Epic Conclusion: Sultan Mehmed and the Fall of Constantinople

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Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror | The Fall of Constantinople 1453AD
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ᕗ HISTORY
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire, The city was captured on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April,
The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed "the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople,
The fall of Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years, For many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople marks the end of the medieval period and the beginning of the early modern period, The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history, Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders, The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time, For 800 years, the Theodosian Walls, regarded by historians as the strongest and most fortified walls in the ancient and medieval era, protected Constantinople from attack, However, these fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically from Ottoman cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare, The Ottoman cannons repeatedly fired massive cannonballs weighing 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) over 1,5 kilometres (0,93 mi) which created gaps in the Theodosian Walls for the Ottoman siege,
Preparations for the final assault began in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day, For 36 hours after the war council decided to attack, the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower for the general offensive, Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the Aegean, reached the Capital on 27 May and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way, On 28 May, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, mass religious processions were held in the city, In the evening, a solemn last ceremony of Vespers was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor with representatives and nobility of both the Latin and Greek churches partook, Up until this point, the Ottomans had fired 5,000 shots from their cannons using 55,000 pounds of gunpowder, Criers roamed the camp to the sound of the blasting horns, rousing the Ghazis,
Shortly after midnight on Tuesday 29 May, the offensive began, The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first, followed by successive waves of the irregular azaps, who were poorly trained and equipped and Anatolian Turkmen beylik forces who focused on a section of the damaged Blachernae walls in the north-west part of the city, This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker, The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders, Finally, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls, The Genoese general in charge of the defenders on land, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders,
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