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Albert Einstein (Italian pronunciation [ˈalbert ˈainstain] [1]; German [ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈaɪnʃtaɪn]; English [ˈæɫbəɹt ˈaɪnˌstaɪn]; Ulm, March 14, 1879 - Princeton, April 18, 1955) was a German and Swiss-born German physicist.

Generally considered the most important physicist of the 20th century, also known to the general public for the formula of mass-energy equivalence, E = mc2, recognized as the "most famous equation in the world" [2], and for all his works which also had a strong influence on the philosophy of science [3] [4], in 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in physics "for contributions to theoretical physics, in particular for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", [5] a crucial step forward for the development of quantum theory, developing from 1905 the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics together with quantum mechanics [6] [7].
Except for one year in Prague, Einstein lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914, a period during which he renounced German citizenship (in 1896). Then, in 1900, he received his diploma from the Federal Polytechnic of Zurich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH). After being stateless for more than five years, he assumed Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he held for the rest of his life. In 1905, he obtained a PhD from the University of Zurich. That same year, remembered as annus mirabilis, at the age of 26, he published four articles with a highly innovative content, which attracted the attention of the academic world. From 1912 to 1914, Einstein taught theoretical physics in Zurich before leaving for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian Royal Academy of Sciences.
At the beginning of his career he believed that Newtonian mechanics was no longer sufficient to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of electromagnetism and this led him to develop the theory of restricted relativity while he was at the Federal Institute of Intellectual Property in Bern (1902-1909). However, he later realized that the principle of relativity could be extended to gravitational fields, so in 1916 he published an article on general relativity with his theory of gravitation. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led him to give an explanation of particle theory and Brownian motion. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and laid the foundation for the photon theory. In 1917, he applied the theory of general relativity to model the structure of the universe. [8] [9]
In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Due to his Jewish origins, Einstein did not return to Germany. [10] He settled in the United States and became a US citizen in 1940. [11] On the eve of World War II, he sent a letter to President Roosevelt warning that Germany could develop "extremely powerful new bombs" and suggested that the United States begin similar research. This eventually led to the Manhattan project. Einstein supported the allies, but criticized the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. He signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto with the British philosopher Bertrand Russel, in which the danger of nuclear weapons was highlighted. He was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
In addition to being one of the most famous physicists in the history of science, who radically changed the paradigm of interpretation of the physical world, he was active in several other areas, from philosophy to politics. For his contribution to culture in general he is considered one of the most important scholars and thinkers of the twentieth century. Einstein published over 300 scientific articles and over 150 non-scientific articles. [8] [12] His intellectual achievements and his originality have made the term "Einstein" synonymous with "genius". [13] Eugene Wigner wrote about Einstein in comparison to his
contemporaries: [14]
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