schools, John Green did it in about four sentences, and you couldn't even get it down in four years!

[@MrSJPowell]

You do remember that John is a professional author, and this has professional review? Of course they can crystallize a majorly important point.

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

At least half the reason you're finding this more engaging has nothing to do with how the lesson was delivered here, but simply because you came here by choice to learn it - a fundamental difference that no amount of better pedagogical techniques can ever overcome. Another third of your pleasure likely has to do with the fact that you won't be tested on this, another fundamental disadvantage schools have since NO ONE likes exams, yet they're necessary. And another sixth of the reason why CC outclasses school is because schools are a vast and varied network composed of vast and varied teachers where it is simply ridiculous to expect every one of them to match up to the star performers (and yes, there are excellent teachers - likely about 1% of them). Ever heard of the Bell curve? The teachers you had were probably around the average, as you'd expect. CC on the other hand, has the advantage of (as the guy above pointed out) getting that star performer (professional author, professional reviewers) and simply beaming their one exceptional lesson (that probably involved dozens of retakes btw) out to everyone. It is ludicrous to expect the entirety of school, or any other large system with millions of workers, to all perform to that same standard.

[@DragoniteSpam]

@@ArawnOfAnnwn I'm actually not sure about that - I think it has more to do with what Stephen Powell said in the other reply. I've had better and worse history teachers in school (mostly "worse") and they mostly brought it across like "you need to know this because I said so" and not "you want to know this because it's all interconnected and inherently interesting."

[@DragoniteSpam]

Whoops, I didn't see the "read more," you basically already addressed that. Which is to say, yeah, pretty much.

[@Udontkno7]

Mendicant Bias good job!

[@Gihad97]

How are you aging so well you great man of history? Great job. Same great quality in all the videos I've ever watched. Been a fan since 10th grade and I am senior in college now.

[@samrussell243]

Love your teaching style, keep it up friend, eduction is a good thing

[@ronburgendy2444]

Excellent as always

[@pudgeboyardee32]

I have to speak for that female lathe operator, just as a machinist myself, running a lathe makes you feel good. Its neat, you make stuff, you never stop learning and improving: i love it and i understand why she did too. That likely had nothing to do with propaganda, she enjoyed that work because it is challenging and engaging. Frankly, most women of that era loved factory and fabrication work and in my personal experience id say their arts and crafts tendencies are perfectly suited to industrial fabrication. Women find solutions guys miss and vice versa, and because of that i would consider women necessary personnel to have in a machine shop. Some things are so fun it sounds like propaganda but i swear lathes make you feel something special and creative and expressive. And that young woman simply got lucky and found a great outlet for art, crafting, aesthetics, engineering and design that probably didnt otherwise exist in those areas before the factory work came to town. Im not ignoring or excusing the evil just pointing out that people still found their passion and explored themselves with all that going on around them. It *should* be celebrated that she found such joy in such times, not lamented as seems to have been done at 7:00. Its fun work, i swear lol

[@pudgeboyardee32]

@MomoTheBellyDancer fair enough, that wasnt super clear. What i mean is, to my experience in machining there will be times when five guys are staring at a problem and a female coworker strolls past, takes one look at the issue and says,"why not do X?" And that idea hits those handful of guys like a thunderbolt. Ive seen it go the other way too in a similar context with the roles reversed so it just seems to me like there is a noticable upside in having men and women in machine shops and other heavy industries. Im not sure what IS different about the way each gender thinks but it seems obvious an entirely seperate set of tools or processes are being used in each genders brain and when used in concert with each other heavy industrial labor gets orders of magnitude faster and simpler. My point was that it seems to me to point to some greater truth about how we help each other; how being different helps solve real problems. Big heavy problems, no less. I wouldnt be surprised if evidence was one day discovered of women like ancient priestesses in egypt were actually a class of engineers or quality control supervisors, or some ancient holy equivalent. Seeing things others do not might have once been considered holy, so it makes some kind of sense to me. Sorry, wrote another book about it. Hope that cleared it up

[@madsmile777]

5:51 that famine called Holodomor. Many thanks for mentions those event.

[@SerhiiMartyneko]

I was actually very disappointed that they missed the point. Didn't call it Holodomor, nor did they explain how it was an organized starvation to both subdue Ukrainians and feed the industrialization

[@Nielsspeler]

@@SerhiiMartyneko you don't need to make the famine worse than it is. The famine was badly handled, no doubt about it, but on top of the 3 million Ukrainians another 1 million Russians & 1 million Kazakhs died. The famine spread from the east of Ukraine all the way to Kazakhstan. I find it hard to believe that Stalin and his lackeys were so deviously smart that they intentionally managed to starve 3 million Ukrainians but so incredibly incompetent that they unintentionally starved another 2 million Russians and Kazakhs as well.

[@SerhiiMartyneko]

@@Nielsspeler The famine was not "badly handled", but intentionally created. I didn't believe it at first, becuase of how monstrous it was. Like taking away food just to start people to death? But latter I found out that food was taken away and sold abroad to pay for industrialization. It also was part of collectivization process. Like "You want food? Welcome to "colhos" (where you will work the land that was yours a year ago, but will no longer be eligible to have anything out of it)" Once again - famine didn't "start". It was started. As to the other point - that Russians and Khazakhs were hurt by it too. I don't know about khazakhs, but Russians lived in the eastern part of modern day of Ukraine and around the Don. All fertile lands. So, was it targeted at specific nation (like nazies did with jews)? Probably not exactly. Just the people who were working the land and owned the land and were not very fond of "sharing" their property with bandits, alcoholics and robbers.

[@Nielsspeler]

@@SerhiiMartyneko that's what I mean by badly handled, sort of. Food was indeed taken away but it was during the famine to pay for the USSR's obligations and outside aid was refused as to not appear weak. At the same time though, grain harvest was down 30-40% compared to the year before. That along with how many non-Ukrainians died from starvation as well makes me, and many others among them historians, think it wasn't intentional. Wikipedia has a good map that shows where the famine spread to, from middle and east Ukraine down to the Caucasus mountains all the way east of the Caspian sea into Kazakhstan. That's not targeted, that's incompetency. Don't get it twisted, I'm not saying the famine didn't happen or that it was a good thing. It definitely did happen and it was objectively a bad thing. I'm just saying that arguing that it's genocide isn't the best way of doing things but you *can and should* argue that it was a failure of the USSR. Let me put it this way: even historians aren't sure if it was genocide or not whereas they are sure that the Holocaust or Armenian Genocide etc were.

[@chickenfeed6272]

@@Nielsspeler The issue I have is that genocide has all the appropriate negative connotations, but the average person just tunes out if you don't use these loaded terms. And yet the failure of the Communist bureaucrats which resulted in millions of death by starvation should be as well-stated and known as if it were done by genocide. Because it was man-made, even if not legally a genocide. Stalin murdered not only any conceivable enemy, but his allies and "friends" too. Literally all the Bolsheviks you read who fought alongside Lenin, before Stalin was even known, virtually every notable figure you can read about from this period, ended up "disappeared," was "tried" in a show trial, or flat out executed on the spot. From Trotsky to Bukarin. Stalin was very naughty and we should not put it past him to have at least allowed the starvation from the bad harvest to happen. Sure, a million Russians died, but there was a hell of a lot of Russians. Proportional to population Ukraine and Kazakhstan were devastated, Kazakhstan lost half their population. In 1932 and 1933 the Soviet Union was still exporting grain while millions withered away to bone. The fact is, unimaginative people will simply ignore this event if it is mired in a debate of designation as a bureaucratic mismanagement or genocide. Similar (but not identical to) how the Great Leap Forward is completely ignored by the public consciousness because 30 million starving to death might not be formally considered a genocide in that case. Because it wasn't "on purpose."

[@gregorykelsey8705]

Excellent work!

[@kenziecampbell1398]

Thank you for your videos John!

[@doggedout]

Wish I could upvote this- 6 million times.

[@MeggieDinosaur]

that's... not really funny

[@jonathanrich9281]

Meig Dickson It wasn’t supposed to be; he was saying he wishes he could upvote it for all of the people who were slaughtered, not making a joke. I think.

[@strawgreenberry4442]

@@jonathanrich9281 But that's not all people

[@notnegative2726]

I have this exact test tomorrow for this,my way of studying

[@donnawillis2030]

Excellent presentation

[@MrBillyjjm]

Thanks CrashCourse. Another great video

[@NicWalker627]

Every time I watch Mr. Green, I always learn something new. I love this channel. Not even a student xD

[@Black_CoreyNFin]

The one where John green burns the hell out of Amazon. Oh god i just forgot the Amazon rainforest is burning down this is not a bad taste pun i'm talking about the megacorporation monopoly.

[@stocaden]

John, I hope you see this, your closing comment about us and History was spot on. Very deep

[@raoulml1]

Thanks for sharing, great content.

[@liliaashley1778]

John Green six years ago : 😎💥 (exiting) John Green now : 😐🤔👓 (like an actual teacher in school)

[@prod.snqwfall1347]

It’s MUCH harder to be exciting when this is the subject matter... see also the US History episode on slavery and the World History episode on the Spanish Empire

[@tonkscooper1095]

There is one thing I would like to point out; “The night of broken glass“ or “Kristallnacht“ is a term created by the nazi. It portrays the broken glass of the destroyed windows as beautiful crystals. Because of it is an euphemistic description german pupils learn the term "Reichspogrom"( in English Pogromnight) instead of the night of broken glass.

[@tangerine5903]

This is great, I'm learning about WW2 right now!

[@esteb6544]

Great video!

[@Sordatos]

When you thought "1984" was hyperboling with the "thought-crime"

[@GrantWitherspoon]

Kotkin’s “Waiting for Hitler” is not a great source when it comes to talking about Stalin. Kotkin cherry-picks from his sources or makes assertions that his sources don’t prove, only assert themselves.

[@Psytinker]

You seem to expect liberals to talk about communism without bias, and you should abandon all such expectations, since they started false equating Nazis and Communists before dust from WW2 even settled with "The Open Society and Its Enemies" by Karl Popper, where he identifies that the real fault for WW2 lies with Plato, Marx and Hegel. Don't stress about it. They've been at it for 75 years, and they can go for 75 more. And their entire narrative would still fall apart by just showing them who the ruling coalition was in the 1924 Italian General Election.

[@keldroc894]

@@Psytinker Liberals do not support what you think of as communism, but keep regurgitating that propaganda in ignorance like a good little soldier.

[@mdevres]

Very heartfelt at the end.

[@traqndimtrov2163]

Dear John, I've followed your various historical series for some time now and have always found them very informative. I keep noticing that you always mention anarchists whenever they are part of history. I applaud this since I've noticed that they are rarely featured in official history books (at least the history books that are used in schools where I am from) no matter the impact they had on the world. This of course is an obvious decision made by governments since it's quite stupid to give the people you are ruling over the knowledge that you are obsolete I hope that your guitar still kills fascist in a time when they are abundant all over the world best wishes

[@MikeOkami94]

If I hear John pronounce Weimar with a "W" instead of a "V" again I'm gonna scream 😂

[@JohnBow]

John is an American and Americans don't adhere to this pronunciation.

[@davidarnsparger9712]

This is the best 15 minute explanation of the time between the wars. And if you think President Trump is Adolph Hitler, you need to spend a lot more time studying history. And Obama wasn't Stalin either.

[@geoffreywinn4031]

Cool video!

[@user-xq5og9lt8p]

Great point about responsibility. Thank you

[@MeggieDinosaur]

I feel like it would have been good to hear from the point of view of those marginalised - Roma, the disabled, Kulaks, and of course Jewish people. Resistance was present, and we demanded our humanity. It would also illustrate many of the concepts, such as social death, which Jewish women were much more aware of than Jewish men.

[@DasZuckerhaus]

THIS!!! so much! there was a whole exhibition of underappreciated female artists in Vienna last year where one jewish artists drew skulls wearing military hats in the early 1930's (pre annexation of Austria) titled "the future of our youth". It just underlined how despite the existence of so many clearheaded warnings/reflections within high society and academia society nevertheless greeted its own destruction with open arms.

[@Roky1989]

I'm so happy we live on an united continent now. May this peace last another lifetime. Viva la Pax Europea.

[@beforeafter2088]

One man did it? Now that’s pretty fascinating! I need more!

[@MegaDman34]

XY ZW I didn’t realize this channel attracted dumbasses?

[@georgehenderson-walshe1592]

XY ZW Completely unsubstantiated claims.

[@jaojao1768]

@XY ZW you have completely misunderstood Richard Graf von Coudenhove-Kalergi

[@jaojao1768]

@XY ZW Coudenhove-Kalergi was actually a european nationalist and a bit of a white supremacist. It is true that he believed that people in the future would be of mixed race, but he thought that would come naturally and he certainly did not have a "plan" to make it happen. He wanted european colonialism to continue and also said in his book Pan-Europa that: "The European Culture is the Culture of the WHITE RACE, which is based on Antiquity and Christendom. Therefore the European Culture also designates itself as the Christian, in opposition to the Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu and Confucian Cultures of Asia"

[@jayceelyn7296]

HEY I LOVE CRASH COURSE! Crash Course should have a video series specifically about Architecture!!! I would LOVE that!

[@theearthlyodyssey9777]

I love your videos. They are great overview of history and how it all links to present day. It's a much needed contribution to those former history students with boring professors. I always say, a good history teacher is a good storyteller and that is you. I hated economics in college, but would you be amazed to know I majored in French history based on the guidance and classes from a Early Modern French Economic Historian?? It all made sense.

[@rwhe423723]

Bezos made 23 KZbin accounts to give this video a thumbs down.

[@evawhittington4685]

Now 232

[@doomstadt2371]

Ryan Wheeler you mean paid 232 people to give it a thumbs down lol

[@radioactive828]

Now 420 ... nice

[@annarose3354]

One of the most interesting books I have read in the last few years is an autobiography by a German woman whose parents were enthusiastic Nazi supporters and whose grandparents hated him. In learning about how Hitler became so very popular, it was enlightening to read about the absolute desperation that the Weimar Republic imposed on its citizens and the fact that Hitler really did improve the food, housing, jobs etc situation for so many people, even if it wasn't by enough. Frankly it made me realise that we really are in similar territory again - we have 'democratic' governments now that are not even remotely trying to provide even the basics for their citizens and the line between that and the mass murder of regimes such at Hitler's is indeed a fine one.

[@annarose3354]

The book was called 'On Hitler's Mountain.'

[@Ascend777]

Thanks to your education, history will not repeat. Good work!

[@Lauren-ul9gi]

Darth Jesus You sure?

[@VampireoftheTwilight]

Thanks, John Green!!

[@victoriasmith9527]

Just wait pretty soon we'll have *"CrashCourse: The Coronavirus Crises of 2020"*

[@gabebendetowitz1363]

2127 Crash Course hosted is by Kal Green John’s Great Great Great Grandson “The Coronavirus Crisis of 2020”

[@plucas1]

Actually, a Crash Course: History Of Disease series would be pretty interesting.

[@alexliger1893]

Yes. This.

[@blackcat1642]

Lol theres is not going to be a 22th century

[@akshaygowrishankar7440]

I am actually studying this in my AP World History class right now.

[@victoriagracewood7945]

You can't even understand how grateful I am for this video. Tomorrow I have this 20th century history contest and I'm starting to panic that I don't have enough sources to learn from

[@F.o.s.t.e.r.]

What a beautiful way to end the lesson.

[@Clapbox1]

"just ask amazon" I came here to learn, not to feel

[@bingo784]

Then you're doing it wrong. Good learning should always have an emotional component, it'll make it easier to recall later.

[@regular-joe]

@@bingo784 Agreed. Learning from the regrettable past, creating a solid determination to not let it happen again, requires a fervent, visceral, emotional response in the learner. May that be us.

[@DeaLarentina]

Wow, almost 30 seconds of Spanish history, thank you guys

[@jpnesseth]

Can't tell if this was ingeniously prescient or just in a generalised state of our current executive mixed with a constant state of expecting some sort of socio-economic collapse looming... Either way, HAPPY TO SEE YOU POPPING UP IN MY RECOMMENDED FEED AGAIN!!!

[@andypants1000]

Genki john is back!

[@allmachtsdaggl5109]

Volk as in Volksgemeinschaft or Volkswagen is not pronounced "Wolk" but "Folk"

[@alexhoffmann9319]

Kulaks were not peasants, peasant is a social class characterized by not owning private property. Kulaks were landowners who were renting land to real peasants. They were more closely on par with feudal lords.

[@dglukesluthier]

Cibo Cibovich thank you!

[@HappinessOrDeath]

Aka. The Aristocracy

[@coe3408]

No they weren't That is an enormous exageration. Almost all aristocrats fled after the revolution. Kulaks were simply peasants who had enriched after the Stolypin agrarian reforms from 1906-1914. They were 20% of the rural population and accounted for 50% of production. It is known that simply owning "two horses and three cows" would be enought to be considerd a kulaks and therefore be persecuted. Many of the revolutionaries had more money than kulaks.

[@AshwinMaloo79]

Dhanyavad 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

[@salutemmedia]

amazing video..