GALVANIC CORROSION: CARBON FIBER + ALUMINUM | What is it? How we prevent it on the DarkAero 1!

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In this video we discuss galvanic corrosion between carbon fiber and aluminum, the electrochemical mechanisms that cause this type of corrosion, and the methods we use in the DarkAero 1 to prevent it.
There are three conditions that must be met in order for galvanic corrosion to occur:
1. Two different materials of different electrode potential.
2. The materials must be in electrical contact.
3. An electrolyte bridge must be present.
In honeycomb sandwich panel structures that use incorporate an aluminum honeycomb core and carbon fiber skin, we add in a thin layer of fiberglass to electrically isolate the carbon fiber from the aluminum.
We also use paint as a non conductive coating to electrically isolate carbon fiber from metals.
The Click Bond fasteners we use are electrically isolated from the carbon fiber airframe with a layer of epoxy adhesive and a layer of epoxy primer on the stainless steel Click Bond.
Another solution to galvanic corrosion that we utilize is careful material selection. The titanium we use in the firewall heat shield has an electrode potential very close to carbon fiber so it has very little potential for galvanic corrosion with carbon fiber.
In areas that we cannot use titanium alloys, we use stainless steel alloys. Stainless steel is a good second option when titanium cannot be used.
Instead of changing the metal alloy, it is also possible to shift the material selection away from carbon fiber and use a non conductive plastic. One example of this is the 3D printed Nylon cooling inlets on the engine.
The honeycomb sandwich panels we use to create the fuselage bulkheads in the DarkAero 1 use aluminum honeycomb cores. Another option instead of aluminum is aramid or Nomex honeycomb cores.
One solution that we do not use in the DarkAero 1 but is still a possible option is isolating the entire assembly to prevent any electrolyte bridge from forming.
00:00 Intro
00:48 What is galvanic corrosion?
01:45 Galvanic Corrosion Mechanisms
05:44 Solution 1: Fiberglass Layer
06:34 Solution 2: Paint Layer
07:10 Solution 3: Adhesive Layer
07:50 Solution 4: Titanium
08:22 Solution 5: Stainless Steel
08:58 Solution 6: Plastics
09:45 Solution 7: Aramid Honeycomb
10:47 Solution 8: Electrolyte Barrier
11:25 Solution 9: Do Nothing!
11:57 Outro
If you enjoyed this video and would like to see more of this type of content, follow along as we work to create the fastest, longest range aircraft you can build in your garage.
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[@DarkAeroInc]

For more composites related knowledge check out: www.darkaero.com/knowledge/composites/ Want even more? We also offer consulting: www.darkaero.com/consulting

[@ready-to-race]

Thank you for the video! Do you have an example on any parts with galvanic corrosion? I'm looking for some photos or video as some evidence that corrosion is an issue in discussion I had.

[@SkypowerwithKarl]

I see galvanic corrosion in all kinds of places with things you wouldn’t expect. On marine fuel tanks where the filler hose connects is very common. The hose is Coast Guard approved, wire reinforced rubber. When people put double hose clamps on at the very end of the hose it leaves a space above for moisture to collect between the hose and aluminum tank inlet tube. Well this moisture is a combination of condensation and fuel which turns acidic. When you have this acidic (electrolyte) in proximity of aluminum and the carbon black in the hose you get corrosion...lots! The solution is to place one hose clamp on the hose so it’s around the top of tank’s inlet tube and the other at the hose end. No accessible space to collect moisture. Yes there will be some limited corrosion at the top edge but it’s a non issue. Another place is the sender gasket. It’s made of chopped cork and rubber. Cork to wick and hold moisture and the carbon black in the rubber....perfect right? I replace these with fiber reinforced silicone gaskets. Same for metal tank straps, the the elastomer between the tank and strap can’t be rubber and a firm polyurethane is best. Devil in the details to make it right.

[@edthompson9569]

You are a gifted teacher! One small correction. Physical contact is not required for galvanic corrosion. The electrolyte is all that is needed to put two dissimilar metals in electrical contact. That's why the sacrificial zincs on a steel boat protect the entire hull and attachments.

[@lovrepeovic]

Metallic contact is neccessary.

[@jonasurfer4785]

@@lovrepeovic simply wrong

[@lovrepeovic]

Your knowledge of the problematics of galvanic corrosion on boats is obviously not sufficient. I do this for a living.

[@laurens4359]

@@lovrepeovic Metal contact is not necessary - e.g. the non metallic charge carrier will allow for corrosion, e.g. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cell

[@ivanalvarez5511]

@@lovrepeovic only electrical contact is necessary, not necessarily physical contact. Meaning an electrolyte is sufficient. Think of electroplating

[@CanineDefenseTechnologies]

I've been designing a carbon fiber rocket and thought oh shoot I should've known this, until the end lol 😂

[@whatelseison8970]

Some other good options include anodizing aluminum parts, and for metal objects that will be buried or immersed in water, cathodic protection is great where a steady source of power is available. Where it isn't you can always put your aluminum parts in contact with an even more active metal like magnesium (a sacrificial anode). Nice video. I enjoyed it.

[@fallencorporal]

I was wondering why they didn't consider anodizing it. It may have not been an option because they're connecting aluminum directly to the resin, the layer of aluminum oxide might prevent it from sticking altogether.. I'm sure google would be able to give an answer on that.

[@travers114]

Thank you guys so much for making these videos. So interesting and informative. This video is probably the best intro to galvanic corrosion on youtube.

[@PH-G]

Love the drill bit pointer!

[@DarkAeroInc]

😁 Good eye! The drill bit is more my style.

[@MichaelT_123]

For small aluminium elements consider to finish them with the electroless Ni-P amorphous layer. The parts will be not only corrosion resistant but also light and ... shiny! Good job!

[@andrewstambaugh8030]

Great video and very good discussion of the various ways to handle this. I liked that you gave a warning about which side is better to paint (to avoid a focused corrosion attack at a scratch). thing that could possibly misleading people (your written description states this correctly, but doesn't call attention to it). [I'm sure you understand this very well, but for the sake of anyone watching who isn't familiar.] In your talking discussion, you say if the 2 metals/materials are touching, but: the 2 metals don't have to directly touch, as long as they are electrically connected, e.g. any bolt, wire, metal frame, or stray piece laying across them can act as a wire and electrically connect them. Example: If you are trying to protect your Alu by it touching copper, then copper to nickle, nickle to... up the galvanic chart. If the electrolyte connects from alu to the high galvanic (SS, titanium, or carbon fiber), it will cause high corrosion/galvanic corrosion, similar to if they were directly touching. (think of galvanic corrosion as being a battery like effect). In the marine industry, I have see some examples where people left tools or spare parts laying across things, that completed the circuit and caused excessive corrosion. (or commonly a found mistake, just left a spare SS pump or hydraulic fitting sitting on ALU where moisture would splash or condense.) It's also worth mentioning to people that Alu is praised for how it naturally forms a patina/protective layer, not rusting and pitting like steel... unless you galvanically corrode it! Then it pits deeply and turns to crumbly powder!

[@dnogin]

You really have a deep dive into the issue. Enjoyed watching it.

[@zolotiyeruki]

I have two questions: 1) In a previous video (July 29), you walked through your process for selecting aluminum honeycomb as the core rather than using off-the-shelf panels with aramid cores, and mentioned temperature performance as a factor. Is the temperature issue a result of the aramid core itself, or is it due to other factors in the construction of the off-the-shelf panels? 2) How did you give the fiberglass layer the same honeycomb pattern as the core? Or is it a continuous sheet that just looks like it has the honeycomb shape because of how it was pulled apart?

[@justinw1765]

Aluminum is far more thermally conductive than aramid material.

[@justinmoritz6543]

Awesome videos! I’ve been loving these technical videos you’ve been making. Helping me understand engineering a WHOLE lot better

[@DarkAeroInc]

Justin, that's great to hear!

[@kellypyatt3144]

Very cool. i was wondering when you were going to talk about this.

[@felixlabelle9041]

Very interesting dive into galvanic corrosion and the issues in bonding CF with metals. That disposable rocket exemple was awesome. Thanks for making this information public and engaging :)

[@danielmiller2886]

Thank you!! Great info for us who aren’t (officially) engineers but still need detailed data and instruction.

[@1312iYo]

Great video, very informative yet easy to follow along! Having the prototype to show the different solutions added a lot!

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thank you and thanks for watching!

[@augurelite]

These videos are awesome! Love watching the DarkAero progress :)

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thank you for watching! Glad you are enjoying the videos!

[@rigilchrist]

It is impressive that you have such deep materials knowledge and a willingness to share such detail. It also evokes confidence in your product. One question: what about the exposed cut edges of the aluminium honecomb, such as you showed in the aft fuselage. Wouldn't water on the cut edge bridge the skin and core? (I appreciate that you are changing the core material for production, but I was just curious). Thank you again for you wonderfully educational videos.

[@DarkAeroInc]

Currently, we seal up exposed honeycomb edges with assembly adhesive but we are also testing out some other low density fillers. Thank you for watching!

[@chipmunkshavenuts]

I really appreciated this video. I'm just now starting the prepping process for making molds of fairings for a miniGP race bike I designed and built. Have been planning on remaking the fairings in carbon fiber. Guess maybe I'll add one thin layer of fiberglass on the inside for where it contacts the aluminum frame for mounting. Just a quick question, why doesn't the resin prevent the contact? Does it function as an electrical contact?

[@tomcoryell]

Thank you very much for this. It changes my material choices for a project I have in mind.

[@HappyQuailsLC]

This was very helpful because we see a form of this take place with ancient artifacts which have been in the ground for many years.

[@fly4fun24]

You couldn't Find a better Wand , I loved it along with knowledge I just Learned... You guy are bulding a very fine piece of Engineering..

[@iloveaviation-burgerclub-a8145]

You do a pretty good job. I think GC is one of the most forgotten things. Not sure. But guessing that many builders don't pay too much attention to it. Best case this ends up in high maintenence action by getting all these bolts our or nuts off, pins out and boring things like that. Paying attention also makes life so much easier on the metal side. Good luck for your project.

[@robertcloudman3676]

What is the weight difference between your sandwich panel core choices? It was the hardware rot going thru sandwich panels that got on my nerves. I went to stainless almost as soon as components were built. Corrosion slowed significantly but never eliminated totally. Silicon helped but not 100%

[@anidiotinaracingcar4874]

Have you done a video in which you compare the strength of your honeycomb with something else (say a foam core, for instance)?

[@TeoMorabito]

nicely explained, thank you

[@ddegn]

I'm a chemist myself. I thought your video was fantastic.

[@aaronokimoore]

Learned a lot! Your overview of the principles and going into the methods and options was really insightful. Curious, how you are doing accelerated testing?

[@robbeelsas]

Probably in an extremely humid test chamber with lots of salty water vapor

[@Danieltredway1431]

You guys are so generous with your information. God bless you guys. I am tired of companies being so greedy with information. We need companies like this who have integrity and generosity. I always believe sharing will win because people will learn to trust you guys more because people want to know what they are getting to make the best decision. I also believe God will bless you more in the end.

[@PoulHansenDK]

Thank you. Very Thorough and effective explanations..

[@rooster700rr]

5:14 when you realize your professor is using a really long drill bit is as a pointing stick. (trust me, that is the correct technical name for a pointing stick, I googled it because I thought it would for sure, have a fancier name:)

[@ja2706pw6u]

Very Nice Video !!! I learned a lot !!! Thank you so much !!!

[@manjus7063]

Brilliant teacher! Love your videos.

[@sefutho]

Wow! This would certainly help me a lot, thanks.

[@soupdancer17]

Love that he used a drill bit as a pointer!

[@christopheraugustine5816]

Regarding the part about sealing things away from moisture, all I could hear was my father's voice. "You can never seal water out, all you can do is trap it inside when it gets there." Great video! Also, where do you get the honeycomb materials?

[@user-pb7nr5xp7y]

Hi DarkAero, This is very informative video. Thanks for that! One small question. It could be seen from video that fuselage honeycomb sandwich frames edges also bonded to carbon fibre skin. How do you fight GC here or how are you ensure you frame's aluminium alloy core does not have contact with fuselage skin?

[@tuckpilot1192]

Nice job, professor. You're putting Khan Academy on the defensive...

[@rankarahul18]

Khan academy is a subtle propoganda machine twisting facts

[@TheJustinJ]

@@rankarahul18 stick to the maths.

[@user-nz3tt1vy6h]

You Guys are AWESOME. Keep up the good work. Thanks for the videos

[@ExploreComposites]

Great video! Thats a nice way to handle the problem and I bet that thin ply of glass doesn’t add much weight overall. Will the switch to Nomex save you weight too or just improve the manufacturing process?

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thank you! The production change away from aluminum will provide a slight weight reduction and improvements in manufacturability.

[@ForFunFlyer]

Nice explanation! 👌🏻

[@RBAERO]

Very nice video! Question how you prevent corrosion on bolts and nuts like does we see on linkage at 5:55

[@solidkreate5007]

Yep we used that Nomex too. Been cut many times by sandwich panels.

[@robertmcconville4105]

Very informative and well presented. A question - what do you think is the cause of sub-surface 'bubbles' in the composite that I have observed after corrosion tests of an aluminium coated CFRP. Maybe as simple as the H or O2 gassing out of electrolyte that has migrated into the substrate. But perhaps a direct reaction between fibre and epoxy resin in presence of current flow. Appreciate your thoughts.

[@MM-24]

so....why did you use aluminum honeycomb at all? What are the detractors of using Aramid? why wasn't that chosen in the first place? why don't you use carbon fiber honey comb?

[@FilterYT]

Awesome! Thank you.

[@Megadeth6633]

great video, what do you recommend for an easy etching to prep the aluminum?

[@hugoramos9481]

Hi there, is there a posibility to pasivate the aluminion core through anodization? does the anodization change the aluminium mechanical properties? did you consider this option?

[@lennysheldon7685]

just started watching your channel. In your design and engineering do you have to consider increased potential for lighting strikes because of carbon fiber?

[@justindyster7073]

Excellent video!

[@TheGermanthekid]

Interesting stuff!!!, thanks!!!

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thanks for watching and the kind words!

[@luigigalvani9601]

Bel video! Sapevi che ho inventato questo tipo di corrosione?

[@tommcgee5491]

Hi There , whats the maximum working temperature of the carbon fibre and epoxy resin? Is it possible to skin a thin sheet of aluminum or copper with carbon fibre ?

[@rustusandroid]

The air inlet, I feel, would be a good place for fiberglass use. The plastic will deteriorate over short time with the heat changes becoming brittle. It will be a constant replacement part.

[@KarlOnSea]

Excellent video, thank you. 👍

[@jessechen998]

A question off to the tangent, if I I layer the copper sheet on top of the aluminium core, then lay other sheets of fibers on top of that, does the conduction of the core and copper sheet helps reduce EMC further than just the copper sheet alone?

[@jonathanbagnall5688]

Hi @DarkAero, Inc; great video! How well would a thicker 'gel coat' of epoxy resin over the carbon insulate against galvanic corrosion?

[@windowsxseven]

weight

[@mrkoopsy]

Excellent!

[@patrickdavey9692]

Informative, thanks.

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thank you for watching Patrick!

[@kadecooper246]

What is the pros and cons of nomex vs aluminum honeycomb structure?

[@DarkAeroInc]

Great question Kade! For the specific type of aluminum and aramid cores we are using, aluminum has a slightly higher strength to weight ratio and it is lower cost than aramid. However, aluminum core is a little harder to bond to the face sheets and it requires the added fiberglass layer for corrosion protection. The main reason we are changing to all aramid for production is we find it easier to work with in a mass production environment. Thank you for watching and for the question!

[@elysiumdevice]

Good job, thanks

[@TekAutomatica]

What's weight gain for aircraft stored outside like airfields in northern Europe? Grob had similar corrosion issues with control castings and CF.

[@michaelvadney5803]

Thanks for the video. Do you have any examples for where this type of corrosion actually resulted in a problem? What does that look like. I have made heavy, structural CF parts that mount on to aluminum and I haven't really seen much going on.

[@TheJustinJ]

For a passenger carrying airframe, it matters. Because it's designed as light as possible to meet it's design loads, therefore any reduction in strength is not acceptable. And the design will likely still be flying fifty years later. Aluminum oxidizes. It gets a chalky gray layer on it that can reduce bond strength between it and the epoxy. This layer forms almost immediately on contact with air or water. Especially humid air or salt water. But it's a very thin layer at first and causes no problems at first. A pure polished mirror of aluminum has none (yet).

[@PiefacePete46]

Excellent... thank you. At 6:30 is shown a structural box-joint between honeycomb panels at right-angle to each other. Is there a method of avoiding aluminum/Cf contact in this situation?

[@elliottscott6493]

Good stuff. Keep it going

[@jaypie0864]

Learned this years ago but this was such a better explanation!

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thanks Jay!

[@nilosantos9715]

Tanks for sharing information

[@jerrymcarthur2062]

did you guys test how anodizing aluminum effects it?

[@wanderingfirbolg6738]

That's pretty common on older aluminium car bodies when placed on Molybdenum steel alloy spaceframe chassis.

[@gurdogarsargul9621]

Hi when you talk about galvanic corrosion you should also consider your SS bolt touching aluminum same problem, I have seen this in your video. Your aluminum parts will be corroded where touching SS. I have seen this in many airplane. I am building aluminum boat so have some serious experience on this subject. Try to use Tef-gel between dissimilar metal. You must also be very careful when electrification and wiring of your plane, always use two-polar thermal switch and never use ground pole. Success in your project.

[@sw6006]

With your suggested change in the core material are you going to have to go through all the structural and vibration testing again?

[@DMAX_DIY]

Very nice guys.. I'm trying to get some A HC for my CF project (which is a motion simulator). Nice information DMAX

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thanks for watching! :)

[@braydend9582]

Have you thought about coating the aluminum parts with Cerakote H-900 Electrical Barrier or a similar product when in direct contact with carbon parts? I know you could anodize the aluminum parts but they would lack corrosion/chemical resistance. There are also dielectric epoxy adhesives that could be used to glue carbon and aluminum but I doubt they would have the same mechanical properties. All this extra coatings and work might just be extra since they might outlast the life cycle of the parts they are being applied too.

[@patrickaubichon]

thanks， very insightful

[@luddebosse1439]

i've seen people use a copper mesh below tha carbon fiber layer and honeycomb structure. In what way would this help against galvanic corrosion (if thats the purpose of it)?

[@truth7416]

I totally understand because of the simply clear way of your teaching. You need to consider starting a composite school.

[@Rollingwrenchsnowbikes]

The early carbon fiber snowbike kits had some issues but they fixed um with some fancy magic

[@danielleriley2796]

The aramid honeycomb would be excellent in areas that are permanently sealed and as such no access for inspection or easy inspection.

[@felixsu375]

How strong is the carbon fiber composite plate with aramid fiber core compared to the aluminum core in your carbon fiber sandwich?

[@solidkreate5007]

I figured you used some type of thick plasti-film between the layers before you MOP it. I didn't know fiberglass would work. That is really cool to know. Funny story, I have used those EXACT click bonds when I worked for a very large aircraft manufacturer (laid off covid-19) where her Majesty used to be built. I was an Assembler before I became a Manufacturing Engineering Planner II.

[@crawford323]

I served 15 years on 500 ft research vessel and one of the ways the marine industry fights galvanic corrosion other than sacrificial metals was to electrify the hull with a very weak charge to nullify the difference in charges. I thought this was clever.

[@mtcondie]

Waiting to see what changes are incorporated into the DarkAero 2.

[@scettzvill]

a 3d printed nylon inlet is non conductive. but isn't nylon highly susceptible to building static charge? how would that effect the contacting aluminum surface?

[@scottjennifer7778]

How did you get past the delamination tendencies between fiberglass and carbon fiber?

[@madtownbadger7115]

Resin selection is key. We build "hybrid" carbon fiber and glass fiber parts at Exel Composites frequently using Pultrusion manufacturing.

[@RCCAD2VR]

I was also wondering the same 🙂

[@scottjennifer7778]

Might you do a video on this process?

[@christopheraugustine5816]

So long as your parts are being laid up at the same time, the resin should bond chemically from one layer to the next. Cured resin on the other hand, will only allow for physical bonding, like grabbing the surface of a basketball. Chemical is significantly stronger.

[@filip1296]

Hi, great video. Why did you not make the air inlets out of glass fiber composite ? From my experience cheaper and stronger than SLS printing , and it seems you have composites production on a very high level :)

[@fallencorporal]

Although some carbon fiberglass is resistant to temperatures of roughly 300*, the resin may not have the same tolerances and would be subject to melting. Although I think his reasons for not using it there was to avoid corrosion.

[@johnmorey5166]

To prevent the galvanic corrosion :- must I insert an insulating layer between the Al and CF blocks in your diagram OR can I insert a thin titanium sheet to separate the Al and CF blocks which will still let the current flow but create Al/Ti/CF interfaces and not corrode in place of the Al/CF interface ? Cheers John

[@kcsnow9447]

I might have run into this issue in an old house, wherein I was attempting to have a plumber bring a natural gas furnace back online after five years or so of non-use. Black iron pipe used most everywhere, but galvanized metal elbows in the corners...and he started frowning when he looked at it closely. "These elbows were intended only for water mains, and whoever built this (back in the 1950's) should have known this...but just might not have known about it." This Old House, indeed.... In the end he went all the way back to the meter, and started over again, as those elbows were used in every bit of the gas main. So: Is natural gas considered an electrolyte bridge? Are galvanized pipe and black iron actually dissimilar metals? The metals were certainly in contact with one another, and the gas circuit was certainly grounded.... BTW, I'm not just some lost homeowner asking this, as dad had purchased and were starting to build an RV-6 until we realized the cockpit was too vertically confining for comfort, and the alterations were going to be very difficult and time-consuming. The RV-10 I tried on for size at our local airshow fit both of us (tall guys) a whole lot better...but then his health began to fail and that brought an end to the project. Even though he's gone, I'm still paying attention. "Go, men, Go," and thanks for the very informative videos!

[@MJ-iy4fb]

How hard would it be to deposit titanium onto the aluminum parts creating a passive type aluminum? Ben over at Applied Science (KZbin channel) made a device that will deposit various metals onto just about anything. Would be cool if you could do this on a larger scale to accommodate the bigger parts.

[@theperson7718]

So what's the actual part of carbon fiber that's conductive? Is it the carbon fibers themselves or the bonding agent AKA resin? If it's the fibers themselves then well I guess there's nothing to do but if it's the resin then couldn't some of the resin companies make a non conductive resin to solve all these problems? Great video by the way. 👍

[@promodracer2191]

Could you discuss carbon fiber printing, or a solution for the carbon fibers printing into a painted carbon finish hen exposed to sunlight and heat from sun.

[@arthurtencate]

Very educational videos, great stuff you're sharing. How do you cope with aluminum toggle switches and cfrp instrument panels?

[@sunworksco]

As a commercial plumbing contractor, I’ve seen horrible commercial plumbing systems, like the Massimo clothing factory. A very careless installation plumber originally installed all of the copper water piping systems with no dielectric couplings on the copper to iron pipes and fittings and just several years later, all of the copper tubing, as large as 6” diameter copper pipes had hundreds of pinholes and had to be removed and replaced. The interior of the factory was similar to a greenhouse mist system!

[@heldermartinovsky]

Hi! Very interesting class!! I have a question: I'd like to use carbon fiber to fix or reinforce some aluminum bike frames. Can the epoxy resin used to glue and mold the carbon fiber be an insulator between the two materials and prevent corrosion? and What if I use a fiberglass cloth first? Thank you!!!!!

[@wellscampbell9858]

Epoxy alone won't ensure separation but even very thin glass will, easy to find online. I think you will find that carbon and aluminum are not very compatible if bonding is depended on for strength; Epoxy doesn't adhere well to Al (and surface prep becomes intensive) Also CF and Al thermal expansion coefficients are quite different, aluminum shrinks and expands a lot, carbon only a little. You can still use CF, but it helps to create a structure that holds itself in place whether or not the bond fails; i.e. make "boots" for joints that are thick enough to physically support the tubing absent lateral or shear strength along the bondline.

[@madtownbadger7115]

Nice work, Ryley, very simple explanation. This conversation is typically much longer than 12-mins in most meetings. Whether we are building a profile for farm equipment or a satellite at Exel Composites, fiberglass tends to be a cheap insurance policy against galvanic corrosion, with proper Resin selection.

[@DarkAeroInc]

Thank you Jared! It was actually a real struggle to condense this topic down so I wouldn’t feel bad if it took longer to go over this in a meeting! 😁

[@Colorado_Native]

Just came across this channel. The SR-71 had a lot of titanium. To prevent GC a lot of the tools the mantainers used were also made of titanium. The USAF paid how much for one screwdriver? I can buy one at Home Depot for $2!

[@kevinkelly2513]

Did you use passivated titanium for the firewall?

[@JeremiahL]

I was about to ask if you considered fiberglass or Nomex cores? lol. Great video.

[@CarlBurnss]

Did you ever heard of parabeam or 3d weave fiber, you can also lay it in moulds, so you have 3d sandwich bodyparts

[@justinw1765]

I don't understand the use of nylon on that one part, when S-glass fiberglass is far, far stronger?

[@kneedeepsnow16]

Could you use a carbon fiber honey comb structure?