Evidence of Abiogenesis

[@AronRa]

Cited studies: Thanks to Urey-Miller and a number of other, similar experiments that have been going on since the 1950s, we know that water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen generate amino acids when heated and charged with electricity. www.pnas.org/content/114/17/4306 The same thing happens when you change the mix to include Carbon-dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen-sulfide and sulfur-dioxide. www.astronomy.com/science/lost-miller-experiment-gives-pungent-clue-to-origin-of-life/ Similarly, heating water to 70ºC in the presence of iron hydroxide (simulating geothermal vents in the anaerobic conditions of the prebiotic earth) also produced amino acids and alpha hydroxy acids in the lab. www.wired.com/2008/10/forgotten-exper/ So it turns out there are a few ways that we can get organic chemicals from inorganic origins. The most common critique of these that I hear from creationists is that the Urey-Miller experiments did not produce life from non-life. But they weren’t trying to. They knew that life is crazy complex. So it’s origin is going to be complex too. Not a single-step process, but many different ones collectively. Moving on to the next level of complexity, a separate study showed that synthetic molecules fold up into abiotic proteins. So it turns out that life is not necessarily the only source of proteins. www.chemistryworld.com/news/synthetic-molecules-fold-up-into-abiotic-proteins/3009974.article Other experiments show that pre-biological RNA can also autonomously arrange a protein producing complex. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00574-4 Then I read that the synthesis of proteinous amino acids and amino acid polymers called “proteinoids” from inorganic molecules and thermal energy, created the world‘s first potential protocell out of proteinoids and water. scihi.org/sidney-fox-origins-life/ Another study showed that redox and pH gradients drive amino acid synthesis in iron oxyhydroxide mineral systems. Alanine and valine, two of the proteinogenic amino acids thought to be among the most abundant on a prebiotic earth, can polymerize into peptides. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27511635 Further studies show that it is remarkably easy for peptides to subsequently assemble into ordered protein-like, two-dimensional structures - amyloids - from basic building blocks. This discovery supports the researchers’ hypothesis that primal life could have evolved from amyloids such as these. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160912132542.htm Because peptides can spontaneously form self-replicating protein structures in the presence of carbonyl sulphide. sensuouscurmudgeon.wordpress.com/2016/09/12/does-this-explain-the-origin-of-life/ In a dryer environment, say along a shoreline, aqueous microdroplets enable abiotic synthesis and chain extension of unique peptide isomers from free amino acids. www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2212642119 They can also dry into polypeptides, because some of these chemicals become increasingly complex after repeated cycles of inundation, dehydration and irradiation. Once it reaches the right level of complexity, then if the right phosphate becomes involved, they become ribonucleotides. www.wired.com/2009/05/ribonucleotides/ If ribonucleotides come into contact with montmorillonite, they spontaneously produce strands of RNA, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664692/ Scientists at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution announced that ribonucleic acid (RNA) an analog of DNA that was likely the first genetic material for life, also spontaneously forms on basalt lava glass. phys.org/news/2022-06-scientists-breakthrough-life-earthand-mars.html?fbclid=IwAR2Yeja3CfNer9eq85p8gi8Ylg8UV2t048rIEFpsoh-lkCp6knMFu06sUMU Further laboratory experiments discovered a primordial soup that yields RNA bases. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02622-4 And activated RNA can replicate itself even without the usual enzyme. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959843/ Scientists running a long-term RNA replication experiment witnessed the transition from a chemical system towards biological complexity when a single RNA type evolved into multiple variants in a complex replication system. scitechdaily.com/new-insight-into-possible-origins-of-life-for-the-first-time-researchers-create-an-rna-molecule-that-replicates/ RNA also builds DNA. RNAs have enzymatic activity on their own that DNA lacks, and is an essential component in many cellular processes. I asked a developmental biologist about this, and he said to look at the ribosome, which right in the name tells you that it is a ribonucleoprotein, and it's essential in protein synthesis, so it's everywhere. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770912/ A recent study also revealed an origin for a protoribosome, proposed as a "link between an RNA-dominated world-one that may have existed before proteins and DNA appeared-and life that is based on proteins and nucleic acids, as we know it today," academic.oup.com/nar/article/50/4/1815/6523807?login=false That developmental biologist then told me to look at primase. Synthesis of a DNA strand is preceded by laying down a short stretch of RNA on single-stranded DNA to prime the activity of DNA polymerase. Or telomerase, an enzyme that carries an RNA template which is used to make the DNA at the ends of chromosomes. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770912/ Then there are spliceosomes. Introns are cut out of DNA by snRNPs (small ribonucleoproteins) that chop out and splice the DNA, and some of them are self-splicing -- just the RNA in the intron itself can cut itself out. kzbin.info/www/bejne/fIfYcqp4fNySprM Biochemists also now know of a ribozyme that can use either left or right-handed RNA templates to exclusively synthesize only right-handed versions, solving the problem of homochirality. www.quantamagazine.org/chiral-key-found-to-origin-of-life-20141126/ Then of course phospholipids automatically form a bilayered cell-wall upon contact with water, due to their combined polarity; allowing a haven for all these processes, with transport vesicles and other semi-permeable channels to keep fueling and exchanging the system. ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/13-membrane-structure/phospholipid-bilayer.html So if RNA and then DNA are contained within that incidental arrangement, then we have the basis of the first living cells. Protocell membrane vesicles form spontaneously www.nature.com/articles/s41557-024-01666-y Scientists have even created a completely novel 'life-like' material that has metabolism and can self-reproduce. bigthink.com/surprising-science/scientists-create-a-lifelike-material-that-has-metabolism-and-can-self-reproduce?Social&Facebook&fbclid=IwAR2MO-1jsHD7jbf8TmvlOgXqdhLmFdLwq2AWGkwbygb0War7m3RUX-BR6yM#Echobox=1578698243 Bioengineers have assembled synthesized DNA patterns, resulting in a life-like material that can perpetuate a dynamic, autonomous process of growth and decay with an artificial metabolism. news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/04/engineers-create-lifelike-material-artificial-metabolism More recently, researchers at the Craig Venter Institute have synthesized minimal cells that grow and divide just like real life. www.newscientist.com/article/2272899-artificial-life-made-in-lab-can-grow-and-divide-like-natural-bacteria/?fbclid=IwAR1I6CDF8r5z6GiusdnBVKJZgOQfhr78RpHkE9SgpOCkDMiTE6sLgX48Bz0

[@AronRa]

More generally... 1. Amino Acids & Peptides "Prebiotic Synthesis of Cysteine Peptides in Neutral Water" - Foden (2020) www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abd5680 "Sulfur Amino Acids: From Prebiotic Chemistry to Biology" - Youssef-Saliba (2021) www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/a-1472-7914 "Cysteine Chemistry in Connection to Abiogenesis" - Shalayel (2020) chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejoc.202000089 "A Thermodynamic Chemical Reaction Network Drove Autocatalytic Prebiotic Peptide Formation" - Bao (2022) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001670372200120X "Primordial Emergence of a Nucleic Acid Binding Protein via Phase Separation and Statistical Ornithine-to-Arginine Conversion" - Longo (2020) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2001989117 "Reactivity Landscape of Pyruvate under Simulated Hydrothermal Vent Conditions" - Novikov (2013) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1304923110 "Water Microdroplets Allow Spontaneous Abiotic Production of Peptides" - Wang (2021) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01083 "Peptide Synthesis in Aqueous Microdroplets" - Deal (2022) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2216015119 "Aqueous Microdroplets Enable Abiotic Synthesis and Chain Extension of Unique Peptide Isomers from Free Amino Acids" - Cooks (2022) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2212642119 2. Fatty Acids "Lipid Synthesis Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Fischer-Tropsch Type Reactions" - McCollom (1999) link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006592502746 "Lipid Formation by Aqueous Fischer-Tropsch Type Synthesis from 100-400C" - Rushdi (2001) link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006702503954 "Plausible Sources of Membrane-Forming Fatty Acids on the Early Earth: A Review of the Literature and an Estimation of Amounts" - Cohen (2023) pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00168 "The Abiotic Formation of Hydrocarbons from Dissolved CO2 Under Hydrothermal Conditions with Cobalt-Bearing Magnetite" - Ji (2008) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-008-9124-7 3. Sugars "Prebiotic Carbohydrate Synthesis: Zinc-Proline Catalyses Direct Aqueous Aldol Reactions of Alpha-Hydroxy Aldehydes and Ketones" - Kofoed (2005) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2005/ob/b501512j/unauth "A Plausible Prebiotic Path to Nucleosides: : Ribosides and Related Aldosides Generated from Ribulose, Fructose, and Similar Abiotic Precursors" - Roche (2022) chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/chem.202203036 "A Plausible Prebiotic Selection for Ribose for RNA Formation - Formation, Dynamic Isolation, and Nucleotide Synthesis Based on Metal Doped Clays" - Zhao (2021) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451929421004642 "Plausibility of the Formose Reaction in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Environments" - Omran (2020) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-020-09599-5 4. Phosphorylated Sugars "Abiotic Production of Sugar Phosphates and Uridine Ribonucleoside in Aqueous Microdroplets" - Nam (2017) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1714896114 "Cysteine and Iron Accelerate the Formation of RIbose-5-Phosphate" - Piedrafita (2021) journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001468 5. Nucleobases "Pyrrhotite Catalyzes the Formation of Uracil Under Hydrothermal Conditions" - Aldecoa (2013) meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2013/EPSC2013-679.pdf "A Nonenzymatic Analogue of Pyrimidine Nucleobase Biosynthesis" - Yi (2022) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ange.202117211 "Building the Uracil Skeleton in Primitive Ponds at the Origins of Life: Carbamoylation of Aspartic Acid" - Ter-Ovanessian (2022) www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21272-7 "A Plausible Prebiotic Synthesis of Orotate and Pyruvate Suggestive of Common Proto-Metabolic Pathways" - Clay (2022) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/anie.202112572 "A One Pot Water Compatible Synthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleobases Under Plausible Prebiotic Conditions" - Okamura (2019) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/cc/c8cc09435g/unauth "Silica Metal Oxide Vesicles Catalyze Comprehensive Prebiotic Chemistry" - Bizarri (2018) chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/chem.201706162 7. Nucleosides "Abiotic Synthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Ribonucleosides in Aqueous Microdroplets" - Nam (2018) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1718559115 "Direct Prebiotic Pathway to DNA Nucleosides" - Teichert (2019) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ange.201903400 "A Prebiotic Ribosylation of Pyrimidine Nucleobases Enabled by Metal Cations and Clay Minerals" - Chen (2021) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/12/1381/htm?fbclid=IwAR1o_Jef4UyeVZEoxQ2pnFyrBF9nVGPJIv38PZ3IXde3zqyc_ZkXEkOm90U 8. Nucleotides "Aqueous Microdroplet Driven Abiotic Synthesis of Ribonucleotides" - Ju (2022) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03486 "Physical Non-Equilibria for Prebiotic Nucleic Acid Chemistry" - Ianeselli (2023) www.nature.com/articles/s42254-022-00550-3 "Confinement and Time Immemorial: Prebiotic Synthesis of Nucleotides on a Porous Mineral Nanoreactor" - (Rodriguez 2019) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01448 9. RNA "On the Prebiotic Selection of Nucleotide Anomers: A Computational Study" - Castanedo (2022) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022009458 "Prebiotic Pathway from Ribose to RNA" - Banfalvi (2021) www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/3857 "Emergence of RNA from the Heterogeneous Products of Prebiotic Nucleotide Synthesis" - Kim (2021) pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jacs.0c12955 "Ribose Selected as Precursor for Life" - Banfalvi (2020) www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/dna.2019.4943

[@AronRa]

II. Mutualism "Prebiotic Peptides: Molecular Hubs in the Origin of Life" - Frenkel-Pinter (2020) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00664 "The Systems Chemistry of Nucleic Acid-Peptide Networks" - Bandela (2022) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijch.202200030 "Co-Evolution of Primordial Membranes and Membrane Proteins" - Mulkidjanian (2009) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968000409000449 "Synergism and Mutualism in Nonenzymatic RNA Polymerization" - Kaddour (2014) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/4/4/598 "The Central Symbiosis of Molecular Biology: Molecules in Mutualism" - Lanier (2017) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-017-9804-x "Mutually Stabilizing Interactions Between Protopeptides and RNA" - Frenkel-Pinter (2020) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16891-5 "Lipid-Assisted Polymerization of Nucleotides" - Olasagasti (2019) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/9/4/83 "Ribonucleotides and RNA Promote Peptide Chain Growth" - Griesser (2016) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.201610650 "Yin and Yang: Polypeptide and Polynucleotide" - Williams (2012) www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/williams_2013.pdf III. Concentration, Polymerization, and Molecular Transport Mechanisms "Locomotion and Transformation of Underwater Micrometer-Sized Molecular Aggregates" - Toyota (2017) journals.jps.jp/doi/abs/10.7566/JPSJ.86.101006 "Thermal Habitat for RNA Amplification and Accumulation" - Salditt (2020) journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.048104 "Escalation of Polymerization in a Thermal Gradient" - Mast (2013) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1303222110 "Mineral Surfaces Select for Longer RNA Molecules" - Mizuuchi (2019) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/cc/c8cc10319d "An RNA-Making Reactor for the Origin of Life" - Koonin (2007) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0702699104 "Formation of Protocell-Like Vesicles in a Thermal Diffusion Column" - Budin (2009) pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja9029818 IV. Messy Chemistry & Experiments Beyond a "Pristine Lab" "Adsorption of RNA on Mineral Surfaces and Mineral Precipitates" - Biondi (2017) www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/articles/13/42 "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Environments" - Deamer (2021) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/134 "Can Prebiotic Systems Survive in the Wild? An Intereference Chemistry Approach" - Walton (2022) www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.1011717/full?&Email_to_authors_&Email&T1_11.5e1_author&Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Earth_Science&id=1011717 "Spontaneous Formation of Functional Structures in Messy Environments" - Mayer (2022) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/5/720 "Origins of Life Research: The Conundrum Between Laboratory and Field Simulations of Messy Environments" - Deamer (2022) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/9/1429 V. The Ribosome & Translation "Origin of Life: Protoribosome Forms Peptide Bonds and Links RNA and Protein Dominated Worlds" - Bose (2022) academic.oup.com/nar/article/50/4/1815/6523807 "Root of the Tree: The Significance, Evolution, and Origin of the Ribosome" - Bowman (2020) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00742 "The Ribosome Challenge to the RNA World" - Bowman (2015) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-015-9669-9 "The Difficult Case of an RNA-only Origin of Life" - Le Vay (2019) portlandpress.com/emergtoplifesci/article/3/5/469/220563/The-difficult-case-of-an-RNA-only-origin-of-life "The Origin of the Prebiotic Information System in an RNA/Peptide World" - Chatterjee (2019) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/9/1/25 "Possible Emergence of Sequence-Specific RNA Aminoacylation Via Peptide Intermediary to Initiate Darwinian Evolution and Code Through Origin of Life" - Kunnev (2018) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/8/4/44 "A Prebiotically Plausible Scenario of an RNA-Peptide World" - Muller (2022) www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04676-3 "The Evolution of Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: From Dawn to LUCA" - de Pouplana (2020) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1874604720300299 "tRNA Evolution from the Proto-tRNA Mini-Helix World" - Root Bernstein (2016) www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21541264.2016.1235527 "Emergence of Information Transmission in a Prebiotic RNA Reactor" - Obermayer (2011) journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.018101 "Exceptional Error Minimization in Putative Primordial Genetic Codes" - Novozhilov (2009) biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6150-4-44 "On the Origin of Sequence" - van der Gulik (2015) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/5/4/1629 "The Origin of Heredity in Protocells" - West (2017) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2016.0419

[@AronRa]

VI. The Hadean "Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: A Preliminary Species List" - Hazen (2013) www.ajsonline.org/content/313/9/807.short "The Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon Revisited" - Morrison (2018) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/8/4/64 "A Wet Heterogeneous Mantle Creates a Habitable World in the Hadean" - Korenaga (2022) www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04371-9 "Life in a Carbon Dioxide World" - Preiner (2021) www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00977-1 "Evidence for Early Life in Earth's Oldest Hydrothermal Vent Precipitates" - Dodd 2017 www.nature.com/articles/nature21377 (Compiler's Note: A subsequent publication has questioned whether or not the fossils are as old as the vent system. But both studies concur that the site is 3.7-4.2 Ga.) "The Hadean Crust: Evidence from >4 Ga Zircons" - Harrison (2009) www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100151 "Nitrogen Oxides in Early Earth's Atmosphere as Electron Acceptors for Life's Emergence" - Wong (2017) www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2016.1473 "Composition of the Primordial Ocean Just After Its Formation" - Ueda (2021) www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/4/389 "Primordial Ocean Chemistry and Its Compatability with an RNA World" - Kua (2011) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-011-9250-5 VII. Emergence of Metabolism "Simultaneous Synthesis of Thioesters and Iron Sulfur Clusters in Water: Two Universal Components of Energy Metabolism" - Sanden (2020) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/cc/d0cc04078a/unauth "Spontaneous Assembly of Redox-Active Iron Sulfur Clusters at Low Concentrations of Cysteine" - Jordan (2021) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26158-2 "Carbon-Metal Bonds: Rare and Primordial in Metabolism" - Martin (2019) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968000419300908 "Recreating Ancient Metabolic Pathways Before Enzymes" - Muchowska (2019) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089619300033 "Synthesis and Breakdown of Universal Metabolic Precursors Promoted by Iron" - Muchowska (2019) www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1151-1 "Linked Cycles of Oxidative Decarboxylation of Glyoxylate as Protometabolic Analogs of the Citric Acid Cycle" - Springsteen (2018) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02591-0 "The Messy Alkaline Formose Reaction and Its Link to Metabolism" - Omran (2020) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/10/8/125 ----------- Debate: Cyanide and Metabolism "Prebiotic Synthesis of Alpha-Amino Acids and Orotate from Alpha-Keto Acids Potentiates Transition to Extant Metabolic Pathways" - Pulletikurti (2022) www.nature.com/articles/s41557-022-00999-w vs. "An Appeal to Magic?" The Discovery of a Nonenzymatic Metabolism and its Role in the Origins of Life" - Ralser (2018) portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/475/16/2577/49772/An-appeal-to-magic-The-discovery-of-a-non ------------ "Beating the Acetyl CoA Pathway to the Origin of Life" - Nitschke (2013) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2012.0258 "Catalysts, Autocatalysis, and the Origins of Metabolism" - Preiner (2019) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0072 VIII. Paleometabolism & LUCA "Chemical Basis of Carbon Fixation Autotrophic Paleometabolism" - Marakushev (2021) link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1062359021050095 "The Autotrophic Core: An Ancient Network of 404 Reactions Converts H2, CO2, and NH3 into Amino Acids, Bases, and Cofactors" - Wimmer (2021) www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/458 "On the Chemistry and Evolution of the Pioneer Organism" - Wachtershauser (2007) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbdv.200790052 "Protometabolism as Out of Equilibrium Chemistry" - Nader (2022) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2020.0423 "The Compositional and Evolutionary Logic of Metabolism" - Braakman (2012) iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1478-3975/10/1/011001/meta "Nonenzymatic Metabolic Reactions and Life's Origins" - Muchowska (2020) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00191 "A Consensus View of the Proteome of the Last Universal Common Ancestor" - Crapitto (2022) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.8930 "High CO2 Levels Drive the TCA Cycle Backwards to Autotrophy" - Steffens (2021) www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03456-9 IX. The "Water Paradox" "Chemistry in Nanoconfined Water" - Manoz-Santiburtio (2017) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/sc/c6sc04989c "The Ambivalent Role of Water at the Origins of Life" - Nascimento Vieira (2020) febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/1873-3468.13815 "Chemical Reactivity Under Nanoconfinement" - Grommet (2020) www.nature.com/articles/s41565-020-0652-2 "The Rocky Road to Organics Needs Drying" - Andreani (2023) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36038-6 "The Power of Crowding for the Origin of Life" - Hansma (2015) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-014-9382-5 "Generation of Long RNA Chains in Water" - Costanzo (2009) www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)37757-7/fulltext "Spontaneous Formation and Base Pairing of Plausible Prebiotic Nucleotides in Water" - Cafferty (2016) www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11328 X. Clay Minerals "Layered Double Hydroxides as Nanoreactors for Prebiotic Chemistry" - Gregoire (2013) meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2013/EPSC2013-521.pdf "Natural Double Layered Hydroxides: Structure, Chemistry, and Information Storage Capacity" - Krivovichev (2011) link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-20018-2_9 "Layered Double Hydroxides: Precursors for Multifunctional Catalysts" - Tichit (2006) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11244-006-0041-6 "Layered Double Hydroxides as Possible Information Storage and Transfer Compounds" - Greenwell (2006) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-005-2068-2 "Vesicle Formation Induced by Layered Double Hydroxides" - Nie (2011) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00396-011-2391-2 "In Situ Polymerization and Intercalation of Polymers in Layered Double Hydroxides" - Taviot-Gueho (2005) link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/430_001 "Layered Double Hydroxides in Bioinspired Nanotechnology" - Arrabito (2020) www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/7/602 "Formation of Hydrotalcite in Aqueous Solutions and Intercalation of ATP by Anion Exchange" - Tamura (2006) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021979706002864 "Adsorption of Nucleotides onto Ferromagnesian Phyllosilicates: Significance for the Origin of Life" - Pedreire-Segade (2016) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001670371500719X "Adsorption of Nucleic Acid Bases, Ribose, and Phosphate by Some Clay Minerals" - Hashizume (2015) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/5/1/637 "Clays and the Origins of Life: The Experiments" - Kloprogge (2022) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/2/259 "Stability of Free and Mineral Protected Nucleic Acids: Implications for the RNA World" - Swadling (2012) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703711007447 "Fougerite: The Not So Simple Progenitor of the First Cells" - Duval (2019) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0063 "Green Rust: The 'Simple' Organizing Seed of All Life?" - Russell (2018) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/8/3/35 "On the why's and how's of clay minerals importance in life's emergence" - Duval (2020) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169131720303021

[@AronRa]

XI. Protecting Groups? "How Do Nucleotides Adsorb onto Clays?" - Pedreire-Segade (2018) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/8/4/59 "Mineral Surface Chemistry Control for Origin of Prebiotic Peptides" - Erastova (2017) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02248-y XII. Homochirality "Possible Chemical and Physical Scenarious Toward Biological Homochirality" - Sallembien (2022) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/cs/d1cs01179k "Spontaneous Mirror Symmetry Breaking in the Limited Enantioselective Autocatalysis Model: Abyssal Hydrothermal Vents as Scenario for the Emergence of Chirality in Prebiotic Chemistry" - Ribo (2013) www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2012.0904 "Chemical Basis of Biological Homochirality During the Abiotic Evolution Stages in Earth" - Ribo (2019) www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/6/814 "Duplex Formation and the Origins of Homochirality" - Deamer (2022) www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2021.0018 "Spontaneous Mirror Symmetry Breaking in Heterocatalytically Coupled Enantioselective Replicators" - Ribo (2017) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/sc/c6sc02446g "On the Origin of Sugar Handedness: Facts, Hypotheses, and Missing Links - A Review" - Martinez (2022) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-022-09624-9 XIII. Serpentinization "Serpentinite and the Dawn of Life" - Sleep (2011) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.2011.0129 "Serpentinization, Carbon, and Deep Life" - Shrenk (2013) pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/rimg/article-abstract/75/1/575/140987/Serpentinization-Carbon-and-Deep-Life "The Inevitable Journey to Being" - Russell (2013) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2012.0254 "Serpentinization as a Source of Energy at the Origin of Life" - Russell (2010) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00249.x XIV. Nitrogen Fixation "Kinetics of Nitrate Reduction by Green Rusts" - Hansen (2001) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169131700000296 "Abiotic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium: Key Role of Green Rust" - Hansen (1996) pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es950844w "Inorganic Nitrogen Reduction and Stability Under Simulated Hydrothermal Conditions" - Brandes (2009) www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2007.0187 "Stable Abiotic Production of Ammonia from Nitrate in Komatiite-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems in the Hadean and Archean Oceans" - Nishizawa (2021) www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/321 XV. Carbon Fixation "A Hydrogen Dependent Geochemical Analogue of Primordial Carbon and Energy Fixation" - Preiner (2020) www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1125-6 "Native Iron Reduces CO2 to Intermediates and End Products of the Acetyl CoA Pathway" - Varma (2018) www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0542-2 "The Emergence and Early Evolution of Biological Carbon Fixation" - Braakman (2012) journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002455 "Bioinspired CO2 Conversion by Iron Sulfide Catalysts Under Sustainable Conditions" - Roldan (2015) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/cc/c5cc02078f XVI. pH Gradients and Motive Force "Steep pH Gradients and Directed Colloid Transport in a Microfluidic Alkaline Hydrothermal Pore" - Moller (2017) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.201610781 "CO2 Reduction Driven by pH Gradient" - Hudson (2020) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2002659117 "Proton Gradients at the Origins of Life" - Lane (2017) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.201600217 "Electrochemistry at Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents: Utilization of the Thermodynamic Driving Force Towards the Autotrophic Origin of Life" - Ooka (2018) chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/celc.201801432 "Hydrothermal Focusing of Chemical and Chemiosmotic Energy" - Nitschke (2009) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-009-9289-3 "Proton Gradients and pH Oscillations Emerge from Heat Flow at the Microscale" - Keil (2017) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02065-3 XVII. Modern Day Abiotic Synthesis at Vents "Abiotic Amino Acid Synthesis in the Recesses of the Oceanic Lithosphere" - Menez (2018) www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0684-z "Abiogenic Hydrocarbon Production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field" - Proskurowski (2008) www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1151194 XVIII. Stability with Salts & Divalent Cations "Promotion of Protocell Self-Assembly by Mixed Amphiphiles at the Origin of Life" - Jordan (2019) www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1015-y "The Impact of Salts on Single Chain Amphiphile Membranes and Implications for the Location of the Origin of Life" - Maurer (2017) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/7/4/44 "Synthesis and Characterization of Amino Acid Decyl Esters as Early Membranes for the Origins of Life" - Lago (2022) www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/9/858 "Nucleobases Bind to and Stabilize Aggregates of a Prebiotic Amphiphile" - Black (2013) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1300963110 "Inhibitory Activity of Thermal Copolymers of Amino Acids for the Metal-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of RNA" - Kawamura (2006) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117706004224 "Prebiotic Amino Acids Bind to and Stabilize Prebiotic Fatty Acid Membranes" - Cornell (2019) www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1900275116 "Influence of Metal Ions on Model Protoamphiphilic Vesicular Systems" - Joshi (2021) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/12/1413 [Compiler's Note: You can also find articles using citric acid to stabilize membranes in the presence of divalent cations, and Szostak showed this allows template directed RNA replication to proceed sometime around 2017, I think, as well as papers synthesizing citric acid using Chromium 3+, with a downstream reaction of citric acid with Chromium 6+ to 3+, but I did not want to hunt all this down at the moment] XIX. Phosphate "Marine Phosphate Availability and the Chemical Origins of Life" - Brady (2022) www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32815-x "Serpentinization as a Route to Liberating Phosphorus on Habitable Worlds" - Pasek (2022) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703722005130 "Microfluidic Production of Pyrophosphate Catalyzed by Mineral Membranes with Steep pH Gradients" - Wang (2019) chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/chem.201805950 "Pyrophosphate Synthesis in Iron Mineral Films and Membranes Simulating Prebiotic Submarine Hydrothermal Precipitates" - Barge (2014) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001670371300690X "A Prebiotic Basis for ATP as the Universal Energy Currency" - Pinna (2022) journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001437 "Acetyl Phosphate as a Primordial Energy Currency at the Origin of Life" - Whicher (2018) link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11084-018-9555-8 XX. Complexity "Brownian Ratchets of Life: Stochasticity Combined with Disequilibrium Produces Order" - Moore (2019) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.201900076 "Self-Organization in Precipitation Reactions Far From Equilibrium" - Nakouzi (2016) www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.1601144 "Dissipative Self-assembly, Competition and Inhibition in a Self-Reproducing Protocell Model" - Post (2020) pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/sc/d0sc02768e XXI. Autocatalysis "Plausible Emergence of Autocatalytic Cycles Under Prebiotic Conditions" - Piotto (2019) www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/9/2/33 "Autocatalytic Chemical Networks at the Origins of Life" - Xavier (2020) royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2019.2377 XXII. Waste "Prebiotic Decluttering: The Thermodynamic Tailwind to Asymmetric Autocatalysis" - Perovic (2023) www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/prebiotic-decluttering-the-thermodynamic-tailwind-to-asymmetric-autocatalysis/21E5C1A3A813F80E51B9C87ED7BC41E3 "Synthetic Connectivity, Emergence, and Self-Regeneration in the Network of Prebiotic Chemistry" - Wolos (2020) www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aaw1955

[@woody7652]

Cheers, brother!

[@whiskeytango9769]

The basic flaw in the Creationist argument is the claim that matter can be living or non-living. This is an error in thinking. To be clear, "matter" is never living, carbon is carbon whether it is charcoal in the fire pit or built into the structure of a protein. The carbon atom is the same in either case. Life is not a thing, per se. Life, is a system, a functioning system of complex chemistry. The matter is identical whether part of a living system or not, the difference is how it is arranged, organized, and what it's doing.

[@JoeBManco]

I used to be a creationist. It wasn't long after learning the reality of our old Earth that I quit my former religion and became a Humanist.

[@antediluvianatheist5262]

That's the fragility of this idea. It's so categorically false that its relatively easy to disprove.

[@OrlandoDibiskitt]

@@antediluvianatheist5262 Unless one has been brainwashed to the point of no return. No amount of proof can help these people.

[@SacredOwl]

I have had thousands of out of body experiences and realized that this argument is only here among the physically bound babblers who think they know. There is apparently an overlay of some sort, for some reason I can experience being separated without death; I just say that because I assume this is similar to a reality that we go after death. There is a lot one leaves behind when entering into this other existence; emotions, ego and time are some. This doesn't prove God, but it does make me realize there is more than just this physical existence.

[@OrlandoDibiskitt]

@@SacredOwl While it can't be discounted, your "evidence" is too anecdotal meaning that there is no way to tell whether it is real or just your brain chemistry playing tricks. Given that we do know, (to some degree), how your brain works, the latter explanation seems more likely. (plus I also died for 90 seconds once.. I saw nothing even remotely like what you describe.)

[@JoeBManco]

I don't see what having an out of body experience has to do with the evidence for abiogenesis or evolution. As for having one, I have this work acquaintance that was in a coma because of a car wreck for over six months. When he regained consciousness, he could remember the wreck and waking up in the hospital, but nothing in between. He said the best he could describe it is a sudden nothing much like going under anesthesia. As for me, once I had a panic attack so bad that I called my then girlfriend (now my wife) just to make certain everything was okay with her and her family. It was the strongest panic attack I have ever had. I kept telling her something really, really bad was going to happen. The next day was September 11, 2001. Was that just a coincidence or was there more to it than that? I'm going with coincidence because nothing like that has ever happened since.

[@shoridonl7796]

5:40 “Religion gives simple answers to simple questions, Science gives complex answers to complicated questions.” I would like to add something to make this more accurate. “Religion gives simple answers to simple questions with the goal of feeling good, Science gives complex answers to complicated questions with the goal of being true.”

[@JaniceinOR]

Even better!

[@OlivierGabin]

Spot on !

[@Cereal.interface]

we should sum this up by saying "science gives answers and religion pretends to."

[@goldwhitedragon]

And Leftists give woke answers with the goal of feeling morally superior and not offending anyone.

[@shoridonl7796]

@@goldwhitedragon no one needs to try and feel morally superior to people who honestly and sincerely advocate for worshipping something they know nothing about except the list of atrocities it supposedly committed. I don’t pat myself on the back for not grabbing a shovel and digging down the several miles necessary to get underneath that low bar.

[@Gwaithmir]

Creationists do not understand abiogenesis because they do not WANT to understand abiogenesis.

[@sadyugkefdkquskdSG]

Do they believe in a form of abiogenesis for for the prsumed creator?

[@lyndafjellman3315]

It is so much easier to say nuh uh! than to go to all the effort of actually studying to learn. American religious education just spoonfeeds "their" belief system, and discourages(or punishes) independent thought.

[@leopard3131]

But they do understand the science they reject anything evidence that conflicts with their literal interpretation of an ancient text. They certainly understand the science enough to misrepresent it for sure. Personally I don't care what the believe as long as they keep their beliefs out of education and politics. The problems only arise when they can't respect separation of church and state or demand their interpretations be taught in public schools.

[@Nehji_Hann]

@@lyndafjellman3315 Unfortunately it's not only about effort, but also fear. They fear losing their faith in which they've already put so much of their life into. And often times they don't even realize they're afraid to lose it, they emotionally translate it into a type of false confidence and it becomes difficult to break out of. But also yes, effort kinda sucks too so a lot probably are only still in the faith because of "it's just easier" These however are usually not the dangerous types of people, because those who don't like effort are usually not going to take said effort to go out and preach to the world, or even to their local congregation.

[@uthman2281]

Yeah we don't understand magic.

[@badatpseudoscience]

People that claim that Abiogenesis is impossible seam to have an idea that life is some special thing that living organisms have. In reality its just a word that we use to categorize complex chemistry with certain properties. There is no _thing_ called life in nature.

[@pansepot1490]

Exactly. I am frustrated by how people who engage with creationists accept their fallacious framing without even trying to rectify it.

[@badatpseudoscience]

Agree! I also think there should be more proactive arguments rather then reaction to creationist claims. Ask the question "If creationism was true, what would we expect to see" rather than "How can I debunk creationist claims". There are a few creators that do this but I would like to see much more. In other words use the null hypothesis principle.

[@momentmoment-4]

*seem

[@MadebyJimbob]

You just reduced reasoning to chemistry, making your own statement about life just an epiphenomenal effect of physics. Wow what a worldview 😂

[@badatpseudoscience]

@@MadebyJimbob Truth is not determined by world view.

[@sussekind9717]

I will often have a creationist ask me how you get life from non-life? I reply, "Well, the simple answer is chemistry and electrochemistry. Over and over and over again, as things get more and more complex." Then they usually follow with something like, "Why don't we see life coming into existence today?" My reply, "Two reasons. One, any kind of organic life that tried to start up now, would immediately get consumed by already existing life. And two, we do not have the same conditions on Earth that we did when life first came to be. That's why we have to do studies in a lab. We have to recreate those conditions to the best of our ability." If I try to get the least bit more in-depth they usually start babbling something about scientism or try to change the subject to something like, "Well, where did the universe come from?" Sigh. They don't really want to know, they just want to try and stump the opposition. They try to get people to say, "Well, we don't know, at least not for sure." which is often the honest answer. That way, they can claim victory. Somehow.

[@eliasjakemoran02]

Of course not, presupposition is radiation poisoning to logic and reason

[@petyrkowalski9887]

Its not worth the energy to deabte them as they have an intransigent, presuppositional position. It is willful ignorance.

[@eliasjakemoran02]

@@petyrkowalski9887 Precisely

[@irrelevant_noob]

And third, we don't "have to" see every process in the universe, life could have an abiogenesis today and we might very well miss it.

[@aronguillen7951]

Where do you get those complex and intelligent molecular constructs from? We are made out of it sure but how ,when ,and what caused them to create life and how did these atomic molecules appear?

[@kasey42]

"Scientifically impossible", creationist for "Lower than I like probability."

[@jerklecirque138]

Not to be pedantic, but "probability" really isn't the right term here and somewhat plays into the creationist "tornado in a junkyard" idea. It might be more accurate to say the creationist is merely complaining that they are incredulous that such complexity is possible without a designer, which makes it clear that their reaction is an emotional and not a scientific one.

[@tonydarcy1606]

"Life can't come from non-life" say the people who think Adam was made of clay !

[@FerrariKing]

The irony of that joke of a preacher saying life can't come from non life but that his what his mythology teaches as well as talking snakes and donkeys. They think they know more than actual scientist.

[@Dawnarow]

The "thinking" part would be erroneous and that's what we've missed all these years. Our thought processes are limited to only a few of them, but we have no access to what is in there without caring for the person to begin with... then making sure the processes are there to bridge the gaps. I'm sorry if I can't be more precise about this as this is a yt comment, but... religions are a problem and so are unsubstantiated beliefs. Personally, I have temporary opinions for everything I don't know fully, but I also Quickly say: "I don't know" because there is no shame in not knowing something. However, there is if you pretend you know something and you Don't. Then again... a lot of people don't think (At all) so they emulate behaviors and responses rather than comprehend and grow.

[@tobias4411]

The Dunning-Kruger effect manifests in religious apologetics when individuals with limited knowledge or expertise overestimate their understanding and competence. This cognitive bias leads them to assert confidently incorrect interpretations or arguments without recognizing their own lack of expertise. In apologetics, this can result in individuals dismissing expert opinions or established scholarship in favor of their own misguided beliefs, often leading to unproductive discussions.

[@michaelblacktree]

It's a textbook example of the Dunning-Kruger Effect.

[@John.0z]

I was just about to write something like that. You said it better than I would have. 😁

[@ijaygee1]

@@Dawnarow Do not be afraid to speak your mind. The religious slander science and atheism at every opportunity. The rational not only need to be heard, we must be heard, that the truth will out. We speak the truth, and provably, demonstrably so. While the religious would have us cower in fear of unprovable, childish, fairy tale, nonsense. We have an inalienable Right to Freedom of Expression. Only liars fear the truth. And only Human Rights abusers deny our Right to express our views.

[@lizd2943]

One of the many, many things creationists are generally unable to grasp is that we can have evidence that something happened without knowing exactly how it happened.

[@Sableagle]

Implying they've never in their lives seen that picture of a piled-up train with the "How did you manage that?" caption.

[@Argdog2659]

Aaron thank your for providing public education and all your endeavors to help spread factual truth and knowledge… channels like yours are gems in a sea of bullshit.

[@gornser]

It's "Aron" btw

[@Big-Papa-Smurf]

@@gornser Actually, it's pronounced "Ay Ay-ron."

[@Aikisbest]

Imagine how much further we could have gotten as a species if religion didnt continue to be a major pest in life today, whether this is because of some religious people doing literally anything to push their insanity onto other people or because the general public continues to be far, FAR too lenient on religion in general (a see-through-the-fingers mentality that religion did absolutely nothing to earn at that).

[@resourcedragon]

I absolutely agree that religion gets way too many passes that nothing else would. People claim that "god talks to them" regularly. If you claim any other invisible being talks to you regularly you're probably going to be treated for schizophrenia. (My apologies if I'm using an older term & I've got that wrong, I think people know what I mean.) People are allowed to abuse their children because one translation of one bit of the buy bull says, "spare the rod and spoil the child". Short of your kid dying, you can get away with "faith healing" them. You can attempt to "cast the demons" of autism or ADHD out. People wander around in sacks because "god says they're supposed to". People deny women medical care because "the buy bull is pro life" (except it isn't) but why spoil a good story with the facts? People more generally deny women rights because "the buy bull says the man is the head of the household" blah, blah, blah. (Edited for typo.)

[@robynsnest8668]

Formed from dust and clay.....sounds familiar without magic

[@memecity9849]

" every accusation is a confession" ain't that the truth. Believers always Accuse non believers of doing something that they themselves are doing

[@metalhead0274]

Yes, we call that the "Projection Fallacy". In psychology it is described as a defense mechanism. Where an individual attributes their own qualities, behaviors, feelings, negativities..etc ...onto others as a way to avoid taking responsibility for what they themselves are doing. It is a protection mechanism of ones own self pride and self ego, deflecting blame or focus upon oneself. It is the blame shifting tactics, and scapegoating. Creationism apologetics is very fond of this. It does not take much to back them into a corner they themselves created and then you will see all sorts of other fallacies and diversion tactics. Anything to avoid the actual topic at hand. This is why they move that goal post or change subjects. Rather than just address the issues at hand it is a measure to breakdown communication and play avoidance. The reason is simple. Pride and ego. They've committed themselves to this thing, this ideology, this whatever, this hill to die upon. And rather than just admit they are wrong, possibly wrong, have made error or whatever. They double down. The saying goes, that "pride goes before the fall". And this is something philosophically repeated throughout scripture. That one is to abandon pride and ego. But unfortunately many believers fail to understand this analogy given. They think it applies to worldly things, to knowledge or whatever else. But it is simply an analogy of self awareness. To not be so overconfident that one cannot see themselves being in error. This also ties to science and how science has an overall goal to learn, to change with new knowledge and understanding. Religious beliefs and ideologicalisms are unmoving, and when faced with facts or data it refuses to move. The philosophical teachings throughout scriptures both old and new testament show many times where the stubborn are corrected and chastised for being unmoving in their abilities to learn and grow and accept new understanding and knowledge. (No truth to the stories or historicity, just more philosophical teachings).

[@memecity9849]

@metalhead0274 I believe one of the biggest tells of this projection fallacy is when believers say, " Atheism is a religion"

[@kellydalstok8900]

@@memecity9849 and they mean it to be an insult.

[@andreyplatonov542]

It is because believers cannot even imagine how a rational thinking process without faith looks like. I don't even mention to experience it. They are just talking their language. Arguments not supported by any kind of faith - what it is at all? It is not possible for them, it sounds like "abracadabra" for them. The only thing they understand - to compare different kinds of faith, whose faith is "more true", plainly speaking, "whose god has a bigger d...".

[@Big-Papa-Smurf]

It's also a tacit admission that what they believe is somewhat irrational without introducing magic.

[@BigBlackCorvette]

Wait just a damn minute Mr. Ra! You mean to tell me that the"Magical Sky Wizard" didn't make all of the stuff and thangs?! How dare you! I will have you know that my book of fairytale, magic spells, learnt me differnt! Good day, Sir!

[@ebi-chan414]

He didn't look at the trees 😢😢

[@KaenVix]

​@@ebi-chan414 I looked at trees, I know there is a creator, but I don't follow cults, cults books, so called prophets, and I don't know the creator ..

[@8thdayindependentfundament454]

Especially Moses Wizardly Priests wearing the magical Curious Girdles and Bonnets in Leviticus, while performing the animal sacrifice Blood Guilt Cult rituals

[@jxsanche]

Great video! Another point worth highlighting is that a lot of creationists falsely assert that the ultimate goal of abiogenesis is to create some sort of "machine" where they pour a bunch of chemicals on one side and nice looking living cells come out on the other side, and all scientists do is figure out what the correct recipe should be. As you mention, we will never know exactly how life began. What abiogenesis is doing is figuring out at least one way (and, ideally, many ways) by which basic components that make up a very simple cell could form and combine, and they are doing a fantastic job at that.

[@Nirakolov]

How can fire come from non burning matter? That's what they sound like to me

[@humbleevidenceaccepter7712]

I'm so stealing that line.

[@andrewknoff]

Truly fascinating stuff, as much as it's important to push back against the fundamentalists, it's equally important to push forward and, most importantly, appreciate all the beautiful work people have done in these fields already. It can become quite pessimistic to dwell on the flaws we humans have that we believe such silly things, but sometimes you need to sit back and think of how far we've come.

[@iitywybmad29]

abracadabra - thought to be hebrew for "I create as I speak". Magic, you just want a magician.

[@kellydalstok8900]

Their god supposedly “spoke” everything into existence. Miracles is just a fancy word for magic.

[@brilanto]

The thing is, even magicians/illusionists don't create things, but change their positions in a moment of distraction. The ingredients have to be there already.

[@bf99ls]

As mythological as earlier biblical beliefs.

[@brunozeigerts6379]

Or abracapocus. Or Hocus cadabra.

[@kellydalstok8900]

“Scientists have calculated that the chances of something so patently absurd actually existing are millions to one. But magicians have calculated that million-to-one chances crop up nine times out of ten.” ― Terry Pratchett, Mort

[@thunderbird3694]

Yes! "Faith" is required to "Believe in Lies" and that is why religions demand "Faithfulness" to maintain Power and Control over their members and to Force their Theocracy on everyone...

[@fepeerreview3150]

Powerful stuff! I can see why the apologists hide from it.

[@willowwisp357]

It seems that given the choice to support a complex truth or a simple lie that supports a biased opinion a shameful number of people will choose the lie because they think it doesn’t matter, they can believe whatever they wish. They honestly don’t comprehend the vast harm they cause.

[@reincarnatethylacine70]

"Faith: The substance of things hoped for, evidence for things unseen. " (King James Bible) That is; wishfull thinking treatedbas fact.

[@Karma-qg6tc]

The bible also suggests against blind faith, we take an actual epistemological approach unlike atheists

[@zemorph42]

​@@Karma-qg6tcPointing out a biblical contradiction doesn't help you.

[@biekgiek]

@@Karma-qg6tc Can you work on you wording and punctuation? From your your statement (i.e. "we take an actual epistemological approach unlike atheists"), what I understand you to be saying is that "atheists" is an approach. Is that what you're saying?

[@jameswright...]

​@@biekgiek Oh the irony 😂 Check your own post before acting like the grammar police 🤣 Especially when not everyone uses English as a first language. Also it's pretty clear and obvious what the op is saying about the bible quote 😂 Faith = confirmation bias backed by wishful thinking and Self-Deception.

[@biekgiek]

@@jameswright... What is wrong with my post? I don’t assume I know what someone means, if I am not sure. I’m seeking clarification.

[@michaelblacktree]

2:15 - There's no such thing as "inanimate" and "animate" matter. That's a false dichotomy. And if someone believed in that, how would they reconcile the fact that we eat and drink "inanimate" stuff every day? For example, water is not a living thing. But when you drink it, the water becomes part of your living body. Does your body magically bestow life into that water? Of course not. It's just chemistry.

[@JaniceinOR]

As with many human-conceived categories, the boundary between life and non-life is complicated. Life only manifests in complicated assemblages of many many many molecules, and it is the assemblage that is alive, not the individual molecules. This is a weird, subtle idea.

[@petertaysum8947]

I wonder that in any definition of life, there is a notion of appetite, to sustain, grow and survive, and reproduce, but I take the point, it's all chemistry. Also some of the food is animate, how much of us is us (human), and then there's our gut biome.

[@mightychicken7774]

I love this. Your break down, as always, is as solid as it has always been. By the way, I've been using some of your videos to help my students who are learning about this subject (Not THIS video, but your other ones you've made). I may not be able to join you as I once did, but you are still making an impact. Thanks for all you do, and I hope I get a chance to meet you again - over VERY spicy wings and fantastic dark beer!

[@AronRa]

Thank you sincerely.

[@mmeis2389]

Something you said in your evol-series has really captured my thoughts. All cells have a purpose, be it to make sugars or oxygen or just to survive. I realize now why my daughters feel so important to me and my wife. We accomplished one of our purposes. Thank You Knowledge bearer, keep Sharing for learning is also one of lifes purposes.

[@Raz.C]

I don't think 'purpose' is the reason for familial love. Toilet paper accomplishes its purpose; do you love toilet paper as much as your family?

[@mmeis2389]

@@Raz.C Why not, if the purpose was reproduction to live on, then yes we accomplished that. A manmade purpose of tpaper is required for health of the species. I love the motivator for all these things? It seems to be so as a reaction to hate. I hate it when I runout of TP...

[@chrischandler889]

Nuh uh!!! Magic man did it all!!! He told me in my dreams!!!

[@laurajarrell6187]

Aron, thank you for continuing these! lol, creationists though will still just say, 'yeah, but you had to have a lab! It ain't natural! ', like a 'god breathed clay guy' is more natural. Derps. Not to mention, the whole rest of the bible, like all holey books, just as inane!👍🏼🌊💙💙💙🌊🥰✌

[@8thdayindependentfundament454]

Preyz Gord for your wisdum and discernment thru the Holey Script-Yourz🌠 😃👍

[@calebhubbell2290]

Lipid bi-layers also spontaneously form cell like vesicles under the right ph.

[@TheMajesticSeaPancake]

Faith is a virtue if I use it but if anyone who disagrees with me has a position I don't like then they have faith and that faith is bad. Unfortunately that perspective comes up quite often, my favorite thing to point out to theists, you can always witness the cogs grind to a halt when doing so.

[@Evolution.1859]

Woah. That is a well-researched 20 minutes. This will be very valuable every single day. Thank you kindly for your hard work!🥰

[@mgrzx3367]

Just to state my curiosity, I checked to see if "On the Origin of Species" was available online for free. Yes it is. Now will any of these people just go read it, or have it read to them? Thank you Aron for all your informed videos. Off to pray to my bust of Charles Darwin. Stop laughing!

[@RetroBackslash]

I’ve pointed creationists to the free pdf of On the Origin of Species because they were peddling the “Darwin admitted that the human eye was irreducibly complex” lie, pointing out that for free they could read the very next page of the book and see that that was not what he was doing… they never come back to admit fault

[@markborder906]

I visited Darwin’s house in Kent last Friday. Several copies of “Origin” in his bookcases.

[@stephenolan5539]

I ask if they talk about Abner Doublrday when talking basesball. Darwin is no more relevant to Evolution than Doubleday is to modrrn basesball.

[@DamonNicholl]

This video sent me back to the 2010s

[@Dan_C604]

Aron, great episode, as always! These series are always well researched and well presented.

[@Sang-Je]

They think a human was made from a rib, so they think evolution means a human came from a rock. 😂

[@pitchlumin]

So do you have evidence of chemistry becoming biology then? Can you provide a lab result showing Abiogenesis is possible at all? Cause currently evidence supports life spawns life. That chemistry does not animate into biology. Care to offer an example to the contrary?

[@Sang-Je]

@pitchlumin Miller-Urey experiment. Now, name the study that proves your fairy-tale.

[@pitchlumin]

@@Sang-Je Urey Miller makes chemicals turn into chemicals, not life. An amino acid is a very small component of life. There are 20 amino acids alone. There is much more to life also. And those amino acids needed to be trapped, filtered, and separated from the toxic tar byproducts formed along side. I've dealt with UMX on the academic side too. It is not a support of Abiogenesis. It supports a few organic molecules can be made, not actually life. I will not be able to provide evidence for what I claim on faith. I am not asking anything to be taught in science, especially public supported science. Do you rescind the teaching of the faith of Naturalism to captured audiences from authoritative positions in public schools on our public dollar? Or should all religions be taught in science at equal time? Or do you think different from the constitution and want one favored state religion that says we are animals, not in control of the chem rxn in our brains, does away with morals, promotes supremacy and division, etc.

[@Sang-Je]

@pitchlumin still waiting for proof of fairies.

[@pitchlumin]

@@Sang-Je so you did not read my comment where I am not claiming the Bible as science, but on faith. Because I am not claiming to be science, my belief does not fall under the scrutiny of scientific inquiry. An idea claiming science does. That means Evolution and Abiogenesis, because naturalismists do not want their worldview to be called religion like it is. I can not show proof of God. I do think there is reason for this. You can not even show Abiogenesis is possible, which there is no reason for if it is science.

[@SquidwardQSagan]

Favorite video in a while. Amazing work.

[@Big-Papa-Smurf]

"Yet the atheists want us to believe that inanimate matter somehow came alive." "Then the Lord God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being." - *Genesis 2:7*

[@Mcfreddo]

You're a great and good educated man. You help us all and in myself, better able to articulate to use logic and reality to argue against those who are 100 faith based without facts.

[@SecularMentat]

I've got a 4 year degree in biochemistry. I LOOOOOVE this subject. So many amazing abiotic chemical pre-metabolic pathways that produce something very similar to the earliest forms of enzymes.

[@SecularMentat]

Unfortunately I've been so busy with work I haven't had much opportunity to keep up with all the advances made in this subject.

[@MLaak86]

Quite frankly everything we've learnt so far suggests that not only is abiogenesis possible, it's practically trivial

[@condorboss3339]

Considering that it appears to have happened within the first 700 million years of Earth's existence - despite catastrophes like the Late Heavy Bombardment and the Theia impact - it appears inevitable. I doubt we'll find convincing evidence of life on Mars, but I'm hopefull we may find that life independently arose on the ice moons of the gas giant planets.

[@IOverlord]

I think we just need to make a series of controlled experiments that can result in super simple cells that doesn't appear anywhere in earth. They gonna argue that science is based on observation. So until these naughty theists can't replicate the experiment themselves, they won't stop yapping

[@John.0z]

@@IOverlord My understanding is that this is underway in several laboratories. Not that them succeeding will "stop the yapping". But the excuses should make for a really good laugh.

[@Sableagle]

@@IOverlord Until they can't get money and power by lying, they won't stop yapping, and some of them'll still try then.

[@MwR52981]

Finding life anywhere else is going to be incredible and I really hope I'm still alive to see it. Alas the christians will just start yelling "look at what jesus did!"

[@martinnyberg6882]

You’re so right Aron. If it were true that abiogenesis is impossible, both creationists and their “gods” should disappear in a puff of logic. Abiogenesis so clearly happened, since there once was no life on the planet and there is obviously life here now. Claiming it to be “impossible” is impossible. Or should that be “inconceivable”? 😏

[@LanceHall]

I would assume every level of abiogenesis is constantly happening today in all the oceans and seas but every product is being consumed by surrounding life.

[@ronm3245]

Ooh! New tasty food? Don't mind if I _do._

[@michaelsmith9866]

What a pleasure to hear someone intelligent speaking

[@Zerolex86]

Great video Aron. I found myself wishing the origin of life series was longer. 50 episodes somehow didn't feel enough. 😂

[@AbsurdlyGeeky]

Any Christian who claims "life cannot come from non-life" must discount the creation of Adam. Without Adam, Christ's divine lineage cannot be true, and his death to 'pay' for the original sin becomes nonsensical. Such Christians seem pretty dumb.

[@ObservantHistorian]

Which is why opposition to evolution is the only honest stance a Christian can take. As a stance it's nonsense, but at least it's consistent with the very basis of Christianity. Without belief in the reality of Adam AND "Original Sin," Jesus has NO meaning in Christian dogma. Most Christians, ESPECIALLY the liberal, "modern" Christian, doesn't understand the first thing about the religion they claim to believe in. And do the majority of Christians (regardless of the variety) REALLY believe in the primitive and barbaric practice of human sacrifice to appease a blood-thirsty god? Christianity is SUCH meaningless and immoral clap-trap.

[@irrelevant_noob]

The apologetics for that is probably that Adam came from part non-life (the clay/dirt) and part life (god).

[@AbsurdlyGeeky]

@irrelevant_noob then they've just got a huge problem of the question "what is life?" God doesn't have cells or metabolism, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, or adapt to its environment, so it's either still life (Adam) from non-life (God and dirt) or it's a toothless argument because "life" could be anything; we could just call amino acids "life" and demonstrate that life CAN arise from non-life, easily

[@irrelevant_noob]

@@AbsurdlyGeeky but they call it a "living god," so it's *_got_* to be alive! /s

[@redfoxninja3173]

Wait...but da Bible says God made everything out of magic words then slapped together a living guy from non living dirt using... magic breath or something...and religion has the ignorance to claim science is wrong

[@subcitizen2012]

I think it's funny tbh. The breath of life was breathed into Adam, but not the animals or plants. Adam was also notably molded out of clay - non living material. And God isn't biological in the first place - so abiogenesis was there under everyone's noses all along lol

[@gowdsake7103]

Slime moulds can do complicated stuff yet no brain and a single cell

[@eliasjakemoran02]

Probably because they aren't fit for life and are man made objects

[@mdug7224]

A most excellent summary of references to support abiogenesis. Everything James Tour could ever want to put his mind at rest.

[@IheartDogs55]

Excellent. I saved this to my "Favorites" playlist. A creationist trotted out the tired clichés that life can not come from non-life and evolution which results in speciation has never been observed. [Macro- vs. microevolution] Both claims are incorrect. Now, one day later, I watched this video on advances in research regarding abiogenesis. Thank you, Aron.

[@zecuse]

It's important to note that creationists will move the goalpost and say that all of these abiogenesis experiments were still performed by an intelligence (the scientists). This allows them to complete the circle of their unfalsifiability by allowing them to claim that their god (a supposed intelligence) created all terrestrial (and if we happen to find it, extraterrestrial) life and an intelligence was at least required to make any artificial life. They end up defining life as requiring an intelligence to make and therefore it's unfalsifiable.

[@kemicalhazard8770]

This is actually something I ask of creationists in conversations, something along the lines of "if we did make life in a lab, despite this being somewhat of a straw man, since nature did not just make a cell in a lab, would you then suddenly accept that life can come from non life?" Very rarely will I get a yes to that question...

[@ZyrusSmith]

This video was too long. Halfway through it, I got hungry so I left it playing and went to the kitchen to fix myself a sandwich. But then I found out that I'm out of mayonnaise so I went to a store. There, I saw the most beautiful woman I have ever seen in my whole life. But I'm a really shy person so I took up a three-year personality development course so I could introduce myself. She was very friendly and all, but unfortunately, she had a boyfriend. So I said, all good, I'm a mature person. I wanted the best for her and I harbored no illusion that I am the best person for her and she seemed happy with her boyfriend, so I didn't bother her anymore. But we kept in touch and we became friends and I got over my crush on her. Then she broke up with her boyfriend, we drank some alcohol because of it. I told her she'll be fine and I wished her well. I still think she's the most beautiful woman in the world, but like I said, I am over my crush on her. It was like five years already since I first saw her. Besides, I am quite happy with the friendship I developed with her. It was more important than a crush. So we kept hanging out, drinking, having coffee, and all. I had a girlfriend, she started dating other guys. My girlfriend wanted to live some other life without me in it, so I said, "Okay, I want the best for you and I want you to pursue your happiness." My lady friend and I drank alcohol about it, and she gave me the same advice I gave her when she was in that position and I became okay with the breakup immediately. But we were really drunk, so she spent the night in my apartment. I only have one bed, so you know what that means: She took the bed and I slept on the couch. But on the couch, I really can't sleep. Something was bothering me. So I tossed and turned for about three hours, then I finally couldn''t take it anymore, I stood up and went straight to my room where she's sleeping. I approached the bed, gently sat on it and I reached for her shoulder to pull her closer to me. She stirred and woke up. She asked what's up. I told her, "you know, the first time I saw you, I was watching a video and left it playing to get myself a sandwich then went to the store to get some mayo then I got so distracted by life that I forgot to finish the video." She said, "You know what, I've been wondering about a weird noise in your night drawer." So we opened that drawer, and lo and behold, there's my phone and this video still has two minutes of play time on it.

[@wizardsongs5409]

2:07 Technically, it wouldn't be the matter that is believed to be conscious; the consciousness is an emergent property of the system. In other words, the system is made of matter but the matter itself does not have to be believed to be conscious.

[@manuelbaez7148]

i really have to thank brother AronRa, i’ve tried for many years to understand this only him & a few others break it down for me

[@a2sbestos768]

Didn't know about a lot of these papers, thanks!

[@woody7652]

Our comprehension of abiogenesis is getting better the more research is conducted. Great video, Aron!

[@robsquared2]

I wish I knew a creationist and they said life can't come from non-life and then point out Adam came from dirt according to their book.

[@gleidhold]

this

[@flowingafterglow629]

The irony is lost on them.

[@dogwalker666]

​@BrianDk1xAnd sky Magician cloned mud man to make transgender eve.

[@moriahgamesdev]

They're fans of the fantasy genre. I prefer hard sci-fi myself.

[@sthed6832]

Fantastic video! Any time some fundamentalist apologist says abiogenisis is impossible, we should link to it. And thank you for the references! Things have gone further than I was aware of.

[@kermitthorson9719]

so im a fast talker to. words get to my mouth faster than my tongue can pronounce. and ive been getting into speeding up youtube videos for the slow talkers. so s started this at 1.25 for the preaher and forgot to stop when you came on screen. yet i understood you all. fast talkers unite

[@Kris_M]

Everyone with kids has seen consciousness come from non-consciousness, what's that dude on about?

[@michaelblankenau6598]

Who said anything about consciousness ? The topic was abiogenesis.

[@Vadjong]

Everyone who has ever had a nap, has themselves made consciousness from non-consciousness afterwards.

[@Kris_M]

@@michaelblankenau6598 2:13 "and then eventually developed consciousness"

[@sunsetpalms1923]

Where is the evidence that "nothing" exists or has ever existed Show me an example of nothing

[@GuardianSoulkeeper]

What is nothing?

[@kellydalstok8900]

@@GuardianSoulkeeper Better ask a creationist, because they’re the ones believing there was such a thing.

[@frostysnow9856]

@@GuardianSoulkeeper There's nothing more than this. There is no way of knowing. Who can see where it's blowing?

[@honodle7219]

I won't pretend i understood all that. But a chemical basis for non-life to life seems logical. Considering life IS chemical reaction and interaction, how could any other supposed basis be the cause?

[@prydonia]

So much of the science is way beyond my educational level...but I understand the basic theories and see how abiogenesis could work. That's good enough for me and better than anything the church gave me to work with for the first 35 years of my life. I always looked at belief through the concept of the preponderance of evidence. The evidence was never on my church's side. So I have omelettes and coffee on Sunday mornings and feel a lot better

[@alanrogers8535]

Wow. Awesome summary. Thank you.

[@klebbe1]

"Abiogenesis is scientifically impossible." Ah, and what evidence do you have for this assertion that is seemingly without any?

[@CNCmachiningisfun]

LOL at the *BUTT HURT* theists here :) .

[@empurress77]

Abiogenesis is so likely that it's actually almost impossible for life to not form from a sufficient amount of chemicals in salt water. Done it myself. Can show you how to do it yourself if you like.

[@frostysnow9856]

Spores. They float around in the air and fall into your experiments.

[@empurress77]

@@frostysnow9856 Wouldn't survive in a chemistry set worth of chemicals. Wouldn't form DNA and RNA in recombinant chains in the varying levels of viscosity either,

[@frostysnow9856]

@@empurress77 I can't get no satisfaction. What about ecosystem adaptation and bacteria that eat crude oil and plastic and the ones that live around underwater volcanic vents? Not the same as your situation?

[@empurress77]

@@frostysnow9856 Very close actually. Good call. 👍

[@frostysnow9856]

@@empurress77 Ah, I can sleep tonight. 😴

[@6AxisSage]

Oh heck yes, ive been exploring this topic and been subbed for awhile, good timing

[@mattijanka6771]

I find this to be the most interesting of all your videos:)

[@davidschneide5422]

(Fingers in ears) “la la la la la…” - creationists

[@paulvalenti5763]

Even if there was a god, how does Dumb-ko 😢know that it's his God?maybe Odin, Zeus or some other guy is the real creator

[@SOREBobb-tl9fc]

U may not know it ,but u just explained whats happening in ai and "computers"

[@josgibbons6777]

A lot of experiments suggest the original membranes were likely formed of carboxylic lipids, not more complex phospholipids, but the subsequent incorporation of phosphate groups aids in the theft and retention of lipid molecules and makes the membrane less permeable, which is why carrier proteins are important in modern life but weren't originally needed. Indeed, today's phospholipids essentially join pairs of carboxylates together on each phosphate group.

[@erikthompson619]

"The less you know, the more you believe." - Bono.

[@DeconvertedMan]

*sigh* preacher has zero idea what anything is. You've convince me AronRa. If he said that the sky was blue I'd have to check then recheck.

[@jasonappleton149]

Bacon

[@Kingsea3385]

This video got to be one of the best videos for atheist's case of, religion is bs claim.

[@gclapidary]

What a great video. Thanks

[@DustinKillyact]

I love AronRa and I also love his shirt!

[@Spielkalb-von-Sparta]

Thanks for the presentation, well done!

[@LanceHall]

Thanks!

[@Ausjon61]

These Creationists say we think man came from rocks yet they're willing to believe that 2 people came from mud and a rib.! Talk about hypocrisy....

[@name_christian]

I like the background. Feels fitting :)

[@grassbearreal]

woah..... aron ra..... man ive probably been subscribed to you for a decade now, almost certainly through TJ Kirk. that's so wild to think about ... i just came here by searching for "abiogenesis" on a drunken whim, and you happened to be there

[@baraskparas9559]

Those interested in abiogenesis can now learn the processes in a new book published by Austin Macauley Publishers titled From Chemistry to Life on Earth which outlines abiogenesis in great detail with a solution to the evolution of the genetic code and the ribosome as well as the cell in general using 290 references, 50 illustrations and several information tables with a proposed molecular natural selection formula with a worked example for ATP. Written in plain English for amateur science readers and professionals alike.

[@MrLaggan]

Thankyou for this video I too wonder how life began I had heard the first life forms could have been arsenic based

[@SOREBobb-tl9fc]

Wow i love this angle . Angles are vibrations light is a vibration .

[@A3Kr0n]

I always click on an AronRa biology video. Then this Dutko pops up. LOL.

[@bodan1196]

Which is more encouraging, or should I ask; which takes more courage to think: that we were specially created by an entity that is beyond our understanding, or that we just happened, through natural processes, leading to a sentient mind? The creation belief, brings with it the realisation that we are not unique, that we can be remade. God in His infinate wisdom, could decide to start with a clean slate, redo everything to be as we are. Ipso facto, being possible to be re-created again and again; we are not that special. If we evolved... then the constellation of matter that can be said to constitute YOU, is indeed unique. You can not be re-created, you are indeed special, unreplaceable, worthy of preservation.

[@darylwilliams7883]

It seems clearer and clearer that there was a nigh-inevitable progression from chemical evolution to biological evolution in a series of ever more complex chemical interactions. In fact life as we know it is really just an incredible accumulation of chemical reactions.

[@discontinuedmodel232]

That does seem very likely. Now consider that there are countless other planets in the universe with different chemistry than that of Earth and thus different compounds & chemical interactions. There could be more variations of biological life than we can ever imagine. 😃

[@thekwjiboo]

"But I aint never seen no horse appear out of nowhere!"

[@M3Busssin]

2:25 the projection from him here is crazy, for them to say abiogenesis is ‘emotional’ is a most ridiculous statement

[@SOREBobb-tl9fc]

I love god and jesus ive known them my whole life since i was 4 . They r everywhere and in everything even by other names . Its the best magic for me. I also vibe with your work. Sweet vid.

[@istvansipos9940]

you BELIEVE them. Knowledge would be more than that. Sadly, the g0d is a uselessly vague concept, replacable with ANY random word in any g0d claim. The claim remains just as useless as it was with the g0d... thing.

[@SOREBobb-tl9fc]

@@istvansipos9940 god is literally a part of our brains according to bill donahue. Trust me i know all the religous mindfullness is makebelieve.

[@JessicaChastainFan]

I live for that headbanging intro.

[@snaaail]

Great video! I had not heard of those studies that have created those self-replicating things (beings? cells? not sure what to call them). To me, those sound like life

[@neilthompson8668]

|Thank you that was a brilliantly concise explanation of where we are concerning abiogenesis and why creationism or intelligent design is not scientific.

[@pameladeering2450]

Why won't youtube let me upvote Aron's videos? 2 days running now

[@frostysnow9856]

Because YT does weird things to the comment and like sections.

[@robertmiller9735]

Note that vitalism is implicit in the creationist objections to abiogenesis.