Europa Geology & What it Means for Life on Europa w/Dr. Erin Leonard | GEO GIRL

[@GEOGIRL]

Go check out part 2 all about the mission on @geosociety: kzbin.info/www/bejne/gmmofqKihNSej9Esi=oPvKEh3sZDOoZnvg ! 🎉🚀🛰

[@rubiks6]

There's no life on Europa. How would it get there?? Just stop.

[@chaosopher23]

Plate tectonics on Europa: I see, in the USGS map, a spheriodal cluster of ice floes that butt up against each other and move glacially slow. They might be in contact with the rock under them in places. We need to land a generously equipped robotic team to see what's there. Clipper is a really good start, but one spaceship isn't going to be able to do enough data gathering to tell us all we need to know. Let's get close to where that water might be and let those robots do all the science they can bring. We can worry about a submarine (yellow in color) later on. But a regular terrestrial water well drill in the right spot could get a good sample!

[@rubiks6]

@@chaosopher23 - There's no life on Europa. Where would it come from? Life only comes from life. Life does not "just start." Did someone tell you it did? They told you a fantasy. Use your own eyes. Life only ever comes from life.

[@bkbland1626]

I'm stoked. I only wish we were ahead of where we are, space wise. Exploring new places is what we do, when we're not blowing each other up.

[@GreenPoint_one]

STAR TREK space exploration, with shield and weapons :3

[@andywomack3414]

And we spend that money and lose those opportunities on killer war toys so others may live in wealth and luxury.

[@rursus8354]

@@GreenPoint_one Space: the final frontier!

[@michaelfritts6249]

"The Earth is just too small and fragile a basket for the human race to keep all its eggs in it." - Robert Heinlein

[@andywomack3414]

​@@michaelfritts6249 I liked what Heinlein wrote when I was an adolescent. One of the best science fiction. But it is fiction, which is important to remember. We could have a presence outside the envelope of the earth's atmosphere, but with AI robots. That should be the focus Came of age with "...and to boldly go where no man has gone before." Now I think "...to boldly go where no human need to go." There is an YT audio-book author P.E, Rowe that I like to listen to for interesting SciFi. I still like SciFi. "The Expanse" series for instance.

[@JobsiteScrewGrinch305]

Your awesome! Keep it up!

[@punditgi]

Geo Girl is back! Woo hoo! 🎉😊

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha I never left! ;D

[@thelostone6981]

Just how cool is the Europa Clipper mission??? Ever since I read Arthur C Clarke’s 2010 and 2061, Europa has had an appeal for scientific study and I’m so excited to see what they learn. (Even if that means there’s no life there)

[@phil20_20]

Dave said stay away!

[@carlo70no]

Something wonderful!

[@iamsuzerain3987]

Fantastic video GeoGirl. Super excited about the things we'll discover with Europa Clipper as well as the JUICE mission. This was so informative and enjoyable to watch, great job❤👍

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! :D So glad you enjoyed it, make sure to check out the part 2 over on @geosociety !

[@robloggia]

I'm crossing my fingers that Clipper gets there safe. This mission has a chance to answer questions we've had since Voyager.

[@PepsiMagt]

Great interview dr Phillips

[@paleo747]

Thank you so much for this talk. I was obsessed with europa in high-school, but also with fossils and ended becoming a paleontologist, but this reignited something. Thank you again for this. I subscribed to both channels.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks for subscribing! I am glad you enjoyed the videos! :D Make sure to check out NASA's stream of the launch! -> kzbin.infolQToTWKwtuw?si=9eoRBwMOJK61b6ZA

[@MrSiwat]

Great stuff Geogirl! Thanks so much for all the hard work making these excellent videos.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much! So glad you are enjoying them ;) Make sure to check out part 2!

[@mrvan5347]

Idem tito. I completely agree.

[@Superwelder0]

You have discussed the reach of Earth science and the difficulties of translating that into informational outreach to motivate would-be scientists into the field of Earth science. Increasingly though, I find myself thinking we should just start calling it 'planetary science'. Videos like this one in particular have me convinced we as a species will only grow more and more interested in 'foreign' geology. Missions to other bodies will only become more realistic and capable. One day, I hope I can tell kids we had 'Earth Science' as a class in grade school to illustrate how far we have come because from the future kid's perspective, it's just the study of how planets form/work so they just generalize it as 'planetary science'.

[@mikeclarke952]

Thank god it's on its way safely and all flight parameters are nominal. Now we wait. Great video.

[@GeologicalDiary]

Great Job Rachel 👏

[@robbabcock_]

What amazing times we live in!

[@Firebuck]

Great video -- I'm fascinated by Europa's surface. I've downloaded the map -- thanks for sharing! I think it'll be my wallpaper for a couple months while I absorb some of the details.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes! Europa map wallpaper is such a great idea :D

[@Firebuck]

@@GEOGIRL One of the cool (and unexpected) details -- the map features are named for Welch historical or mythological figures.

[@tuathaigh-aa]

I LOVE THIS CHANNEL

[@colinzed]

I think this is my favorite video of yours that you have ever posted. So amazing and exciting!

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh my gosh! You have no idea how much this means to me, I know these interviews have not been preforming as well on my channel as my normal videos (and I still plan on incorporating both my normal videos and interview videos), so hearing that someone actually liked an interview better than my normal is very promising! :D Thank you so much

[@colinzed]

@@GEOGIRL Doc I think it's so cool that you're working with GSA and your questions with Dr. Leonard were so insightful, which imo speaks to your breadth of knowledge, I learned so much so fast. It's so amazing.

[@patrickgriffiths889]

Great work. Not convinced that life is likely on Europa, but definitely worth understanding the geology of the Galilean moons.

[@GEOGIRL]

Absolutely! ;D

[@gaufrid1956]

I wonder if Europa's arcuate depressions form in a similar way to some depressions here on Earth. Very recently I saw that it has been discovered that the crust of the Earth "drips" very slowly into the mantle in some locations around the world. This process causes the formation of plateaus, and assists in mountain building. Another aspect of this is that after plateaus are formed, depressions happen on the plateaus as well. This has been observed in Northern Anatolia in Turkiye, for example. Since the surface of Europa is ice, and there is liquid water below, plus the tidal stress caused by the gravitational pull of Jupiter, it may produce a similar effect on the surface. I'm not a geologist, but it seems to me that a process like this could generate many of Europa's surface features.

[@ChocolatineGaming]

That was such a cool interview!!!! Excited to learn more about this fascinating moon !

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! Be sure to check out the part 2 video on @geosociety all about the mission itself! :D

[@axelbrass5858]

You are very good at this!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much ! :D

[@khagan]

I love the ice moons. So much potential, both for life and for future human activities! I was sad to hear that the Clipper launch is delayed until after the storm, but it's for the best for safety. Anyway, thanks for doing this really cool interview!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much! So glad you enjoyed it, make sure to check out part 2 on @geosociety! Also, yes, unfortunate delay, but its still soon! And like you said, best for its safety :)

[@OnASeasideMission]

My favourite topic in 'Lunar and Planetary Geology', (intercollegiate study at UCL🇬🇧) which happened to be Q2 in the exam. 😃😃😃😃

[@HappyFlowerDE]

I Thank you Rachel. We are blessed with expert informations from Dr. Erin Leonard and the spot on expert questions from you. The first time, for me, hearing these details about Europa.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! I am so glad you enjoyed this interview as much as I did ;D Make sure to go check out part 2 on @geosociety! :)

[@HappyFlowerDE]

@@GEOGIRL Yes, already happend :D Lucky that "we", by we - we mean nasa ;), have a timeframe of a month, to get clipper up in space.

[@shadeen3604]

great video Dr geo girl thank you

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much, so glad you enjoyed it :D Make sure to check out part 2! The info about the mission is so exicting ;)

[@JKTCGMV13]

Hell yeah science lady I wanna hear all about Europa

[@nomadicstrength]

Fine! I'll go watch The Europa Report again.

[@ericneff9908]

Very excited for this mission and very impressed with your interview. Thank you!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much! Make sure to check out part 2 on @geosociety ;D

[@violentinstincts]

by "WE" we mean NASA, and by "just a few days" we mean 6 years.

[@Musabre]

I find B=being able to temper your impatience, and have a healthy respect for astrological distances is somewhat neccessary not to go completely mad as an astrophysics fan 😆. It's gonna be worse than waiting for Dune Messiah, or GTA6 lol.

[@phil20_20]

"Failure To Launch", was not about NASA.

[@kenashimame]

“A few days” was referring to launch not arrival.

[@matsciguy-l9h]

Fantastic content, thank you!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much! I am so glad you enjoyed it :D Make sure to check out part 2! ;)

[@rursus8354]

Very good interviewing, very good interviewee!

[@GEOGIRL]

Agreed! Dr. Leonard was incredible to talk to! I hardly had to edit at all because all her answers were so great and interesting :D

[@Scottabamos]

Thanks for another great video!!! I'm really loving this interview series thing. I would really enjoy seeing an interview on the first continents like Vaalbara, Ur and Kenorland!

[@helluland15]

love the planetary geology series!

[@Scuzgar]

Love your channel buddy, rooting for you. Great interview

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much! Glad you enjoyed the video, make sure to check out part 2! ;D

[@wraithofsolidarity]

Love the infographic cross-section at 6:32 It's like an onion abyssal dimension. Sure I dreamt something like that the other night.

[@AlanCanon2222]

I was 14 when Clarke published "2010: Odyssey Two", and I had to wait two years until it was made into a movie by Peter Hyams. I am 55 now. Now we are finally going to Europa. My teenaged self is satisfied, even if Helen Mirren never talks Russian to me while wearing a Soviet flight suit, which, for the record, she is still quite welcome to do. Just sayin'. Europa or Bust!

[@paintbrush3554]

This is an exciting video

[@suemacias667]

Great interview! So interesting!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! Make sure to check out part 2 on @geosociety ;D

[@J.Battles]

On to part 2!

[@GEOGIRL]

Yay! Hope you enjoy, that one is so good! ;D

[@johnp9988]

That was super interesting thanks for sharing!!!🍻

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! Make sure to check out part 2 on @geosociety ;D

[@DJDouglasWarden]

Awesome thank you!!!!

[@GEOGIRL]

Of course! Make sure to check out part 2 on @geosociety ;D

[@elgendystones]

You are so smart , keep going 🌹👏

[@Dragrath1]

Chaos terrain is also a term used on Mars and Mercury and to a lesser extent Earth where it seems to be terrain collapse due to subsurface sublimation is this similar or different to that? The prospects of ice tectonics is so fascinating especially if say those pits are basically some form of sagduction/ or ice equivalent of the recently identified mantle trip process within orogenic plateaus on Earth. The comparison of Europa and Enceladus has been made a lot of times but from what I've read Enceladus notably seems to be much younger than Europa which may play a role into the major differences aside from just size since I've seen some work which effectively rules out long term tidal flux heating with Enceladus by showing that there is no past history of resonances between Saturn's moons which in combination of other stuff like the rate of ring material lost to infalling into Saturn and the rapid tidal recession of Saturn's ring moon system really places constraints of its age to less than a billion years while conversely Europa and the other Galilean moons appear to date to the formation of the solar system. This potentially places strong constraints on Enceladus's habitability while Europa and its complexity paints a picture of a much more mature world with a long history. Frankly Europa is by far the ice shell moon with probably only Triton coming close in terms of prospects. (Mimas around Saturn does based on some measurements of its internal stress structure if I remember correctly seems to potentially support some interior liquid too but lets be frank Mimas and Enceladus are basically asteroid sized worlds.

[@BigTimeRushFan2112]

This is super cool content, I've been an astronomy buff since I was young and watching Cosmos hosted by Carl Sagan.

[@GEOGIRL]

Carl Sagan is one of my biggest idols! ;)

[@eveningstarnm3107]

Okay, but when things go unexpectedly, remember that we were warned. "All these worlds are yours except Europa. Attempt no landings there."

[@Larkinchance]

My questions... Could the massive tug by Jupiter on Europa's rocky core cause the chaotic surface be a regular event or infrequent? If they find life, would its genetic material be the same, similar or unique? Evolution does follow pathways but it is a toss of the dice. For intelligent life, cephalopod gets my vote... I suppose it is these questions that inspire the mission

[@michaeleisenberg7867]

Hello Rachel 🚀! This was super interesting. Thank you. 👏👏👏✊

[@danwylie-sears1134]

So much cooler than sending humans on a plant-the-flag mission.

[@phil20_20]

Hey Man, they played golf, they did science!

[@Texan190]

Europa is cool. Would love to see us get more info and explore Enceladus around Saturn. Its similar to Europa with liquid water and obviously some subsurface heating going on with the geysers.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes! I've been wanted a dedicated Enceladus mission for years!!!

[@trtlphnx]

Love The New, Sleek look: keep it up.

[@AutiSam1974]

I've always been fascinated by Europa since seeing the images from Voyager 1&2 in National Geographics as a child. One thing that occurrs to me is the possibility that the geological features that are on the top are actually the oldest, because the newer features are pushing up from underneath, is that even possible?

[@meesalikeu]

oh this is rad - very interesting - i have the europa clipper launch noted to watch (this thursday oct 10) - thx doc geo 🎉

[@meesalikeu]

also, because europa’s surface cycles so much maybe we can spot a few space whale fossils sticking out. 🙀

[@GEOGIRL]

I think the launch was slightly delayed since I filmed this video, I think now it is the 12th, but I will check and make sure and then pin a comment to let you all know! ;)

[@meesalikeu]

@@GEOGIRL yes its confimed delayed by the hurricane. geesh i wish they would have bumped the launch ahead to wednesday -- well, i guess moving it up is harder to do than delaying it, but i sure hope it doesn't get damaged out there on the launch pad.

[@mikefochtman7164]

So... with this tidal-friction heating of the interior, that energy must come from somewhere. Does this mean the orbit is decaying more rapidly than it otherwise would? Any thoughts about how much this shortens its lifetime?

[@barryon8706]

IIRC, the orbit should be getting more and more circular over time.

[@Rhysman30]

The water pressure at the bottom of an Earth ocean if it was 100km deep would be 145590.08 PSI or 9906.82 earth Atmospheres. 100km ocean depth on Europa would be 187 PSI or equivalent to ~129 m deep water on earth. Some sources I found say the furthest scuba dive depth was 332m and the deepest free dive depth was 131m. So we could technically swim around down there.

[@erik-ic3tp]

How do you calculate that?

[@istvansipos9940]

Great

[@ericlewis9472]

You look all official with the shirt the glasses and the badge I like it 👍

[@chrysanthemum8233]

This is so exciting and I'm absurdly pleased that they're launching it within a few days of my birthday. Totally not in my honor but I'm going to pretend anyway, NASA is throwing another robot into the sky to take pictures of something I've been fascinated by for years.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yay! A birthday launch, how exciting :D Happy birthday!

[@SolitonHedgeFundcom]

Are we there yet ?? 😂 - STEM+

[@davidkiss6624]

@GEOGIRL Welcome! We know that water jets can reach a height of several kilometers! Could the high-pressure water mass beneath the icy crust damage the robotic drill on a future mission? Is it possible to prepare for this challenge? What is your professional opinion?

[@GEOGIRL]

To my understanding, I think this is something we can account for based on what we know about Europa's ice crust, the pressure within it, the pressure in the ocean, etc. (as well as what we learn from clipper), and then when we go back in the future to drill down into the crust, we will have prepared the spacecraft to withstand those Europan conditions. :)

[@anothersquid]

Doesn't the Earth's surface rotate somewhat independently of the core due to the layer of liquid iron? Does that cause any weirdness on Earth?

[@mikefochtman7164]

Well, we do have a magnetic field from the rotating core. This shields us from 'solar wind' to a great extent. We've found this is not universal in all the planets.

[@anothersquid]

@@mikefochtman7164 I knew that, but I'd often wondered how coupled the mantle and crust is to the core given the ocean of liquid iron. When it came up about the ice floating on the water ocean, it struck me that such a situation would be similar but with possibly increased effects since water is (I think) less viscous than liquid iron. My background is physics, but I only studied the minimum geology (hard to avoid - university on west coast, so there's lots of geology :) )

[@TheDanEdwards]

Not independent. The parts of the planet are coupled.

[@mikefochtman7164]

@@anothersquid ISTR seeing something about a possible cause of pole-reversals. It seems the magnetic poles have reversed over time in earth's past. One possible cause was not the core reversing direction, but its relative speed to the other layers. If the differential speed reverses (i.e. core going faster/ slower than mantle), it might explain how these reversals occured. Sorry that's about all I can remember though, but it's an interesting idea.

[@sirensynapse5603]

👽plenty of life out there

[@phil20_20]

It's definitely out there somewhere. If this was a murder trial, there would already have been a conviction.

[@toweypat]

Is it possible Europa was warmer at some point in its past?

[@GEOGIRL]

Absolutely! Very little is known about its geologic history since its formation (even the timing of its formation is still debated), so yes, especially if it has undergone changes to its orbit in the past (like Earth and other planets do). But by investigating Europa's geology (and that of the other major moons of Jupiter) we will start to unravel that history of their formation and evolution over time :)

[@the_eternal_student]

How would you even find out about that subsurface stuff?

[@GEOGIRL]

Well the stuff going on at the surface tells us a lot about the subsurface processes (just like on earth!) For example, if we found plumes at europa's surface (depending on their size, intensity, and persistence), that could indicate that something localized beneath those plumes must be driving that activity- like hydrothermal vents at the seafloor for example (which is something that would make europa's ocean much more likely to have life!). So geologic features at the surface (if we can study them enough to understand how they form) can give us an idea of what is driving them below, and those processes can be super important for life as well. Hope that makes sense :)

[@MmKr7525]

All I have to say is, kids, people, get on board these interesting things while you’re young. As a 70- year- old, I either won’t be around to see a lot of these future missions and knowledge, and even if I am, I may not understand them anymore! I am disappointed humans don’t live well for much longer than we do!!!

[@Eric.....yt-1]

Dayum

[@LiamRedmill]

Going off your questions and the awnser's,(10xthe gravity of Enceladus)has this gravity been assessed through relative mass/weight and distance or from spectroscopy scans from earth and space.does the moon have an molten iron or silicon core that is churning like earth or is it possible it's high gravity is relative to a mini sun or black hole at the centre of this and all bodie's in the solar system,and not magnetic churning of metal's,and how is the current theorie's and alternative's proved or provable.great production,so happy that you have become such a successful science communicator.sorry for the difficult question's,wish you all the best in your work,thankyou

[@cavetroll666]

So happy this launched and now it's going to join Esa's spacecraft Juice at Jupiter

[@Musabre]

Boy i really need some better channels for getting the heads-up on the latest space missions. I feel like i only ever learn that some awesome mission exists when it's already happened xD

[@GEOGIRL]

Well you still got some time for this one! :D

[@Musabre]

@@GEOGIRL Some may argue TOO much time 😄. is there a skip-time button on the probe? I got places to be.... For real though, the passage of time and the timetables of these sorts of missions is a crazy thing to get my head around, in this modern age of 15 second tiktoks and TV-show binging-on-demand 😄. Are space agency employees just the most patient people on Earth?

[@LiamRedmill]

With the long held prospect of life or dark oxygen,,,what are the precaution's taken to protect this pristine world from microbe's/virus's/diatoms from our world?

[@GEOGIRL]

Well Europa Clipper is only going to do a flyby, so it is not going to land on or contaminate the surface. But that is a great and very important question you have asked! I think it is something that future missions to these moons, especially landers, will heavily consider. (Thankfully, though, hardly any Earth life would be able to withstand the trip to the outer solar system- it is much longer and more treacherous than just going to Mars, for example). ;)

[@LiamRedmill]

@@GEOGIRL thankyou so much for your prompt response,I feel silly now,but also have more complex questions,,,like will spectroscopy play a part in the mission,and has spectroscopy ascertained the moon's makeup,,,ie churning iron core magnetosphere/gravity(10xthat of Enceladus),,,and can spectroscopy be done from earth or do you get a better elemental/mineralogically picture with instruments the closer you are(or the more the moon is "not aligned with Jupiter/the sun).maybe these are questions you could research/ask the expert's in the future ,thankyou so much

[@harrygoldhagen2732]

Great interview! Wouldn't it be cool if those colored bands were caused by bacteria, they way they are at some of the hot springs in Yellowstone?!!

[@GEOGIRL]

That would be amazing!

[@GG-dx6cu]

Hey there, would the harsh radiation conditions and magnetic fields not destroy RNA/DNA type of molecules- are there lab experiments simulating macromolecular behavior under that conditions?

[@barryfennell9723]

Even though Europa is far from the Living Goldy Locks Zone of the Sun, Jupiter creates geologic activity with its crushing weight that could potentially have life on Europa similar to Earth's deep oceanic life. If Europa was vacant then trying to seed life there especially as the sun expands.

[@nicholasmaude6906]

@GEOGIRL - Here's a new video ( kzbin.info/www/bejne/fZzYcq2aiJKJraM ) uploaded by Anton Petrov concerning hydrothermal vents and nanostructure in them, Rachel, that I think you'll find is pertinent to this video.

[@hagvaktok]

Has JWST looked at Europa?

[@danox2851]

❤❤❤

[@AlanCanon2222]

Spotted years ago on Slashdot, on an article on the cancelation of the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter: OOMPA LOOMPA DUPITY DO ALL OF THESE WORLDS ARE BELONG TO YOU OOMPA LOOMPA DUPITY DOPA KEEP-A YOUR SPACE PROBE OFF-A EUROPA

[@johnh539]

Verry interesting thank you. I am verry critical of current Theoretical Physics for trying to make new discoveries about the nature of the universe without incorporating the rate of time flow due to gravity. While "Gravity slows time " is basic Einstein , we do not yet have any type of formula for the ratio "Mass to Time." Astronomers' are in a position to try and correct this omission using the "Clipper Mission" amongst others. As Europa orbits Jupiter on its Elliptical path it is entering and exiting a heavy gravity environment on a 3.5 day period with data arriving from the "Clipper" sent as always according to the clocks inside a computer. Time always flows at a constant rate locally so though the satellite will orbit Europa on its orbits of Jupiter its will not notice any difference in time but we in our own different time environment may be able to detect a rate of data receival on a 3.5 day cycle. If looking for time Dilation was the scientific goal it aught to be who knows what other opportunities they might have.

[@johnh539]

Having just watched part 2 . The Periodicity may not be 3.5 days but there will still be one. While I'm at it . If any signes of life are found the scope of the evidence could not say anything conclusive about Large Complex Life. If there IS living life then there is evolving life in enclosed Oceans far bigger than ours at relatively reduced pressures due to the small mass of the moon so who can say how big it might grow?

[@NachtmahrNebenan]

I'm waiting for proof of life beneath Europe's surface since the idea was discussed for the first time! (Really, no joke.)

[@NachtmahrNebenan]

It was dramatized in the movie "2010 the Year we Make Contact".

[@Broken_robot1986]

Clip it!

[@johnfowler5332]

Attempt no landing

[@charlesjmouse]

Very nice! I'm curious - at the time of this comment this video has three down-votes - not bad for KZbin. As it's utterly beyond me, would the three people who down-voted this video like to explain why?

[@istvansipos9940]

I am not 1 of them, so I only guess here: Flat Earth. Space denial.

[@Wind-oh-Wishp]

Europe should colonise Europa. Also love how the geofeature cross-section's center just say "chaos". 11:35-13.45 Europa is just Europe as a Moon confirmed.

[@UmmerFarooq-wx4yo]

Lander???

[@TriRabbi]

Life is more complex than you know.

[@Privacityuser]

[@fallinginthed33p]

Here's hoping we find something "alien" there 😊It would be a huge development if life could develop and survive under extreme conditions like in Europa's deep sea.

[@RommelSanico]

🤗🙏♥️🌷😃

[@Giganfan2k1]

How are we protecting the supposed pristine Moon from being biologically by terrestrial life?

[@phil20_20]

Maybe there are frozen frogs 🐸 Dave said not to go there.

[@jakethomas6123]

So ice is a mineral.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yep! (well it's a mineral if it is pure water ice, it is a rock if it has other constituents, like salts, in it) ;)

[@sparklytreesarecool]

Dr. Rachel. -- is this accurate? Microbes Found Alive Sealed in Rock For 2 Billion Years. Nature08 October 2024 ByMichelle Starr If so, would you please elaborate. Best, Old Fossil

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh such a great question! Will do! Video is in my plans now, thank you for the suggestion 😃

[@aps340]

🌹🌹

[@KA4UPW]

Too much giggling😂

[@GEOGIRL]

lol I giggle when I am excited and this mission is very exciting! ;D

[@KeithPrince-cp3me]

Geology? Surely Eurology...though that could be confused with something medical.

[@keijojaanimets819]

No nose hair today?

[@PatelShirishbhai-y5x]

I love you bae

[@wafikiri_]

I bet no life will be found in Europa. I'm convinced it doesn't hold life-holding or -starting conditions of any kind.

[@yourguard4]

What for example, do you think would be missing?

[@GEOGIRL]

I am curious why you think this? I mean, I am certainly not convinced it has life, but I feel like there's a good chance it has the conditions that could support some microbial life (even if such life is not present). What do you think makes Europa unhabitable? :)

[@wafikiri_]

@@GEOGIRL I think the necessary ingredients for abiogenesis are and were too scarce in Europa. High energy gradients, a great variety of basic chemicals, including universal solvents, an environment subject to great variability of temperature, pH, turbulence, radiation, and chemical composition and concentrations, an easy confinement of chemical reactions, presence of silicate clays to act as catalythic substrate for random polynucleotide synthesis, and an astronomical number of natural random laboratories, these are among the conditions I would expect to be necessary for abiogenesis. I am convinced that the Hadean atmosphere met these conditions, and that it is an extremely rare happening in the universe: volcanic ash everywhere and a planet-overcasting cloud between a lowest water-vapour-saturated layer and a higher space-cold sublimated-water, with much of the liquid water that would later form the initial ocean means zillions of droplets, each a tiny such laboratory, whereas hurricane winds' friction would result in huge lightning activity, thus big energy gradients responsible for chemical reactions supplying a great abundance of chemicals and bathing it all in X-ray and UV radiation. I cannot envision Europa in such conditions as I can Earth.

[@istvansipos9940]

some people do this whole space stuff and planetary biology for a living. The majority of those pros is NOT convinced either way. Just sayin'

[@wafikiri_]

@@GEOGIRL I wonder why my reply to you didn't get through. This second reply is a test. If it does, I'll repeat the first (more or less). It was long, that's why.

[@jodymlake-hw4gy]

So europa is still in a plasticene state. Allowing deformation due to gravitational pull. Earth was once in that state.

[@RulgertGhostalker]

life, anywhere in the universe, is adapted to it's place, and the chemistry of it's time in that place. and other space is a more hostile environment than anyplace on earth by a long shot. that's the reality, and people prone to fainting make up their own non-realities anyway, and there is nothing anyone can do about it apparently. and there will never be enough room in outer space for subsaharans' reproductive rates, we could build them most colossal space station and they would still be gnawing on each other's bones as the life support systems overloaded in no time flat....by the way, we are already in outer space.

[@wirehyperspace]

Well if had hologram satellites that blocks dims and makes a sun and can also suck water out of space could terrafrom the new comet ☄ earth 2 / need more hologram lasers to help terrafrom but that water trial nice 🥤🦨@#$%^&*( space program water trail may the 5th element everlasting life nanotechnology be with you day