Elon Musk Explains SpaceX's Raptor Engine!

Today we’re getting up close and personal with SpaceX’s Raptor 2 engine with Elon Musk. We get into all sorts of details on this engine including how exactly it’s been upgraded and simplified compared to Raptor 1.
This video has a ton of fun details on some fairly technical stuff, so be sure and watch my "Why don’t rocket engines melt" video - • Why don't rocket engin... - so you know what we’re talking about with some of the cooling techniques as well as my video on engine cycles - • Rocket engine cycles: ... - so you understand how the Raptor’s full flow staged combustion cycle works and why it’s advantageous!
00:00 - Intro
00:50 - Conversation Starts
02:00 - Raptor 1 vs Raptor 2
03:50 - Thrust and Chamber Pressure
05:30 - Iteration Philosophy
06:30 - Melting Engines and Cooling
09:30 - Torch Igniters and Starting
13:00 - Full Flow Advantages
15:30 - Swirl Injectors
16:40 - Thrust Vector Control
20:30 - Simplifications
24:50 - Removing Throat Film Cooling
25:35 - Boost Pumps and Impellers
30:35 - Inline Powerhead Discussion
32:15 - Fluorine, Dual Cooling and Aerospikes
35:00 - Chamber Pressure and Impulse
40:00 - Outro
--------------------------
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[@per619]

I have not seen another interviewer--even with major media--that seems to work as hard at understanding the science. I think that's one reason Elon gives Tim such great access.

[@ParkerUAS]

Tim also doesn't edit Elon to "say what they want". He lets the full interview play and the viewer is able to get the full context of what is being said.

[@David-yo5ws]

Tim's 2 year mission with his Mission Directors, to create the Russian Rocket History, has certainly given Tim 'the edge' of any other interviewer. And we all benefit with getting this incredible 1 on 1 interview for free on YT. I have only brought a photo and hat so far from Tim's shop, but hope to be financially well off to sign up as an active supporter soon.

[@Richard-wh9wm]

Hahahahahahahaha

[@Mrbfgray]

Establishment reporters are clueless about most everything beyond sports, stocks and the current events. NO WAY they could begin to pull this off even if they studied the topic for yrs.

[@friendo760]

Tim, you elevated your rocket engine knowledge to the point where you can engage in serious conversation with Elon Musk. That’s not all…you also know enough to prompt him to ponder serious technical issues and concepts relating to rocket propulsion. Your passion and efforts to educate yourself is on full display.

[@CasinoWoyale]

So how many rocket engines has Elon Musk designed for his level of rocket engine knowledge to represent any level of achievement?

[@monsieurbacteria1923]

@@CasinoWoyale i think too many rockets and lots of reading

[@AG-ig8uf]

@@monsieurbacteria1923 OR maybe zero rockets and very little reading? Musk knows very little about rockets, let alone about rocket engines! He assigned himself various "chief engineer" titles and repeatedly made fake claims about him designing rockets. Ffs, do you realize it takes years of studying, then years of working in industry to become engineer in ANY FIELD, let alone rocket engines! Musk NEVER STUDIED ENGINEERING and HE NEVER WORKED AS AN ENGINEER! Engineer is not self-proclaimed title, for most of engineering fields there is thorough certification process, and Musk WAS NEVER certified as engineer, period! He is a fraud who loves to pretend that he knows about rockets, AI, neuroscience, machine engineering etc etc. He was repeatedly debunked by real experts in respective fields, yet his cult minions will continue to think that he is some demigod, who knows all the secrets of universe by birth.

[@Domequike]

he even brought elon to an idea last time.

[@michelleper5065]

i dont think mask ever had a job in his life forget about the rest of the nonsense.

[@richbarrows3922]

Musk clearly appreciates being interviewed by someone who understands and connects at a very high level instead of asking about his business plan or something irrelevant to him. Way to go Tim.

[@NoeticMuse]

Im amazed how "on top" he is on the engineering, he seems to know everything - rare for a CEO to be so technically proficient

[@jorelldye4346]

He IS an engineer. He is one of the most involved engineers at Spacex.

[@high1voltage1rules]

the mans a genius. and the world has changed for the better because of him.

[@husky6720]

Elon is a unique engineer. Usually an engineer will know a lot about only a few engineering things, Elon knows a lot about many engineering things and to amazing detail, be it a rocket engine or an electric car. I doubt there was ever an engineer like Elon, period!

[@jacklarue7049]

Rare yes, but if you ask me, necessary. Other companies should definitely follow suit. Results speak for themselves.

[@jacklarue7049]

​@@husky6720You're forgetting the Godfather bro, Tesla.

[@lillyanneserrelio2187]

A CEO that actually knows the science behind his product? # Respect

[@Topper_Harley68]

He is an engineer.

[@drury2d8]

Half of the stuff he says is gibberish, a typical sales engineer.

[@trancenut81]

@@drury2d8 like?

[@TuberoseKisser]

????? He literally helped design his own rockets

[@ashkara8652]

@@drury2d8 you clearly don't know what you're talking about

[@ddview3067]

🤯 Superb Tim… and Ponder this… Elon Musk just said - “Me and a friend were watching your video”. Regardless of content that is a hugely important connection of trust and a look inside the mind of arguably the greatest visionary in spaceflight since Werner Von Braun. I loved that you could ask “How does it light then?” and he smiled then laughed and said “now that’s the secret sauce…. Now I can’t tell you the secret sauce”…. So good!

[@JanBruunAndersen]

@@gursehaj5754 - #13:28

[@youtubetv1414]

@@gursehaj5754 10:00

[@Barskor1]

Arc ignition....

[@naes6843]

DDView, I was thinking the very same thing. Dave in Phoenix

[@C40V15]

"how do you light?" "-With a lighter dummy!"

[@juaerez69]

Tim, you are documenting important and real future history here. These will be viewed by many in decades to come. Thank you and congratulations.

[@rezzasaleh9768]

you wont have this kind of interview on mainstream media.....kudos tim....this is phenomenal

[@Mrbfgray]

I assume Elon agreed to this because Tim has invested so much in understanding rocket engines and is not intimidated by Elon.

[@noe616]

I love these Musk technical interviews. Elon gets to let his guard down and be more himself. They are historical.

[@r3d0c]

one day he should technically research subways

[@Bingqilinghenhao]

The boring company is really just a more expensive way of adding more lanes to highways. I think he knew that and that is why he didn’t do any technical interviews.

[@duroxkilo]

historical in the sense there's never been 'a head rocket engineer' or whatever his title is at the moment who knows so little about rockets and presents that little knowledge so fragmented :}

[@AkaiKA4K]

@@r3d0c You should also research why subway are so expensive especially in the US.

[@AG-ig8uf]

@@AkaiKA4K Maybe Musk should have researched that before making outlandish promises about boring company tunnel costs.

[@calebj1145]

Key takeaway: Elon Musk watches Everyday Astronaut videos when he’s hanging out with his friends.

[@wheeln24-79]

Was coming to comment that it's impressive that he still has time to hang out at a friends house. Can't imagine it's very easy to get downtime like that but Elon doesn't seem like the kind of guy that likes to relax around the house if he has the afternoon off...

[@ElaineWalker]

How cool is that?!

[@mrbennpulse3620]

My question is. Why hasn't he hired him yet

[@gundolarry]

@@mrbennpulse3620 Might be the value with a "cold-eyes review", or bias. Probably better for this relationship (for both guys) for things to stay as they are now. My 2 cents.

[@markedward4290]

@@mrbennpulse3620 Maybe he has

[@jamesterry1927]

I love listening to Elon. A guy with resources most of us couldn’t fathom yet he’s so down to earth. Much respect that he knows so much about everything he does. Of course he has loads of intelligent people working for him but he could literally chill on a yacht for the rest of his life, instead he’s always working 😊

[@decnine]

Elon's understanding about his rocket engine is insane, surely it will propel us towards the stars sooner than we think.

[@jorelldye4346]

He spends most of his time engineering. He's far less involved in the business side than the engineering side at both Tesla and Spacex.

[@DimeandKirk]

He's the cheif engineer at space x. He literally is the head of the design of the rockets.

[@asdqwe4468]

@@DimeandKirk Maybe on paper. For engineering, no. Remember he's trying for quite some time to do what others did over 50 years ago.

[@varietyegg]

​@@asdqwe4468boi what

[@DimeandKirk]

@@asdqwe4468They made a reusable rocket this powerful 50 years ago?

[@TheArtofCraftsmanship]

Love this Elon Series! Walking around his world with an informed interviewer is a treat. Thank you.

[@masternobody1896]

find a problem find a solution to the problem - elon musk

[@kafilkavich707]

Who cares, many farms are shutting down all over the world!!! When we all can no longer get food and all starve to death, who really cares about any of this? Our society is doing a great job in distracting the human population with complete nonsense. Investing all this money and resources to try and go to mars has 0 benefit to our society!

[@Fred-yq3fs]

I bet Elon must find it refreshing and energizing. I mean when you watch the very poor interviews by say the WSJ, you feel for the man, trying to explain concepts to idiots who fancy being clever and well informed.

[@brois841]

@Ben Benito only because most people are closed minded and prefer to misinterpret everything. Elon calls himself the Meme Lord... not everything he writes should be taken seriously and certainly not every opinion will resonate with everyone.

[@brois841]

@Ben Benito how do you misinterpret 420?

[@mp6756]

Tim is a legend of KZbin he has taken himself from having an appreciation for rocketry to having a full blown understanding of rockets and rocket engine knowledge. What a great path he has laid.

[@randomguy9664]

find a problem find a solution that problem - elon musk

[@Tezza120]

Kind of sounded like he wanted a job there haha

[@-108-]

Now let's hope he can capitalize on that knowledge.

[@randomguy9664]

rockets can be used using coca cola or co2 but not sure why nobody is doing it

[@CHIEF_420]

🎓

[@schafflending]

I have come back to watch 20:30 - 22:10 so many times. This concept which could take volumes to discuss is so distilled here.

[@scienceskills]

You're right: it's an important but easy principle. That's based upon an evolutionary tendency that first aims at keeping things complicated, and then seeks to make them simpler (deleting parts as Elon says.)

[@user-vt3nj6tn5e]

You did a terrific job with this. I thoroughly enjoyed it. Got a little pulled off around the bubbles, but I tried to keep up. I’ll keep an eye out for more of your content. Good job.

[@elmac26]

Crazy how 40 years ago these type of projects were top secret and now we have tons of information of everything going on and the head of the project explaining every detail!

[@spider0804]

Personally I think the industry hid behind "secrecy" to not spend money on advancing the technology and keeping their cash cow. Even the SLS uses 70's technology, no one has been innovating. Why innovate when you know you will be paid no matter what? Gotta love SpaceX for willing to break a thing or two to figure out how to fix it.

[@joeysipos]

I have a feeling he wants competition so it will drive him faster and harder to innovate on the cutting edge

[@obsidianwing]

@@joeysipos I also think so , crowd knowlege raises more creative Mind to bring humanity forward. he has the Money to do so. Also Musk is not neurotypical they think in bigger dimensions and i can relate to this.

[@1universe1people]

except they dont show all the black budget projects with anti gravity

[@Hmfirestormz]

most countries do not have plans or care for space exploration... they have nukes and the capability to destroy the planet. they are satisfied

[@WWeronko]

Over the years I have lamented the incredibly slow technical development of rocket engines. Even today engines like the RL-10, AJ-10, RS-25, RD-180 that are results of technologies developed as early as the 1950s, are still in use. I was told by many that RL-10, for example, with its ISP of 465.5 seconds was the best that could ever be. I replied that it was as absurd as stating a 1957 Chevy was the pinnacle of automotive technology and could not be improved. Elon and his genius rocket engineers have shown what is possible. The Raptor 2 is levels more advanced in so many areas than anything else in the world. It gives me great confidence for humankind’s future in space seeing the extraordinary engineering work that is going on in SpaceX.

[@hugokappes4077]

even funnier when you consider how Elon has improved cars as well,,

[@Blaze6108]

I only soft agree with this. While these engines are very advanced, they are still fundamentally fossil-burning motors. IMO if we are to truly advance to a solar system-wide civilization we need to figure out better propellants and better ways to derive thrust power. I'm not saying The Expanse-level torch drives, but at least something with better ISP than hydrogen. (no, current ion drives don't count because they have the thrust of a hummingbird) EDIT since it wasn't clear: the issue with fossil-burning motors isn't the fossil part, it's the burning part. Combustion-based rockets have garbage ISP.

[@irchrisb]

@@Blaze6108Right? Even ion drives have to get their power from something else.

[@Noneusertaken]

@@Blaze6108 Maybe nuclear engines at some point, when ships can be built in orbit around Earth.

[@TheMhalpern]

@@Blaze6108 the fuel doesn't have to come from fossils, that's one of the nice things about methane in rockets (long term) it's easier (energy cost) to source renewably than hydrogen

[@kohanrains776]

I really appreciate the way he approaches questions he's not allowed to answer for secretive reasons

[@dion8227]

The "area under the force vs time curve" is usually called "total impulse", since it is the integral of thrust over time. ISP (aka specific impulse) is just the total impulse referred to the propeller weight at Earth surface

[@nerdwatcher4273]

Just two informally educated rocket nerds discussing the most amazing advancement in space tech in decades. Jeesh I love these interviews. Keep it up Tim! What’s really amazing is the level of detail that Elon can go into on this masterpiece, and can turn on a dime, open up another brain file, and discuss the same level of detail for anything at Tesla. Not to mention his smaller endeavors. I totally agree with those who have mentioned that these interviews will be part of the historical record and future classes on many topics. Well done sir👏👏👍

[@NHCH]

On top of that Elon couldn't even get into much details because of national security reasons. mind-blowing

[@omniyambot9876]

@@NHCH oh really? That's interesting. Lol

[@NHCH]

@@omniyambot9876 yeah, he actually says in the video that he can only talk about the exterior of the rocket

[@omniyambot9876]

@@NHCH is this a law? Like he is an engineer but still can't share those details?

[@dirtypure2023]

@@omniyambot9876 There's a national security aspect to the function of Raptor 2, since SpaceX holds (I assume) several contracts with the US military and NASA.

[@edsherwood2173]

It’s insane how motivated Elon is. I see people trying to knock him by saying it’s his people and not him. It’s definitely true he’s surrounded himself with like minded people but you can see his influence in all his companies. He’s one of those people you can put a problem in front of and he’ll always figure it out

[@AG-ig8uf]

Let me see.. He vindictively fired all employees of Space X who signed an open letter demanding management to separate Musk public behavior from space X , because it was causing big distraction and harm. So much for free speech champ. He planted complete puppets into every position in space X, and changed it's course to absurd projects like Starship, ignoring projects which are actually working. Most of talent already left or was fired from space X, and with Musks unimpeded idiocy and self-aggrandizing, space X is unfortunately doomed. I can't believe I used to admire that fraud.

[@carloss2202]

Elon is always criticized by anyone who is unable to do 0.1 percent of what this great man has accomplished.

[@xxxmxxwm1564]

Stop being so in love with him. Don’t you understand that he doesn’t want anything good for YOU & me? He was created as a ‘nice’ guy to make people love him and defend him.

[@edsherwood2173]

@@xxxmxxwm1564 he doesn’t owe you or me anything. I can care less why he does what he does I just love seeing the innovation. Who the f cares if he’s doing it to save mankind or if he just thinks rockets are cool. U people are wierdos

[@carloss2202]

@@xxxmxxwm1564 hahaha 🤣 stupid people try to convince other to be to be like them .. I am not a lover nor a hater like you.. only facts..

[@aaronjennings8385]

Aerospike engines are a type of rocket engine design that offers certain advantages over traditional bell-shaped rocket nozzles. Instead of a bell-shaped nozzle, aerospike engines have a unique shape that resembles an inverted cone or spike, hence the name "aerospike." The key advantage of aerospike engines is their ability to maintain efficient thrust at a range of altitudes. Traditional bell-shaped nozzles are optimized for a specific altitude, resulting in decreased efficiency at other altitudes. In contrast, aerospike engines adapt to varying atmospheric pressure by automatically adjusting their nozzle shape, allowing them to maintain optimal performance over a wider range of altitudes. Aerospike engines work based on the principle of aerodynamic expansion. As the rocket ascends, the decreasing atmospheric pressure causes the exhaust gases to expand. The shape of the aerospike nozzle adjusts to match the changing pressure, ensuring that the exhaust gases are optimally expanded for efficient thrust. Another advantage of aerospike engines is their potential for weight savings. The design eliminates the need for a heavy and complex bell-shaped nozzle, reducing the overall weight of the engine. This weight reduction can lead to increased payload capacity or fuel efficiency. However, despite their advantages, aerospike engines have not yet been widely adopted for space missions. They present engineering challenges and complexities, and their performance benefits in real-world applications have not been fully realized. Nonetheless, aerospike engines remain an area of ongoing research and development in the field of rocket propulsion.

[@ritasseremba6435]

So instructive and described in a soft style that brings the raptor to life..as the marvel that it is🙏🏻thanks for sharing ❤

[@donjones4719]

It's impressive to see how focused Elon'e mind is. He's obviously tired in this set of videos but able to explain things pretty thoroughly . Importantly, he can digress but not lose track of the original point, and return to it clearly. The only sign of tiredness is a bit of repetition - but he's used to having to repeat things in his many interviews.

[@Naitsabes68]

Focused on those cheeks

[@Lexyboogie]

After this Twitter debacle, I don’t know if he’s exactly focused right now.

[@_general_error]

Actually Elon is repetitive very often, it is a symptom of him Aspergers syndrome. I am not sure, but Aspergers might be the key thing keeping Elon so focused on The Goal overall.

[@FredT34]

@@Lexyboogie he probably doesn't give a f*ck to this thing

[@Ithirahad]

@@Lexyboogie This was shot before that. It has just been released in parts over such a long period of time that the whole Twitter mess happened during the release timeframe.

[@vmpgsc]

Elon: I can't talk about anything you can't see on the Raptor 2 Also Elon: Talks about things you can't see on the Raptor 2 Great video, Tim. Thanks for giving us this amazing insight into the bleeding edge of spaceflight technologies and processes.

[@user-lv7ph7hs7l]

...Anyway so we use swirl injector. I gasped.

[@masternobody1896]

find a problem find a solution to that problem - elon musk

[@MrDmadness]

Yup, he's literally not qualified at all to be talking about the subject.. hes no genius, just one as far as image creation ..

[@MrDmadness]

@@michaellost7338 yup.

[@alxz3707]

@@MrDmadness sure, he definitely is not a genius. But is that required to be talking about Raptor?

[@matthewmarszowski8493]

LOUD NOISES engineers and architects are my favorite humans and they deserve all the credit for stuff like this

[@N1gel]

I wish I could thumb up for every time I rewatch this video. Thanks Elon, thanks Tim & all involved.

[@asraharrison]

I really hate talking to idiots, who think Elon is a businessman trying to screw everyone! He blows my mind in every interview! He is on top of every aspect of SpaceX projects... and I can only assume all others. So THANKS to Tim Dodd for this fantastic "unplugged" style interview. Tim, you do amazing work and continue to improve with every vid! Elon, you continue to astound me with your distruptive technology in every area you touch... Reusable boosters, electric cars, Starlink, nuralink, etc.... Elon is single-handedly usherings us into a new world!

[@Coyote27981]

I was watching the video and thinking the same thing. He speaks like an engineer, not a manager who memorized a report. And he knows every detail, thats why he can give this kind of interview, no need to have a set of prechecked questions.

[@markedward4290]

EXACTLY! The next person who starts down that path with me is gonna get it. lol

[@joshlewis575]

@@Coyote27981 u really think this wasn't scripted? U really think people can learn rocket engineering in their spare time? Gimme a break on both fronts

[@ParkerUAS]

@@joshlewis575 You are a troll. If you have a passion for something, you will pursue it and get the knowledge. Elon actually went and got an Aerospace Engineering degree. Not an honorary degree, an actual credit hours required for degree kind. Go troll somewhere else.

[@mickeymestel2563]

I have learned rocket science in my spare time, almost all by watching videos like this. I probably know close to as much as Tim does, thanks to his help, and could have conducted a similar interview if I was with Elon.

[@gregzsidisin]

FYI: the area under a Thrust vs. Time curve already has a name. It's "Total Impulse". Any model rocketeer will be familiar with the term, because the solid rocket motors they use are rated by Itot. A-class motors provide up to 2.5 Newton-seconds, B motor, up to 5 Ns. Each letter doubles the maximum total impulse. Hobby / sport motors go up to O class, with a maximum Itot of 40,960 Ns.

[@kidcasco1966]

i was a little saddened that Elon couldn't easily grasp he was talking about momentum.

[@CATinBOOTS81]

As expected, it's just the integral of the function 😁

[@gregzsidisin]

Liquid rocket operations don't naturally lend themselves to the concept as solids, and Musk was speaking of the top of his head. But even Super Heavy and Starship have a total impulse consideration. That is, they have limited propellant stocks, so there is a maximum total impulse each stage can provide. And to his salient point: specific impulse varies at least somewhat in any solid or liquid engine due to a variety of factors, particularly chamber pressure. Taking a total impulse value (e.g. Ns) and dividing by the *weight* of the propellant (e.g. N) gives you an average Isp in seconds over the interval.

[@OregonCrow]

Nope.

[@anonymous12345678935]

I would think if you took it further then you would have to consider the total impulse for the mission profile since efficiencies will change with outside pressure.

[@rocketman48]

brilliant interview and i love his down to earth description of the process and your knowledge Tim much appreciated Bill in Ireland.

[@coding-is-fun101]

you mean his down to Mars description..

[@codedesigns9284]

I love Elon’s explanation of not going through the motions of optimizing a part for efficiency when the part doesn’t need to be there. 100% more efficient in best case scenario! Wise!

[@railgap]

One thing he hasn't mentioned about the reduction in complexity is that in addition to the chamber ignition system, Raptor 1 was overall instrumented out the wazoo because it was always a developmental (as in: brand new) design, and a great deal of the plumbing and wires which festoonws it were for instrumentation, not control. Now that said instrumentation has given them a thorough understanding of the design's behavior, all of the instrumentation which is not absolutely required for feedback inputs to the control system is no longer necessary.

[@jakewastaken]

@@railgap This is a good point. I don’t build rocket engines, but I do futz about with microcontroller projects. The Raptor 1 strikes me almost as more of a development board package that grossly introduced complexity for the sake of documentation and rapid experimentation. It’s wild how much they were able to strip away once they got down to the “chip” component, in terms of this metaphor. It’s like they were able to lose the breakout board finally.

[@pskupferman]

The interview with Elon blew my mind. I spent my whole career on Space Shuttle. Just listening to his technical genius blows my mind.

[@philanthropicnightmare1206]

Redditors: "He'S nOt a rOcKeT eXpeRt"

[@maheshprabhu]

@@philanthropicnightmare1206 Musk has a PhD in physics so it's obvious that he can pick up technical specs. But, don't confuse a person who understands how it works with someone who solves such engineering problems on a daily basis. Musk is here only for PR for the company. His technical contribution to the spaceX project is zero.

[@marcusmason3440]

Space shuttle was awesome.

[@ThunderAppeal]

Sweeping the floors at the space center does not make you a rocket expert douche bag.

[@davidstinger1134]

@@philanthropicnightmare1206 Redditors are prime example of a midwit. Emotional unstable and irrational people who pretend to spout facts when all they do is try to make their wishful thinking sound scientifically accurate.

[@Luckydog1159]

I could tell that aerospikes were a thing Elon has a guard on. They are so far into testing and production that the inclusion of a double chamber with aerospike combo could be a great thing to lookinto but he and his team are so close with their current iteration of the Raptor engine that looking into new concepts would be like taking a step back in production, and given the current timetable he has had planned for Mars, it not a risk he willing to take based on written theory not tested and executed. Elon has so much on his shoulders at stake. I'm sure during moments of relaxation hes thinking about what you've said and it might be something years down the line to look into when the Raptor is at it's plateau or peak performance. Still a wonderful thing to discuss with him!

[@fernandohood5542]

The man takes time out to share knowledge. You must be well respected.

[@christopherhogue3680]

One of my favorite things about the Elon interviews is that the engineers and other workers pay no attention to Elon. He’s clearly working there all the time, as they seem to treat him as just another guy on the job

[@Keneo1]

Or they are scared to interact with him because the big boss is on the floor?

[@bigdogboos1]

@@Keneo1 not at all

[@OneBiasedOpinion]

@@Keneo1 I know what that looks like from personal experience. They’re not scared of him at all.

[@RubMyBackWhesker]

@@Keneo1 scared of what lmao I’ve never seen a video with him being a jerk to him employees

[@inthefade]

@@Keneo1 Even in the Tesla offices his desk is right there with everyone else; It is just a slightly larger cubicle. At least that is how it was several years ago. He doesn't separate himself from his employees.

[@jeronimocaceresguido282]

37:53 it is called Total Impulse. Actually in some atmospheric operational rockets is much much efficient to increase thrust even if you reduce ips because you increase total impulse you gane in DeltaV.

[@YourMJK]

Yeah, since force is defined as the rate of change of momentum (F = dp/dt), the area under the F-t curve (integral of F over time) is just the change in moment aka. an impulse: _∫F*dt = ∫dp = Δp = J_ (or _Imp_ or _I_ or whatever symbol you fancy)

[@angryrat7882]

I like the idea of calling it the, force field. 😅

[@ariedityaprdh]

And the first thing that came up to my mind is StarTrek's Impulse Engine 😅

[@lylewilkinson5706]

What an amazing person. The stuff he knows and the engineering he is all over it.

[@jorelldye4346]

He spends most of his time engineering. All of the business and marketing stuff is left to others.

[@athul164]

we need some values on the x axis for the integrated force curve - thx :) awesome video as usual :)

[@daneiten1]

I believe that these videos will someday be of great historical importance. Like the Apollo documentaries.

[@meowcat64]

I know you chose the name "everyday" to highlight the fact that you're just an every day guy. But lately I feel like you've learned so much and have pursued so much space and rocket knowledge that it feels like you're well on your way to becoming an expert and would be a valuable asset at a rocketry start up company. Your channel is great proof that anything is possible if you're passionate and willing to focus on it every day.

[@rigomrtz]

Well said, I was just thinking back to Tim's videos from couple of years ago. Where our knowledge was at least similar.

[@takanara7]

Yeah it's really interesting.

[@Bakinowskiaaron]

And didn’t it all start with a soviet spacesuit he bought on ebay and a trip across Europe kind of as a joke?

[@Slaat1]

"and would be a valuable asset at a rocketry start up company." Understanding a technology and doing R&D are two different pair of shoes.

[@louskunt9798]

I made my own pop tarts for breakfast this morning. 🤷‍♂️😂🤣✌️

[@GeorgeBonez]

Wow, we all watch the rocket launches & landings and we see the nozzles pitch and compensate but it really changes your perspective when you realize the entire engines are moving.

[@wesleyfortney2339]

Nice motors! Massive steps forward you're making. Wow

[@irrefudiate]

Tim Dodd has been there from day one, jumping around in his old cosmonaut spacesuit, and eventually interviewing every heavy hitter in the rocket business. It was his interview with Elon Musk at the Mark-1 presser that convinced me he was going for broke.

[@aldunlop4622]

Hell yeah, I’ve been following Tim from the start, his constant passion has led him to this spot. So happy for him.

[@puffns]

"The raptor architecture is the highest effeciency known to physics. We should be able to get 99% combustion effeciency. 99% of combustion effeciency… with devine intervention you could do 1% better." Speechless! Elon so closely watches your video that he was able to catch an error on a value of a table full of numbers! Again, speechless!

[@phillipzx3754]

People can say all they want about Elon. But one thing they can't complain about is his 100% acceptance of an outside opinion. I've watched as Elon soaked in a conversation (with Tim about hot/cold thrusters) like a dry sponge as if the "Everyday Astronaut" was an equal part of the SpaceX team. That's something sorely lacking in most of corporate America.

[@stephendenagy3396]

Absolutely! Executives of America-watch and learn! No room for arrogance, for anyone!

[@_PatrickO]

@@phillipzx3754 The negatives are just fud fueled by negative media paid for by competitors. It sounds conspiracyish, but its not. It is simple. News networks try to avoid negative news about advertisers and go gangbusters on non-advertisers. This is the basic problem with ad supported media. KZbin gets around it by being as strong as it is (monopoly), they can force advertisers to bite their tongues because there are no alternatives for them to reach as large of an audience. The latest attack on elon's "co-worker" is a baseless smear. Every kid he had is via IVF. He likely screens out genetic diseases that way. It looks like she acted as a paid surrogate, yet the media just lies about it.

[@spaceorbust6636]

@@phillipzx3754 Is that the video where Elon realized that Starship should also use cold gas thrusters or something?

[@phillipzx3754]

@@spaceorbust6636 Sounds about right. Elon and Tim were just sitting there chewing the fat and Tim says something (way over my head) to Elon. Elon sits there for a bit (you could tell the gears were turning) and says to Tim something like "That's a good idea. We need to look into that," or words close to that. :-) I about fell off my chair. 😀

[@aaronjennings8385]

Head, end, and throat cooling in thrusters is a cooling technique specifically used in rocket engines to prevent overheating and ensure optimal performance. Thrusters generate a significant amount of heat during operation, and cooling systems are crucial to maintain the integrity of the engine components and prevent damage. In the context of rocket engines, head, end, and throat refer to specific sections of the combustion chamber and nozzle: 1. Head cooling: The head region refers to the upper part of the combustion chamber. It is typically exposed to the highest temperatures and pressure. Cooling channels or regenerative cooling systems are often incorporated into the head section to circulate a coolant, such as liquid fuel or cryogenic propellants, to absorb heat and prevent the chamber wall from overheating. 2. End cooling: The end region refers to the lower part of the combustion chamber, near the nozzle exit. It is also exposed to high temperatures and pressure. Cooling techniques such as film cooling or regenerative cooling can be employed in this section to cool the chamber walls and protect them from the intense heat generated by the combustion process. 3. Throat cooling: The throat is the narrowest part of the combustion chamber, located between the head and end regions. It is subjected to extremely high temperatures and high-velocity gases. Cooling methods, such as film cooling or impingement cooling, may be employed in the throat area to remove excess heat and prevent damage to the chamber walls. The primary goal of head, end, and throat cooling in thrusters is to maintain the structural integrity of the engine components and prevent thermal degradation. By implementing effective cooling techniques in these critical areas, rocket engines can operate at high temperatures and pressures without compromising their performance or risking catastrophic failure. It's important to note that the specific cooling methods used in thrusters can vary depending on the design and type of rocket engine. Engineers carefully consider factors such as the propellant type, operating conditions, and material properties to design efficient cooling systems that can withstand the extreme conditions of space exploration or other propulsion applications.

[@jeffreystockdale8292]

28:15 cavitations harmful effects are when the bubble collapses and subsequent pressure wave. at a given temperature the pressure drops below saturation pressure, locally, at propeller blades creating "steam bubbles" then when the pressure returns (anywhere away from the blades) the "steaam bubbles" collapse due to the rising back above saturation pressure for given temp. from what I remember from the NAVY.

[@ancientastronut9915]

As always, Tim, excellent content. You've become quite the researcher and interviewer. Thanks so much for getting so many people interested in Space again.

[@duroxkilo]

he did acquire knowledge and that's going to serve him well in interviewing but let's keep it honest, a researcher is something else :}

[@ancientastronut9915]

@@duroxkilo Oh, stop nit picking. Tim does tons of research into every video he produces. I'm as proud of him as a brother.

[@duroxkilo]

@@ancientastronut9915 i guess you're right in that sense of the word and i did state my admiration for his efforts :} but let's stick to the meaning of words since we're dealing w/ knowledge/learning. it's safer that way. we're calling Elon an engineer and Tim a researcher for what reason? let's keep it real, it's simpler that way

[@dewiz9596]

Kudos to Tim for asking the kinds of questions that Elon feels are worth answering. Just so much brilliance on display here!

[@abigailandino6251]

These are great interviews and tours

[@avinash87]

Here on Saturday morning 7 am... Good start to the weekend!

[@user-cw6tr8me1h]

Hey mate!👆Thanks for watching. Tell expert Andrei jikh that you were referred by me for the right strategy on this profitable investment project to participate on it. Msg direct 👆✍️.

[@jagdson2701]

It's impressive and inspiring to see how quickly SpaceX has gone from practically hand-crafting rocket engine parts to producing dozens of the latest model.

[@ecohen2010]

Elon's time spent learning how to mass produce Teslas is now going to pay huge dividends as he solves how to mass produce Starships.

[@jasonblack6142]

Yeah I wonder how many of the team including musk are awakened

[@victorbellew3759]

It just makes me so happy to see what’s happening at SpaceX, it feels good to have hope for humanity. So many things happening that make you think our divisive society is headed for destruction but this stuff seems to transcend that idea and brings people with so many differing viewpoints together for a common goal.

[@teem5642]

I don't know about hope for humanity bit, I don't see how this brings hope for humanity exactly, maybe if you explain your reasons

[@DirtFlyer]

"Hope for humanity"??? I guess if when you say "humanity" you mean "billionaires", and when you say "hope" you mean "a spaceship to escape a planet collapsing from a billionaire-induced climate catastrophe", then I can understand where you are coming from.

[@ThreepwoodFan]

@@DirtFlyer what an incredible stupid take. Same as saying the wright brothers only wanted a way for rich people to escape to other continents. Elon makes Space travel more and more accessible for everyone in the long run.

[@HaloForgeUltra]

@@teem5642 Without Space exploration, humanity is doomed to die on Earth, either from killing each other, running out of resources, or an unexpected extinction event.

[@marielizysurourcq]

@@ThreepwoodFan "in the long run, we are all dead" (from heat)

[@denislemelin7653]

Crazy difference between the R1 and the R2 , the reduction in hard ware is dramatic !

[@Huer2004]

how friendly he is, even in an interview or talking to strangers on the street 🙏🏻

[@ianmilham7397]

Huge improvement in Fiddlybits reduction from 1 to 2. Nice job SpaceX!

[@xxxdiresaintxxx]

This is a really cool bit of knowledge. My thanks to Tim and Elon for doing these videos.

[@warrenwhite9085]

Elon Musk & Space demonstrate the genius of private enterprise.. innovative, efficient, spirited, altruistic, result oriented. Bill Nelson & NASA reveal the corruption of government. Deceitful, wasteful, incompetent, uncaring, irresponsible, political.

[@a.mie.533]

I've not the slightest idea about that subject matter - but it is endlessly fascinating to listen... and Elon even seems to enjoy the interaction ...

[@a.mie.533]

@@ElonReevemusk-cs8dn 🤣 Oh, thanks Mr. Musk for taking the time to answer my comment in person - despite having a workload of supposedly 70 hours per week. I really appreciate that... 😜

[@EdgeofEarthParamotor]

Thank you to Elon for being in this video. When it comes to mixing fuels could ultrasound or resonance be utilized?

[@miltdanfoss]

Amazing to see how much Tim had learned. Most of this was beyond him at first, then as he has done educational video after video, he is showing very advanced understanding in his questions and comments! Way to go Tim!

[@luha8715]

One thing thats facinating about Elon is the fact that for every complex problem he has a easy to understand analogy. To the average person, this could indicate that Elon reasons from analogy, but of course the opposite is true. So he makes it easy to understand with analogies, but never ever thinks like them.

[@zagreus5773]

Amazing! Where do you get these mind reading capabilities?

[@_asantesana_squashbanana_]

Insightful observation. Of course, it can only be confirmed by the man himself, but I believe your reasoning is sound and I completely agree. He also has aspergers. I do too. I use analogies often to help those around me understand the gist of what I am saying, without getting into specifics of a topic they have no interest or even ability to comprehend. There are many kinds of intelligence and everyone is intelligent at their own thing and I respect that. Those who are particularly studious tend to be lacking socially. Not always, but often. Personally I much prefer books, animals and nature to people and their frivolous, nonsensical, tedious social games. Often cruel to minorities, like aspies. Diversity has a lot to offer. If in doubt, see the results of a shallow genetic pool. Lol. There is a whole universe out there, filled with many more things far superior in intrigue than the superficial dramas and everyday gossip in mainstream media. Just my perspective ✌

[@luha8715]

@@_asantesana_squashbanana_ wow, thanks for the insight!

[@exteriorized]

Awesome interview! BTW, some people might at first viewing interviews with Elon my think that because he sometimes stutters or halts darning interviews. It is not that his mind is flawed in any way, on the contrary his mind thinks and (thinks) runs 2x the speed of the average person and so he is having to slow down to articulate his thoughts as he obviously knows his stuff!

[@LABTESTED]

A totally amazing man , people like this come along once in a lifetime and how special to share this era with him

[@hectorquezada1331]

Notice how he's not a narcissist he always says we we we. Genius and humble 👌

[@jfh9209]

Thanks, I'll try to remember to say "we we we" and not "me me me"!!!

[@WilliamSurles]

Not just summarizing content, but making content! Thanks!

[@armaansayed692]

bro....

[@juggerswood]

Send me some to.

[@bryans5150]

Fantastic content as usual Sir. Thanks much for free education and completely fascinating insight on a topic I've missed since being a child with my first ESTAS rocket kit. Truly many thanks.looking forward to seeing the next.

[@aaronjennings8385]

Ullage gas refers to the gas or empty space within a rocket or spacecraft's propellant tank. In a rocket engine, propellant is stored in tanks, and as the propellant is consumed during thrust, the remaining empty space in the tank needs to be filled with a gas to maintain pressure and prevent the tank from collapsing. This gas is known as ullage gas. The purpose of ullage gas is to ensure that the propellant is delivered properly to the engine. It helps to maintain a consistent flow of propellant by exerting pressure on the remaining liquid fuel or oxidizer, preventing vaporization or cavitation that could disrupt the engine's performance. Ullage gas is typically inert, such as nitrogen or helium, and is often used in combination with a pressurization system to maintain the desired pressure in the propellant tank. Overall, ullage gas plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper functioning and stability of rocket engines by maintaining pressure and facilitating the flow of propellant.

[@TheAlvinHuang]

Great video! Tim, what is the name of the stabilizing gimbal you used with your iPhone?

[@dmeemd7787]

I love how great your content is and I love that I've watched from the beginning and seeing you go from photography and everything to where you're at now, truly awesome and even though I don't know you personally, definitely proud to see the progress and how many people you inspire with your content! And that's a huge understatement in every sense of that paragraph LOL

[@Isbjoern42]

Thanks Tim for all you've done so far and looking ever forward to what's coming next

[@EverydayAstronaut]

Thanks so much! I appreciate it!

[@masternobody1896]

@@EverydayAstronaut find a problem find a solution to problem - elon musk

[@masternobody1896]

@@EverydayAstronaut tell elon musk to use coca cola or co2. unlimited rocket fuel

[@axedyson]

Hello fellow dane

[@regrettablelifechoices5494]

@@masternobody1896 loll not one piece

[@zombiegun71]

I love these videos!! I have a feeling Elon always looks forward to talking to a member of the press that he can have an actual conversation with and not get the deer-in-headlights look

[@user-cw6tr8me1h]

Hey mate!👆Thanks for watching. Tell expert Andrei jikh that you were referred by me for the right strategy on this profitable investment project to participate on it.Msg direct 👆✍️

[@markoconnell804]

In listening the the blade causing cavitation bubbles why not use the new propellers which are designed to eliminate cavitation in boat props. That may help - Sharrow props 29:26

[@GillesSoulet]

Amazing to see Elon discussing all the technical details of what is probably one of the most complex piece of engineering ever made by a human... How many CEOs can do that ?

[@raymaster]

the scam artist at his best huh?

[@SteveCatLover]

wish hed stick with doing more of this instead of schitzo twitter rants and backing out of 44 billion dollar acquisitions.

[@CrazedGamer117]

2?

[@hoodio]

@@raymaster he doesn't do any illegal stuff and if people wanna buy a 150k car, it's their fault, people buy million dollar cars

[@hoodio]

you can really tell how he understands this stuff incredibly well

[@dinizen]

i remember when i really didn't like you Tim and look at you now. How could one not like you, your knowledgeable, meaningful, respectful and non-intrusive questions, your kind nature and your quality videos.. i wish you best of luck and thank you for bringing this historical footage to our screens.

[@Steelers2121]

Mr. Musk is more knowledgeable than most think. This man may literally be a real-life Tony stark . Love these videos. I learned a lot as an aspiring space engineer. We need annual updates on his thought process lol

[@arresthillary9502]

i think we need hourly updates on his thoughts

[@sonya2916]

Thank you for this! Elon is awesome You are all awesome. This is important even for those like myself who didnt get much of an education who just love information and love to observe genius in others..To recognise it and feel pure love for it is a bliss in itself. 🎉

[@peter_0093]

I feel lucky knowing Everyday Astronaut. The content is not only educational but also inspiring.🚀

[@coltonmaas]

You should watch a few "educative" videos on the English language. Could prove to be 'educational' 😝😝

[@bastadimasta]

The channel is good except for the Musk fanboyhood.

[@peter_0093]

@@coltonmaas Thanks, i will see about this. So far seems good to me.

[@Intellistan]

**lucky we're alive at the same time as Elon.

[@nabormendonca5742]

Triggered? 😏

[@mitseraffej5812]

28:16 “Weird that a bubble can erode metal” Happens on boat propellers. I think the damage occurs when the bubble collapses.

[@TheSilmarillian]

Yep was going to add that to my comment but read the comments first

[@brianorca]

Cavitation is a vacuum bubble, which means it has a huge pressure differential inside and outside the bubble. (And even more so in a high pressure pump.) By the time it collapses, the fluid is moving very fast towards the center, so it hits hard at the end of the collapse.

[@jeffmorrison2915]

Wanna eliminate the shrouds? That's easy! The shroud of a rocket is the protective covering that surrounds the payload during launch and ascent. Removing the shroud can be desirable for several reasons, such as reducing the overall weight of the rocket or providing better access to the payload during integration and testing. Here are a few ways that shrouds can be eliminated or minimized in rockets: Fairingless design: One approach is to design the rocket without a shroud or fairing at all. This is typically only feasible for smaller payloads or low-Earth orbit missions, as larger payloads and higher-altitude missions require more protection from the aerodynamic forces and thermal heating of ascent. Deployable shrouds: Another approach is to use a shroud that can be jettisoned or deployed once the rocket reaches a certain altitude or velocity. This allows for a smaller and lighter shroud to be used during launch and ascent, while still providing protection to the payload. Structural integration: Some rocket designs integrate the payload structure directly into the rocket, eliminating the need for a separate shroud. This can be accomplished by designing the payload as a structural component of the rocket, or by using a modular payload system that can be integrated directly into the rocket structure. Inverted cone design: In this design, the payload is placed at the top of a rocket that has a conical shape, with the base of the cone at the bottom. The payload is protected from the aerodynamic forces and heating of ascent by the conical shape of the rocket, eliminating the need for a separate shroud. It's worth noting that each approach has its own tradeoffs in terms of performance, cost, and complexity. Engineers will need to consider the specific mission requirements and constraints when selecting a shroud design or elimination strategy. Let me know if you have any questions. The ENGINEER in DISGUISE.

[@anshenlv6548]

Before ,we thought this kind of project was operated by whole nation .Now ,he showed us nothing is impossible ,he is the man that will change the planet and human destiny

[@donjones4719]

Congratulations, Tim, on another of the best interviews of Elon anywhere. Your style works very well: ask a question and then let a conversation flow and let Elon talk and wander where he likes. He certainly enjoys geeking out over rocket engines with a fellow enthusiast - your self-education in rocket engines has sure paid off!

[@ThePimp4dawin]

Really love this, Musk is surprisingly good at explaining tricky concepts. Very entertaining and incredible that we can get such an up-close view of SpaceX operations.

[@richardzee8994]

It takes a comprehensive understanding of a subject to phrase difficult concepts in a way that is comprehensible to the layman. Elon Musk is credited for his business acumen, but the man is a genius as much intellectually as he is in the world of business.

[@teem5642]

@@richardzee8994 I actually find that he struggles to explain a lot of times his concepts. It's not really about explaining to the laymen, as most that watch him aren't really clueless about this subject. Has he ever told you that he speaks like this so that laymen can understand, or you've made up a theory and just gone with it until you started believing it yourself?

[@retinaquester]

@@teem5642 I agree with you that he is not a great speaker to listen to. He is perfect in his way of phrasing (technically) however it make a stakkato kind of speech. Never the less his stuff and knowledge is amazing, and I think his concepts are worth listening to.

[@bomi18]

Albert Einstein supposedly said if you can’t explain something simply you don’t understand it well enough. Elon musk is the lead designer and engineer that’s basics of course you can explain tricky concepts.

[@duroxkilo]

@@retinaquester what do you mean 'not a great speaker'? he;s simply terrible and i;m not referring to the babbling or whatever speech impediment he has..

[@matthewperry5524]

I love how Elon gets so happy about talking about there designs sounds like old time race car mechanics or just mechanics that just built a 500-1500 hp race motor & car & know every part in it.

[@jackg2630]

I love how casual all the employees are about Elon being there. Just shows he’s probably there helping all the time

[@jim8574]

These interviews are great for staying up-to-date with SpaceX. It's also gives us an up close view on SpaceX assembly line. Thanks

[@ChrisWashburn]

Elon being the lead engineer, he knows all the answers. It's just hard coming up with a quick way to explain something extremely intricate and very proprietary.

[@ariantasariedimunthe4734]

And not giving a secret

[@EngiTrek]

The integral of the force vs time curve is the total impulse. This is actually very tricky to calculate, because force measurements can be very noisy. When integrating noisy data, it can overestimate the actual performance and can require filtering. This leads to the next conundrum as the integration can become very sensitive to the filtering frequency. So even that figure of merit, as simple as it’s stated, is very complicated.

[@user-qm4lu2ul5j]

Very interesting walk through thankyou

[@colinroald]

“Area under the force-time curve” is another way to say the force integrated over time, which does in fact already have a cool name: impulse. Note that “Isp” is short for “specific impulse”, which is to say, impulse per unit mass - these are not unrelated measures.

[@wulf2121]

Yep, this is also what I wanted to comment. Also he said "for a given mass flow" and guess what impulse/mass is specific impulse. So basically he was saying that what matters and should be optimized for is the effective specific impulse you get from a real-world thrust profile used during ascent, not the maximum specific impuls the engine has.

[@MineGames66]

And impulse is simply change of momentum. So ISP is how much momentum did you gain per mass of fuel lost!

[@benjaminleblanc850]

By the way, isn't there a labelling mistake in the illustrative graph at 37:40? Looking at thrust levels, it seems that the red curve should be Raptor 2.

[@joansparky4439]

@@benjaminleblanc850 depends.. they were talking AREA under the curve. The bigger area wins, not necessarily the higher one.

[@murrays9535]

​@@benjaminleblanc850 Thank you, I am sure you were right. As mentioned by Elon (3:53) Raptor 1 can reach 185t and Raptor 2 currently 230t, so the red (higher) line from zero seconds must be R2. Also, I assume the "end of burn" side of the graph were indicative only, although for the same propellant mass R2 will burn out quicker unless delta Isp is greater than delta Thrust. This is the whole point of measured Isp, not estimated, which is perhaps the point Elon was trying to make.

[@thespacepeacock]

Kudos to you and Elon explaining the quirks of the Raptor engine so well to us, Tim! If it were not for these interviews, we would never have known what specifically changed from Raptor 1 to Raptor 2. Also great to get some insight on what they are still planning to improve for a possible Raptor 3!

[@beatenieen5447]

Love ur dokus. Makes me so tired.. If I cant sleep (and of course my Highspeed data volume is high enough) I watch this.. (only because of his whistle

[@scottwilson6467]

To be on a first name basis with Elon Musk as his starbase showing you in great detail how his raptor engines work means youre doing something right in life - well done Tim this is a great achievement with your KZbin channel haha !

[@user-en3oo5gb8h]

Hey mate!👆Thanks for watching. Tell expert Andrei jikh that you were referred by me for the right strategy on this profitable investment project to participate on it.Msg direct 👆✍️ .

[@k2_robotics]

Great!! Thanks Tim for bring to us such a serie of videos, the images and the data we learn are gold!!

[@RandyRawgust]

The production quality is so good, this is peak educational programming stuff right here. Thank you so much for all the hard work to you and your crew.

[@angelasilveria6259]

I could listen to Elon’s technical engineer jargon all day long. Intelligence is so refreshing these days.

[@obsidianwing]

Impressive to see and hear Musk in a such nerdy excited state , finaly seeing him as a human being talking about technical stuff he likes

[@DroneMee]

Just a ridiculous amount of quality rocket engineering conversation. This series is exactly what the community needed during this lull in Star Ship activity. Thank You Tim and Elon!

[@neo1231]

Elon standing there admiring the raptor engines makes me believe that anything is possible. Everything he does is so inspiring.

[@ArtemAleksashkin]

That's great that he allow you to walk there and ask questions

[@alexandermartel8344]

The more I look at it the more i'm starting to be convinced that the Raptor is going to be perhaps the limit of what traditional rocket motors can achieve. From here Nuclear Salt rockets, etc. Will start taking the forefront, assuming all goes well on SpaceX's part of course. This is extremely exciting nonetheless and I can't wait to see how much further we can push Chemical rocket engines.

[@OneBiasedOpinion]

We’re gonna have to find different methods of lift eventually. I think the most likely fast-pass method to get into orbit from Earth’s surface is going to be space elevators, but that’ll take decades for us to achieve.