Countries That Used To Exist In Medieval Europe

▶ Support me on Patreon & get exclusive / ahead of time content! / generalknowledge
▶ In this video I talk about countries that used to exist in Medieval Europe. To do this, I use a fantastic map made by reddit user ratkatavobratka, available at: / oc_europe_1444_map_8k_... . Through looking at this map we are able to identify some of these "countries" or at least personal domains (duchies, counties, kingdoms) that used to exist in the year 1444, but that no longer do today. Examples of such are the Kingdom of Algarve, the Kingdom/Crown of Aragon, the Emirate of Granada, the Duchy of Brittany or the Duchy of Burgundy. At his point in history, France was not yet unified, neither was Spain, and this fragmentation of what are today the territories of modern countries was also seen elsewhere: Ireland, Russia (which saw the independent states of the Republic of Novgorod or the Grand Duchy of Moscow), Italy (where the maritime Republics of Venice and Genoa were tremendously important, even having overseas domains throughout the Mediterranean), Florence, Milan, Naples, or the Papal State). But also the Holy Roman Empire, completely fragmented, with hundreds of semi-independent domains, such as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which was larger at the time, or the Kingdom of Bohemia, or Moravia. On the other hand, many "countries" back then held more territory than their modern counterparts. Norway held Iceland, Sweden held Finland, and Denmark held Southern Sweden - all of them temporarily united through the Kalmar Union. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was also tremendously large, occupying parts of Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine - where an independent Crimean Khanate also existed in the Peninsula and Eastern part of the modern country. In addition to Hungary, that held a significant larger territory, as did Moldova, or the Ottoman Empire - when compared to modern Turkey. Some of these old countries were destroyed through conquest, as is the example of the Republic of Novgorod. Others evolved into modern versions of themselves, as is the case of the Grand Duchy of Moscow which became the Russian Tsardom, or the Teutonic Order which eventually transformed into Prussia, leading the way to German Unification. And others which were also eventually unified, as is the case of the Italian Republics.
TIMESTAMPS:
00:00 Intro
00:50 The Concept of A Country
01:21 Kingdom of The Algarve
01:59 Divided Spain
02:14 Emirate of Granada
03:01 Kingdom of Aragon
03:31 Fragmented France
04:06 Duchy of Brittany
04:51 Kingdom/Duchy of Burgundy
06:06 Map Overview
06:20 Countries That Had More Territory Back Then
07:22 Countries That Didn't Exist Yet Due To Fragmentation
07:34 Fragmented Ireland
07:55 A Divided Russia
08:08 Republic of Novgorod
08:23 Grand Duchy of Moscow
08:45 Teutonic Order
08:52 Italy Fragmented
09:15 Republic of Venice
09:50 Republic of Genoa
10:00 Crimean Khanate
10:44 Milan, Florence, & The Papal States
10:54 Kingdom of Naples
11:06 Duchy of Savoy
11:18 The Holy Roman Empire
11:36 A Larger Luxembourg
11:40 Kingdom of Bohemia
12:13 Fate of HRE States
12:47 Summary
▶ Follow me on Twitter: / gkonyoutube
▶ Join the Discord Server: / discord
▶ Business Contact: [e-mail]
▶ Thanks for watching, remember to subscribe to catch future videos!

[@General.Knowledge]

*Should I do this for other continents too? If so, do you have any suggestions of old countries?*

[@xConoooR1]

If you’re going to add a map of Scotland split into 2 countries then at least explain yourself? Typical lol.

[@obsehasp]

Do Asia, Tibet for example (Ü-Tsang?)

[@mouhamoxa6762]

Yes please do it for north africa, especially countries such as: Tlemcen, Mzab, Biskra

[@shefatfati8872]

You didn't mention ,,Ligue of Lezhë,, today Albania

[@user-xg2pd3ek9u]

Yeah

[@Necromediancer]

EU4 players finally having a moment where their video game based knowledge of history is finally relevant

[@shortt8926]

Lmao yeah

[@Azurethewolf168]

Finally something we understand!

[@TomasAlmeida-mx6qc]

Fr

[@Gudha_Ismintis]

i just agreed as you sounded intelligent

[@tsaralexis9459]

I literally just got eu4 yesterday lol

[@martinsriber7760]

Kingdom of Bohemia is to the Czech Republic what Kingdom of France is to French Republic or Kingdom of Poland to Polish Republic. Bohemia and Moravia are two separate regions, but both have been part of the same realm - both historically and currently.

[@brody8782]

I had a grandfather who was bohemian (we live in the US), and he always identified as bohemian through his whole life rather than Czech, even though as far as I can tell they are the same thing. To this day if you ask my mother or her siblings what their ancestry is they will say bohemian. In the Czech Republic today, do people still identify as bohemian or is that a relic of the past some diaspora carried on?

[@martinsriber7760]

@@brody8782 There is no distinction between "Czech" and "Bohemian". Same word refers to both. I would really like to know how he could be just Bohemian without being Czech as well.

[@hanselvogis5142]

​@@martinsriber7760 No. Czech = Bohemian or Moravian. That means Bohemian is a subset of Czech.

[@slyasleep]

All Bohemians are Czechs, but not all Czechs are Bohemians.

[@brody8782]

@@martinsriber7760 I didn’t meant to say he wasn’t Czech, it just seems like the identity of “Czech” wasn’t commonplace when his family immigrated to the United States. From Wikipedia (I know not the best source lol) “Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century”

[@ahromiga9767]

In France there is a little state who is always forgotten : the viscounty of Bearn. This state "declared" his independance in 1347 under the rule of Gaston III of Foix-Bearn, also known as Febus. This independance de facto lasted until 1620 when Louis XIII invaded this territory. For fun fact, Louis XIII was the son of Henri IV, who was viscount of Bearn before becoming king of France (he gave the Bearn to his sister).

[@olivierpuyou3621]

Fébus aban.

[@Gosudar]

Bohemia/Czechia should be rather in the "Countries that had more territory back then" section. Those tiny Silesian duchies belonged to Bohemia/Czechia from the 14th century until 1742. Also, Moravia was not a separate sovereign state, it has been part of Bohemia since the 11th century until today. Its degree of autonomy varied over time but it never ceased to be part of Bohemia/Czechia.

[@michakoniecpolski5677]

Cope

[@miagatwa2457]

@@michakoniecpolski5677cope? They are right. The only one coping is you

[@gulagchampxd]

@@miagatwa2457his last name ends in ski, not worth ur time bud

[@filiprozmanek6359]

Moravia was never a part of Bohemia, that's why it's called Moravia. For example do you think that Bohemia had any influence on Moravia in the Austrian Empire? No, it had not. Back then they were two seperate countries. One country perhaps only in the heads of bohemians....

[@Asdasxel]

That's mostly true, except for the fact that there were periods of time Moravia was independent on Bohemia and had a different ruler. For example during the rule of Jobst of Moravia (Jošt Moravský) or Matthias Corvinus. And if we go further back in history to the 9th century, it was the other way around. Bohemia was a part of Moravia not the other way around. History is funny like that.

[@dominikoulehla5902]

Czech lands didn't actually become a part of Habsburg monarchy after the dissolution of the HRE, but were, along with Austrian lands (duh) and parts of modern day Italy and Slovenia, part of both "states" for quite a while. Bohemian crown was inherited by Ferdinand I. Habsburg in 1564. It was also somewhere around this time when the Habsburg dynasty became the de facto ruling dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The membership of many Habsburg held lands in the HRE later became one of the reason why Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy battled it out over who would unite Germany.

[@stepanhrebicek8309]

Ferdinand was elected as bohemian (and hungarian) king in 1526, after the battle of Mohacs (where the previous king of both kingdoms died)

[@laistvan2]

He became successor of Louis II(Hungarian)/I(Czech)king after a contract with Jagellonian dynasty(his wife was sister of Louis, and Louis wife was sister of Ferdinand.

[@laistvan2]

Holy Roman Emperor was Chales V but he resigned and divided his Empire(his son got Spain and Ferdinand got HRE).

​@@laistvan2 No, he didn't became successor by the will of empty air, or by the pact between Jagellonians and Hapsburgs - he was elected and later crowned the king of Bohemia (and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) by the will of the Bohemian Diet. Later, it led to quarrels among Bohemian nobles and Hapsburgs, who amid other things - basically gradual attempts to centralize the power and restrict estates' freedoms - tried to forcefuly re-catholicize the protestant majority of Bohemia (the first and oldest protestant country in the World), which led to the revolt of Bohemian Estates in 1618-1620, escalating into (and being the trigger of) the Thirty years' War. Who could have guessed that electing a catholic monarch to the protestant throne would backfire that spectacularly?

[@Aggoenix]

Czech and Bohemian were used in English the same. Kingdom of Bohemia was always also called Czech Kingdom. Bohemia is also one of 3 regions of the Czechia today. Prague was the capital of Bohemia since always like its capital of Czechia today. Czechia=Bohemia, its just two names for one land. If you look at Kingdom of Bohemia borders, its literally identical to Czech Republic borders today.

[@Freigeist2008]

Not really. Böhmen/Bohemia has in the past not really soemthing to do with Czechs. All elites and all cities had been mainly populated by Germans. Czechs was more an synonym for peasant. This changed later in teh time of Hus and especially in the time 1618ff . But in the origin Böhmen was only a name for a regio within the Holy German Empire (HRR), where Germans (Böhmen-Deutsche uns Sudetendeutsche) had been the cultural elite.

[@Aggoenix]

@@Freigeist2008 in any source i found, either czech, british or international, Bohemia is synonimus for "referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom,[8][9][a] was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe. It was the predecessor of the modern Czech Republic." Kingdom of Bohemia was predecessered as "The Duchy of Bohemia, also later referred to in English as the Czech Duchy,[1][2] (Czech: České knížectví) was a monarchy and a principality of the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages. It was formed around 870 by Czechs. The sources obviously and cleanly state that it was a Czech kingdom, formed originally by Czechs. To the language "The royal court used the Czech, Latin, and German languages, depending on the ruler and period" The Germans were invited in late 13th and 14th century. Before that Czech language dominated the majority, including the rulers. After between 14th and 1627 German maybe predominated, but since 1627 it was changed as equal to german in administration. Even before Germans became part of the Bohemia, Premyslid house ruled and created Bohemia since 850s until 1300s and they were considered purely Czech noble house rulling absolute majority Slavic Bohemians-Czechs. I think you are mistaking Bohemia for Sudetenland, that indeed became 3/4 German territory, but even there many cities were mixed into 7:3 or 6:4 ratio. With your logic i can also say that Germany or Italy were nonexistent entities until 1871 before that Germany was just almost hundreds of different duchies, some of them are today even French, Polish, Czech or Austrian. If you look at Bohemia+Moravia 7,8 hundred years ago it has almost identical borders as today. Any entity from Bohemia, to Czechoslovakia was multiethnical state, at start of 20th century 8,9mil were Czechoslovaks, 3mil were Germans and 0,75 were Hungarians. But it was indeed considered predomantly Czech entity, mainly based on the Czech language, founded by Czechs, with considerable German and Hungarian population. But how many countries in history didnt have mixed presence.

[@Freigeist2008]

@@Aggoenix You got some points, but there was definetly not something like a Czech Kingdom or nation. The Czech nation develeoped much much later. And to your point: Even Prag was a German (and mixed) city, not only the total German parts of the Sudetenland. For example 1857 the German part was over 40% and all elites had been culturally or ethnically German. Not for coincidence the First German university (Karls-University) was located in Prague. There were Czechs in Bohemia, but there was no Czech nation. They saw themselves as German or Slavic Bohemian. And especially the Czech elites could not even speak Czech, because they were totally germanized. Very similiar to the situation in the Baltics, where cities like Riga, Reval (Tallinn) had been predominantly German

[@tkmushroomer]

@@Freigeist2008 > but there was definetly not something like a Czech Kingdom Are you sure about that? Because that kingdom was established in 1198 and officially recognized by both Pope and HRE in 1212.

[@Xawwis]

@@tkmushroomerlooks like he learned European history from a Nazi textbook. You are right, the Czech kingdom was founded in 1212 by the Czech duke Vratislav from the Przemysl(czech) house. Most of the nobles were of Czech origin, not German. yes, the German language was prevalent among the nobility, but that doesn't mean they were Germans. Charles University was founded by Charles IV, who was from the Przemysl/Luxembourg house. Germans were always a minority in the Czech kingdom.

[@keithkannenberg7414]

I find Burgundy to be particularly interesting: a kingdom from the time of the Merovingians, then the powerful duchy as was described in this video and finally being absorbed into France. Plus there was the county of Burgundy that existed along side the duchy. I'd love to see a video dedicated to the history of this state.

[@lucinae8510]

Spain (through León and Castile) and Portugal's first royal families were both called the Houses of Burgundy but did not came from the same line, as the Portuguese family founder originally held titles and land in the Duchy of Burgundy while Spain's in the County of Burgundy.

[@eizzah8323]

And the county freed themselves from the duchy and became Franche Comté (Free County) And now both the duchy and the county are together in the approximate region of Burgundy Franche Comté

[@radumarinescu4536]

Burgundy was german.

[@sebe2255]

@@radumarinescu4536Burgundy was not German

[@commodorezero]

It or half of it became the Netherlands. So it "kinda" exists? Those lands were originally brought together by Burgundy.

[@joaomaf99]

Fellow Portuguese here, great video! Very informative and easy to follow. Não diria que eras português pelo sotaque, inglês muito fluente!

[@heikkijhautanen4576]

Yeah, Portugal is a great and a beatifull country!!! love from Finland to there!!! :)

[@0Flow0]

His English is impressive

[@silvatavares]

E não deve ser português pois não sabe que Portugal existe desde 1143 e não 1297.

[@jorgesaopedro]

@@silvatavares E que o Algarve era uma região e não um país.

[@silvatavares]

@@jorgesaopedro Algarve antes da reconquista foi um reino berbere, a Portugal foi mais fácil a reconquista que a Castela pois o reino do Algarve era bem mais fraco que o al Andaluz

[@vaninhhuu3215]

Technically, kingdom of Sicily didn't changed its name to Naples, but still keep the name "Sicily", however said kingdom no longer control Sicily, the people tent to refer it as kingdom of Naples or citra Pharum to distinguish it with the "actual" kingdom of Sicily or ultra Pharum. And since there were 2 kingdom that both called themself "Sicily", we had a thing called "kingdom of 2 Sicilies" when European powers tried to redraw Europe post-Napoleonic wars

[@vulgarpotato]

omfg I always wondered what the other Sicily was lmfao

[@nnegro6742]

​@@vulgarpotato i found that video now, and if you after six mounth still care about that question i got the pleasure of explaining it to you (i'm sicilian and i know very well the history of my land, and also sorry for my bad english): in reality kingdom of sicily was born with sicily controlling neaples, because the center of the kingdom was in the parlament (the king was a religious figure only and got little to no power) located in palermo, neapolitans got ruled over by sicilians till 1270, when the angiò family decided that the fact that they didn't ruled over the sicilian kingdom was not ok and "killed" the parlament placing the capital in neaples, making the neapolitan province the center of the sicilian kingdom. Afterwards sicilian starded a civil war (sicilian vespers) and got their freedom and indipendence back with the help of the aragon kingdom, that never tought of deactivating the parlament again for the fear of ending like the angiò (also when the sicilian and aragon kingdom united the sicilian lands where under the parlament rule and the king was only formally a power figure), and that is why for some time there where 2 sicilyes, the real sicilian kingdom, and the neapolitan kingdom that claimend to be the real sicilian kingdom. This lasted untill in 1816 bourbons united sicily with neaples and did the same thing of angiòs, but that time sicilians successfully regained their indipendence for only 16 months (sicilian revolution) and then got defeated and looked for help from italians that deceived them but that is another story

[@jax_kaczmarek]

Fantastic video! I needed this so much. Being a Pole from Silesia myself I have long had a hobby of reconstructing as much as possible from my local history, including "getting passed around" between fragmented dominions, duchies, countries etc. and the impact this had on the culture. Truly fascinating stuff.

[@cshiels14]

You’re pronunciation of the Ireland’s current and historical provinces was excellent, well done 🇮🇪

[@eterno1610]

you are? the hell?

[@biancawolf8116]

​@@eterno1610😂 lmao guess he became the pronunciation

[@JJflint]

I absolutely love your videos! I have collected maps and Atlas's since I was 4 ( 20 now) and always wanted to know more about the states that could have been! Also, I am learning to speak Portuguese and have visited Portugal! 🇵🇹🇧🇷

[@MrMuel1205]

Medieval republics always fascinate me. The stereotypical view of medieval times is of kingdoms and duchies and the like, but in the likes of Venice we have "countries" that are like hybrids of the old Roman Republic and the more typical medieval realms. I think sometimes people wrongly think of them as akin to the later French Republic, but the classical Roman Republic is a much better comparison.

[@arx3516]

Almost all medieval republics were inside the HRE. When you have a country as weak as the HRE the local communities are forced to give themselves a form of government.

[@MrMuel1205]

@@arx3516 Not Novgorod. And for most of its history, not Venice. It emerged as an independent republic from the Eastern Empire. EDIT: Lord Norwich's 'History of Venice' is a great read. EDIT2: John Julius Norwich for those searching for his work. He also wrote the definitive history of Byzantium in English. It puts Gibbon to shame.

[@EresirThe1st]

Medieval republics were everywhere, they just fell out of favour

[@o_s-24]

Interesting how modern czechia looks nearly exactly on this map but split into Bohemia and Moravia. Please make a part 2 for this video. Also a video on Lithuania would be amazing, very interesting how it went from this big to what we know it today

[@Erty_]

well because it is, bohemia and moravia were basically one country for about 1500y

[@ondrejsacky3652]

Czechia is perfectly defined geographically, it's almost all around surrounded by mountains. And highland area divides Bohemia and Moravia.

[@romanvlach5293]

@@Erty_ Moravia and Bohemia are one country since 1918 until then they was separate countries and both had their own goverments and laws. The only uniting thing was that Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia was the same person.

[@ondrejsacky3652]

Only uniting thing. Also language. Or aristocracy and their properties. Crossborder territories and properties of towns like Žďár, Jihlava. People. Region of Vysočina. Church of Jednota bratrská or Husitská. And some other things.

[@romanvlach5293]

@@ondrejsacky3652 Region of Vysočina is made up communist bullshit, which only exist from 1948. If you talk about language you can say that germany was unite since 9th centrury and not speak of that the official language of Moravia was german and moravian. If you talk about aristocracy in the way you talk, you also saying that saxony, bavaria and Bohemia was one state, because in HRE aristocratic families own propreties in whole HRE didn't mater on state. Finally people wasn't same, because czech nationality was made in late 19th century until then people in Bohemia indetify them self as Bohemian and in Moravia as Moravian.

[@Clinton221087]

Dude, I genuinely enjoy your videos. Keep up the good work.

[@General.Knowledge]

Thanks! :)

[@InAeternumRomaMater]

07:10 I hate when people still make this mistake. Today's Moldova (official called Republic of Moldova, and correctly said even by its inhabitants) is not the successor state of Principality of Moldavia. This Principality was even referred as Moldovalahia and it was the Principality that founded modern day Romania. Yes, many people think that Principality of Wallachia annexed Moldavia and formed a much larger state that we call Romania (even tho even Wallachia was called in the Old Romanian language "or Valahian" as Țeara Rumânească) but it was actually Moldavia that basically "annexed" Wallachia. In 1859, Ioan Alexander Cuza who was a Moldavian boyar (a nobleman) got elected Prince of Moldavia and few days later he also got elected prince of Wallachia and formed modern day Romania, they even chose the name as being Romania, and there's plenty of documents that shows the Principality being a Romanian speaking state and the inhabitants being Romanians (or Vlachs).

[@Writer_Productions_Map]

So Wallachia formed Moldova?

[@InAeternumRomaMater]

@@Writer_Productions_Map You're referring to Principality of Moldavia (1343-1859)? No, the name Moldovalahia refers to Moldavian-Wallachia to not be confused with Principality of Wallachia usually referred as Ungro-Wallachia (Wallachia next to Hungary). Principality of Moldavia was founded by Dragoș Vodă, a Vlach voivode from Maramureș (Back then part of Hungary), both Moldavians and Wallachias are Vlachs (Romanians).

[@crazypsychovirgoman6990]

The way I knew a Romanian would do this real quick

[@Writer_Productions_Map]

@@InAeternumRomaMater yes and it was meant as joke cus you said Moldavia formed Romania

[@InAeternumRomaMater]

@@Writer_Productions_Map That wasn't a joke, but both Principalities formed Romania, because it was a Union. The point of my comment was that Principality of Moldavia is the one who initiated the Union, not Wallachia, but both Principalities accepted it and both people wanted it as even In Wallachia the sentiment of Union existed. Republic of Moldova was formed in 1940, by the Soviets in the Romanian region of Bessarabia (Ro: Basarabia) that got annexed in the same year.

[@mihailnikoloff2554]

Bulgaria is one of the few early medieval countries that continues to exist today. Was founded in 681 AD.

[@Spiderman-gg8dg]

It had its existence interrupted by Ottoman occupation for a few centuries though.

[@josemalave1322]

@@Spiderman-gg8dgAnd by Eastern Roman conquest as well

[@serkantemiz7565]

Ottoman should assimilated all bulgarians

[@Spiderman-gg8dg]

@@serkantemiz7565 They would've assimilated them if they had the ability to do so.

[@mihailnikoloff2554]

Ottomans don't exist anymore bro. @@serkantemiz7565

[@hijmestoffels5171]

Thanks for the link to this map. It contains so much information and answers so many of my questions.

[@klintwehrell4483]

Super interesting thank you. All of these"countries" warrant a special video. Crimea and Luxemburg and Venice seen really interesting! Thank you😊

[@obsehasp]

That is my favourite map and I've been using it for a long time. Very detailed, historically accurate and very useful.

[@General.Knowledge]

It really is!

[@enderman_666]

I’ve spotted numerous mistakes around the Balkans, though I can’t attest to the other parts of the map

[@unfrieden]

Please do a whole video on the Holy Roman Empire - it was not chaotic, as you called it, it was just decentralized, and the result of many secessions and peaceful cooperations under loose governments. At that time the "Empire" (it was none) brought forth some bright minds and lots of technological progress. Furthermore, a video on Venice would be great as well.

[@General.Knowledge]

Yeah I just meant chaotic in the 'border gore' sense of the word. It's very true that it had a pretty organized system within it!

[@dakedakinson64]

Yes, no chaos at all! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.

[@Cybernaut551]

Based Decentrism.

[@Kuhmuhnistische_Partei]

@@patrickducloux7523 Conflicts between local lords was a thing everywhere during that time, so that wasn't really a special feature of that decentralized system. And waging war "constantly" is relative. Yeah, there was probably at least one conflict between two local lords at any time, but it wasn't really the case that the lands of the HRE constantly burned because of all those wars. You had regions with more conflicts and regions with less - in some regions you could be born and die at high age without ever having witnessed war or plagues. And let's be honest, most local conflicts/feuds between two nobles were more on the level of "jumping over the fence to push over some cows". Those conflicts became more serious in the last part of the late medieval age and then completely escalated during the early modern period.

[@Ciech_mate]

Fantastic video! I salute you General Knowledge sir!

[@gregoryvigneault1824]

Thank you this was very informative, and man that map mist have taken months to make good work to that guy

[@pacmanqwerty1325]

Great video, just thought I’d mend one little mistake. At 7:13 you said that Moldova had much more territory back then, but this is incorrect. The modern state of Moldova was annexed by the USSR and was then allowed independence after the USSR’s collapse. The Moldavia that you see in this map was one of the “provinces” that combined to create Romania in the late 1800s. Moldova still remains a big region of Romania to this day and is very much separated to the mostly russian modern day Moldova (country). Think of it like modern day North Macedonia (the independent country) and Macedonia (a province of Greece).

[@user-gf2wm9rd3s]

It's literally Russia which keeps us apart. Not for long, though 😉

[@Bayard1503]

Well, calling the country of Moldova today mostly Russian is a huge mistake, Russians and Ukrainians combined are like only 10% of the population. Their official language is Romanian. So that Macedonian comparison is simply WRONG!!

[@dani7785]

@@mookey7258He just pointed out a very true fact that all westerners I have heard to speak about it so far are wrong about. Current day Moldova has no historic or political relevance to the Principality of Moldavia referred to in this video

[@mennovanlavieren3885]

The story of Moldova in modern times is a very sad story. It would have united with Romania, or become a real country of their own if not for constant Russian meddling with the politics. And subsequent ignoring by western nations for the situation. Only a fraction is Russian and they only moved there under the USSR to gain more control over the region. It is of strategic value to Russia because they "need" an anchor point near the Carpathian Mountains. The Russian ideal is to control all the plains up to the mountains in all directions, so defensive outpost can be setup in the mountains that act as a natural barrier. 4mln people live in intense poverty, because about 10k Russians destabilize the country.

[@Apollorion]

@@mennovanlavieren3885 "all the plains up to the mountains in all directions"

[@smaragdchaos]

Lands of the Bohemian crown had more lands than just Bohemia and Moravia, it also had both Lusatias and the entirety of Silesia (also the county of Kladsko, which was originally Bohemian Land, but is now a part of polish Silesia). At one point, it even had Brandenburg, but this was relatively short lived. Also, those lands didn't fall under the Habsburg's rule after the fall of HRE, Habsburgs actually had ruled the lands non-stop since 1526 (but the first ever Habsburg ruler on the czech throne had ruled in 1306 until 1307)

[@thorspoczta4436]

Western bullshits on this movie like always. Funniest is Germany which united and exist form 1500AD so didnt exist in Medival time as a country.

[@Sharnoy1]

I'm such a sucker for maps of old. Great video!

[@joaomata4365]

It is great to have a portuguese making this type of content, because finally someone mentions Portugal regularly on this contents Great work rei do caralho🇵🇹

[@javiervll8077]

And if you see the current coat of arms of Spain 🇪🇸, you’ll see represented the old kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (min. 2:01): Kingdom of Castile 🏰, Kingdom of León 🦁, Crown of Aragon, Kingdom of Navarre and Kingdom of Granada 🕌. Great video General Knowledge! 👍🏻, so good you talk about my region, the old Castile 🏰 😁😁

[@lunarsoul1737]

My Spanish teacher actually taught me this because I was interested/recognized some of them, since he is from Spain despite me being American and living in America and teaching Spanish at an American school. I found it really interesting!

[@slyasleep]

I like your use of wmojis. Maybe we could find ones that are appropriate for Aragon and Navarre? Maybe ones representing typical foods?

[@javiervll8077]

@@slyasleep Thank you! 😊 Well, considering that the Kingdom of Valencia was part of the Crown of Aragon, a good emoji could be that of the paella 🥘. For the Kingdom of Navarra it could be this: ⛓️, since the coat of arms of Navarra is made up of gold chains.

[@slyasleep]

@@javiervll8077 chapeau! That looks very fitting to me! ¡Good work, Señor!

[@alekto101]

Don't forget the Kingdom of Galicia

[@bela650]

He's Portuguese I didn't know that. Cool to see another Portuguese who loves history.

[@Deailon]

If you will make part two, I will subscribe ;) For the chosen year think also of Genoa with Corsica, Masovia and Navarre. There also should be an honourable mention of Byzantium, which still existed in 1444 ;)

[@christopherdieudonne]

Wow, super interesting video. Bravo !!

[@antonisauren8998]

Teutons did not create Prussia. They got secularised, fallen under Polish rule, got taken by Branderbug. Elecotre titled himself King in Prussia as it sounded more prestigeous than Prince of Brandenburg but power never was centered in Konigsberg.

[@mamai_eth]

Would be cool if you made a video of what happened with Circassia, Crimean Khanate and Novgorod Republic

[@tamaveirene]

Brilliant..loved it...subscribed and shared with my grandson!

[@josiahlee9294]

Dang your English is really good! I had no idea you were from Portugal that's awesome!

[@epiccrusadr8583]

Ive come across that map before and its very detailed it even mentions the kingdom of the isles which is a state many people and historians probably dont know existed unfortunately

[@anordinarylymphocyte611]

and if it wasn't for you i wouldn't have known either, thx

[@epiccrusadr8583]

@@anordinarylymphocyte611 your welcome

[@davidslattery5168]

Please do a video on medieval Ireland, and its preservation of christianity, culture and art into the modern era. Great documentary!

[@NODOUDT]

Well written and well delivered 👍

[@alexanderchenf1]

Medieval Europe was far more diverse than Europe today

[@jordi6795]

Such mosaic was fascinating! 👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼🇪🇺

[@tibsky1396]

This is why the globalist demagoguery around diversity today is an aberration.

[@maddinek]

I would say, they were still more united than the EU is today 😂

[@Calucifer13]

It wasn´t more diverse, it was just more fragmented. The people inhabiting it were more or less the same.

[@alexanderchenf1]

@@Calucifer13 wrong.

[@WeyounSix]

One of the hardest things to reckon between the two systems of Feudal and modern, is how two areas could be ruled by the same person, and yet effectively be sovereign. But this is usually because the King is not the one who actually holds the domain of the land that is outside of his home or main kingdom. So a separate kingdom outside of france for instance could be ruled by the french king, but none of the land in the other kingdom is owned by the king, just they are his vassals, under a different title. People could have multiple titles, but would accept one as their primary, so a King could be the king of multiple kingdoms at once, while only really being called the king of his main kingdom. Not only that, but land often switched hands completely as family successions changed with marriages all the time. A king could have been given control over another kingdom if he is the heir, when their ruler died, or some similar circumstance. But I digress, in any case, often the lower governments of the "countries" were completely separate from one another, and a king had to treat these kingdoms, well, like separate kingdoms, or get somebody else to look over it for him.

[@chaptermasterpedrokantor1623]

The thing with feudal states was that their fortunes were linked strongly to the skills of their leaders. Strong monarch or duke, strong state, the local barons subdued, expanding borders and even a potential state like Burgundy. Weak ruler or dying at the wrong moment, and the local barons rise, other countries move in on its territory and the state may even disappear completely. At least once we move in the modern state and the states start to revolve around actual institutions, the skills of other leaders, like prime ministers, and the chances of countries disappearing off the map get less and less. Unless you are Poland of course.

[@Shockprowl]

That is an incredible map, and that was a fantastic video, thank you, General Knowledge. I love your use of maps to tell historical stories. I'm particularly interested in the Holy Roman Empire and the inter-dynastic rivalries at play. Have you read the Times Atlas of European History? It's pretty old now, but still available here and there. That is a very interesting book that essentially has the same map of Europe on each page. As you turn the pages you watch countries and empires wax and wane. It's really useful to put historical events into a geo-political context.

[@fernandobarragao3386]

Fellow Portuguese here! Keep up the good work!

[@markoallstar]

Please do balkans. If possible, id like to help with data and historical context to compile a video such as this one. From todays slovenia to turkey and up to romania. Thank you for this video, id love to see more of these throughout different times.

[@evapizanocejka1110]

I would love a specific video to Bohemia/ Moravia. And another to the enormous kingdom of Lithuania (such a small country now...!)

[@beth7935]

Yes, either of those would be awesome!

[@Rom3_29]

There was mystery Bjarma land in Kola Peninsula area. Until 1400ad. Very little is known about them. Cool detailed map in the Carta marina (1539) by Olaus Magnus (Wiki)

[@GeraldM_inNC]

About Burgundy, most people don't understand that under the feudal system a monarch could be a vassal to multiple nations, and on both sides during a war. That is because new lands obtained by marriage might be in a different nation than their older lands. The counts of Burgundy were vassals to France for the county, and when they acquired the Somme towns they were also French vassals, but when they expanded into the Netherlands this made them vassals of the German Empire. No, the Duchy of Burgundy did not comprise a nation, but rather a set of territories subject to the King of France and the Emperor of Germany. Duke Charles The Rash aspired to create a nation by attempting the conquest of a corridor along the Rhine, but it was far beyond his resources to accomplish this and he was decisively defeated and killed. At no point was Burgundy ever a nation, merely a multinational set of territories.

[@Erty_]

it would be cool if we got a separate video about Czech history

[@General.Knowledge]

Sure! Good idea

[@fridericusrex6289]

Yeah, just done properly though. The pictures he showed kinda hint that Moravia was separated from rest of our country (eg at 12:02) and part of Austrian Habsburg lands and not connected to Bohemia proper. In reality it continued to be part of Bohemian lands until we became republic and is part of our country even now. I am actually Moravian myself. There was no separation because of collapse of HRE and so on as there was no reason for that. We were not united by HRE, we were united by shared ethnicity, language, culture, history and being part of one country for thousand years.

[@meryuk]

Maybe you could have included a list of current countries that didn't exist by approximately the same name back then... Like Russia, Germany, Italy, Ireland etc. And those that did, like Portugal, Sweden, France, Hungary....

[@General.Knowledge]

Good idea!

[@maxdavis7722]

What did Italy and Ireland used to be? They weren’t countries.

[@zoltankiss1533]

Hungary has been a country since 896

[@Siegbert85]

Germany and Italy were nominal kingdoms within the HRE. The Habsburg emperors used to hold both titles.

[@alexzero3736]

​@@maxdavis7722there were short lived kingdom of Italy ruled by Odoacer.

[@goeegoanna]

Fascinating, thank you.

[@currykingwurst6393]

I'd definitely like a dedicated video about every little part of the HRE and where they are today.

[@tino85011]

I recognised the year before you even announced it! Thanks EU4!

[@governmentghost01]

0:34 >Great Horde >Nogay Horde

[@benjaminlewis4667]

Would love to see more!

[@YagiZaru]

All fascinating and your presentation is quick but so helpfully clear. Have you done any of these of the other regions of the world yet? Would love to see those. North America before Columbus, arrived in Cuba, Africa, Asia, even just East Asia and South/Central Asia…

[@slyasleep]

Brittany and Burgundy lived together in perfect harmony…

[@VoidLantadd]

One medieval state that wasn't mentioned is THE ROMAN EMPIRE. It's that tiny sliver of pink in the middle of the Ottoman Empire and in 1444 was 7 years away from its final death in 1453, at a ripe old age of 1,962 :(

[@ClementeUsonTorner]

About the Aragón crown: it was not only the island of Mallorca it was the Balearic Islands as a whole, Sicily, Córcega, and Cerdeña. Excellent video by the way.😊

[@nnegro6742]

Not sicily, or atleast only formally and only for a bit of time, because sicilian and aragonian kingdom united decades after the separation betweveen neaples ans sicily and only formally (the king in sicily was only a religious thing, ruling there was the parlament)

[@christopheryoung2874]

good video, homie!

[@chrisk5651]

For Spain, you left out Navarre. I know that it overlapped into France. But was a kingdom that existed.

[@valentinr.dominguez2892]

Navarre's coat of arms is included in the coat of arms of Spain.

[@theguyfromsaturn]

It was also crucial in reuniting the Christian kingdoms, though Galicia León Castilla were redivided between King Sancho's sons, and his nephew got the crown of Aragón, if I remember correctly. It was in that time a key player among the Peninsular kingdoms. Back then it was known as the Kingdom of Pamplona-Nájera I believe.

[@derekperalta3512]

Make one about Crimea I think that be perfect!

[@user-ck1fi1fj6n]

This map Is awesome! There are many countries I didn't even know they exist !(for example this many small french states)

[@idw9159]

pretty interesting to see the competing fragmentation and unification forces as well as note the overall fluidity of change yet stability of some states that no longer exist; clearly we aren't done yet and suspect in 500 years time the map will be unrecognizable from today

[@guilhermecesar9185]

Interesting Video. About Algarve, I remember my history teacher talking about the portuguese nobles fleeing to Brasil where they elevated the status from colony to "Vice Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves" and he spent 30 minutes explaining to many people why "Algarves" in the name. Hahahaha And seeing this video remember me of some civilizations from Age of Empires 2, especiallly the dukes

[@rawka_7929]

In medieval times there also used to exist Volga Bulgaria (Altough this map only shows the Kazan Khanate) which had existed arguably since 680 AD till the 1240's as it's own kingdom. Later also the Kazan Khanate emerging as it's successor state which used a different name but arguably still had the same people's in it.

[@MaceY._.]

Fun fact: Volga Bulgaria and Magna Hungaria were next to each other, just like (Danube) Bulgaria and Hungary. And were a short peroid of time, when all 4 country existed at the same time

[@rawka_7929]

@@MaceY._. Magyars and Bulgars were quite close with each other despite the fact one was Turkish and the other was Finno-Ugric. If the Bulgars remained in a similar way the Magyars remained in Hungary then today these 2 people's would be very closely related.

[@MaceY._.]

@@rawka_7929 Sadly they've been assimilated by the slavs

[@rawka_7929]

@@MaceY._. I wouldn't say sadly. As a Bulgarian I'm quite proud of our cultural history of being a mix of many entirely different people's coming together to create one ethnicity.

[@MaceY._.]

@@rawka_7929 Well I am sure it's a pride for you. And I am happy for you. Your country is beautiful, and if everything will go correctly, I will be volunteerly work there in the next year. So I am very excited about it.

[@user-xg2pd3ek9u]

A nice video. Thanks 👍

[@mixlllllll]

12:28" countless other examples" You're right about that.

[@introvertedcorpse]

It's so weird watching this so early.

[@user-fj8qp4fr9x]

Yeah

[@spilt-milkie]

Yeah

[@GigaChad-ev8qi]

Yeah

[@oteleaionutbogdan5381]

There’s a mistake regarding Moldova. The modern Moldova is a creation of USSR, while the real medieval Moldova joined Romania in 1859. The modern Moldova is a territory stolen by the Russian in 1812, named Bessarabia, that rejoined Romania between 1918-1940. Moldova took its independence in 1991, after the dissolution of USSR.

[@TheBobVova]

There are the same people.

[@vzlomshik]

If Russia stole Bessarabia from the Ottomans, that would mean that all "Romanian" territory is Turkey, right?

[@robertab929]

Yeah, there are two Moldovas now. 1st part as part of today Romania and 2nd one as post-Soviet state. I hope that 2nd part will join Romania, NATO and UE soon.

[@vzlomshik]

​@@robertab929 Unless they let Transnistria be free, that might happen.

[@robertab929]

@@vzlomshik Transnistria borders only with Ukraine and main Moldova and it does not have access to sea. So if Moldova and Ukraine will close borders than Muscovites in Transnistria will be stuck :)

[@MrDominicharrison]

Fascinating history!

[@mariajoaoferrazdeabreu150]

Great video. Congrats

[@General.Knowledge]

Thank you!

[@MichaEl-rh1kv]

3:53 That simplified map could be a bit misleading. In the 15th century Burgundy was formally split between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The Provence was since 934 part of the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arelat, which became in 1033 part of the Holy Roman Empire, but did not include the French duchy of Burgundy; in 1365 Emperor Charles IV (House Luxembourg) was crowned as King of Burgundy. In 1378 however he appointed the eldest son of his nephew King Charles V of France as Imperial vicar (or viceroy) in Burgundy. Most of the Burgundy on both sides of the border was ruled in the 15th century by House Burgund, a side branch of the royal Valois dynasty, which could also win some districts formerly owned by House Luxembourg (which died out in the male line in 1437). In 1481 the Provence became officially a part of France, but Franche Comté (Besançon), Lorraine, Luxembourg and Brabant were still fiefdoms given by the German crown within the Holy Roman Empire. So the actual realm of the crown of France was far smaller than the map suggests. (In 1477 Franche Comté, Luxembourg and Brabant came by marriage to House Habsburg; Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, married in 1504 Joanna of Castile and became the first Habsburg king of Spain. His son was Emperor Charles V of the HRE and as Carlos I King of Spain; at his abdication he gave the Burgundian lands to his son Philip of Spain, while the Imperial and German thrones went to his brother Ferdinand of Austria. 5:50 Burgundy was a sovereign country in the narrower sense only before 1033, and even then the county of Nevers and the French duchy of Burgundy were within the French realm, fiefdoms given by the French king, while High Burgundy (later split in Franche Comté, the French speaking Swiss cantons, the Swiss cantons of Basel, Thurgau and Aargau, the Aosta valley and some more) and Lower Burgundy (the Rhone valley south of Maçon and Savoy) were united around 933 under the Burgundian branch of House Welf (whose German branch about 800 years later won the English crown). Before that it had been the southwestern part of Middle Francia, also known as Lotharii Regnum; the northern parts were Lothringia (or Lorraine in French), including Luxembourg and Friesland (including the Netherlands), the eastern part was the Kingdom of Italy (consisting of Lombardy, Friaul and Tuscany). Fun fact: Habsburg was at the time a border castle within High Burgundy (and is now situated within Switzerland). The region got its name from the Burgundians who were resettled here by the Romans after they had destroyed the first Burgundian kingdom around Worms and Speyer (now within the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate) with the help of Hunnic auxiliary troops, but it was soon after conquered by the Franks and stopped to be independent, and the westernmost part stayed with West Francia, while the other parts went to Middle Francia (but were often ruled by the same person as Duke of Burgundy within France and Count of Burgundy / Franche Comté in the East).

[@jpvansplunder]

Subjectively interesting is also the fact that Utrecht (The Netherlands) moved. Utrecht is currently one of the 12 provinces of The Netherlands, it lies fairly central. But on this map it lies where today lies the province of Drenthe. Utrecht (old) has no overlapping land with Utrecht (new).

[@renejagers4364]

The map is sadly inaccurate, while the borders of Utrecht, Gelre and Holland often changed due to local conflicts it hasn't changed much at all compared to where the modern province borders are. The bishopric of Utrecht held accord of what is now Utrecht, Overijsel and Drenthe was split between Frisia and Utrecht. Gelre also ruled Limburg (including Belgian Limburg)

[@gheorghut]

Thanks!

[@laser9721]

Great vid

[@idedimi]

I would love to learn more about the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Naples, and the Kingdom of the Algarve!

[@nnegro6742]

this video ignored Sicily, a century-old kingdom and a thousand-year-old people forged by wars and marriages between dynasties in favor of the kingdom of Naples because it evidently did not study the history of one kingdom or the other and probably stopped at just a little information taken from Italian propaganda which is convenient not to bring Sicilian history to light for various reasons. if you want something really interesting study the history of ancient, medieval and modern Sicily, it will open your eyes to various things that you would otherwise have ignored for life and in the meantime you will also learn about the overestimated Neapolitan kingdom which for centuries was just a kingdom and a people with an interesting culture, but always submissive and passive and therefore without much of a history

[@GeraldM_inNC]

About Brittany, no, not obtained by France through marriage. Rather , the conquest was legitimized by a marriage forced upon the heiress. Brittany regarded itself as an independent nation and intended to stay that way as long as possible. The border with France was lined with forts to defend Brittany against French invasion. It was one of the most fortified borders in the medieval world. Everybody knew France would attempt to seize Brittany militarily, it was just a question of when France would be strong enough militarily to do the deed. Brittany actually sped up the timetable by helping France kick the English out of Normandy. If they had allied with the English, the nation state of Brittany might have lasted another fifty years.

[@goncalomarques251]

Tivesses dito que eras tuga já tinhas um subscritor há mais tempo 😂 great content in your videos!

[@josepartida1711]

i don't know why this was recommended but i enjoyed this thank you

[@ruilourenco8485]

és portugues?!?!? Que fixe! eu tambem! adoro os teus videos, continua!

[@Bogdone013]

On god that’s the EU4 map(or ck2)

[@Bjoern_1897]

ck2 is much earlier

[@ivanstrydom8417]

Brilliant video sir. I have done quite a bit of studying on all of these Medieval European kingdoms/Duchies and such. I would love to hear more about ''Karaman'' depicted to be situated in Anatolia where Armenia Cecilia used to me. An in depth video on them would be epic. Thank you.

[@PedroDVFernandes]

Although being somewhat obscure, even in Portugal, a video about the Revolta de Olhão and the journey to Brasil on the Bom Sucesso would be awesome!

[@kayranfreirebr]

Tô aqui de cara ao saber que vc é português! Mando um abraço do Brasil.

[@stepanpytlik4021]

Bohemia and Moravia were basically the same entity, just with greater self-governance.

[@OscarPlymouth]

Not if you're Czech. It would be like calling a Scottish person 'English'. 🤪

[@stepanpytlik4021]

@@OscarPlymouth There's a difference though. Unlike England and Scotland, Bohemia and Moravia were always ruled by the same monarch, were part of the same crown and had joint institutions. They were the same country, just not a unitary one. Something like Austria today.

[@Cybernaut551]

Awesome!

[@zacharybona9147]

Interesting fact about Naples/two sicilies. I believe at tone point in their independence they attempted for a short time to style themselves after the Roman republic, adopting a flag which included the letters “S.P.Q.N.”

[@PaxRomana101]

Finally the years of EU4 come in handy

[@MichaEl-rh1kv]

12:30 At that point in time they were not really sovereign states. Some of them were federal states within the HRE, others were subject to those federals states. Around 1000 the HRE consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia with the Margraviate of Moravia, the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arelat, the Kingdom of Italy (Lombardy, Tuscany, Verona and Friaul) and the German Kingdom with its federal states, which were Friesland, the duchies of Lower and Upper Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, Austria, Styria, Carinthia, the Margraviates of Brandenburg, Lausitz, Meissen and Carniola and the Landgraviate of Thuringia and Hesse. After the Hohenstaufen dynasty got extinct out however in the 13th century, a slow process of dissolution of those federal states began, regional governors striving for more personal power. The first duchy to be abolished was rich and powerful Swabia, before ruled by the Hohenstaufen, followed by Franconia - both split up between counts becoming Imperial counts or getting the title of duke (and therefore becoming their own federal state), cities becoming Imperial cities (and therefore their own federal states), abbeys becoming Imperial Abbeys and bishoprics become Prince-Bishoprics (and therefore their own federal states). Saxony was divided by the heirs of House Welf in different duchies, and the office of the Elector of Saxony migrated to the Margrave of Meissen. Bavaria was also divided in multiple sub-duchies ruled by brothers, but later reunified, and the map neglects the fact that the county of Tyrol was always a subject of the Duchy of Bavaria, while the Palatinate of the Rhine was ruled by another branch of the same House Wittelsbach, which ruled as dukes of Bavaria from 1180 -1806 and as kings of Bavaria 1806-1918 (and also some other kingdoms at some times). The map does sorrily not show the existing hierarchies of the time - not all of the marked realms had the same degree of sovereignty, and all were at least legally subject to the Emperor and the Imperial chancellor (who was the Prince-Bishop of Mainz), but many had a saying within the Imperial diet (Reichstag), the (non-democratic) parliament.

[@stepandolezal7155]

Back then Bohemia was a duchy. It was elevated to kingdom in 1198.

[@Mackeriv]

I like the way you danced around the Holy Roman Empire the whole time, addressing everyone else around it before finally getting to it! Just kidding though, great video! 😅

[@obrtre2]

what a beautiful map!

[@Mendogology]

Very nice video, but the 90% of its content is about western Europe. You should change the title to "Countries That Used To Exist In Medieval Western Europe", and make another video focusing more in Eastern Europe as well. Also, another video like this about Northern Africa and Middle East would be amazing to watch too. Thank you !

[@MCAPrince]

That's just the spicy version of the EUIV map

[@olbiomoiros]

We need a part 2!!!

[@reroman1892]

First second of the video and that eu4 ptsd hits. Warns us about this stuff man

[@HJJP]

The Algarve being a kingdom is a huge stretch, imho. I know the portuguese monarchs styled themselves "kings of portugal and the algarves", but the territory has never been ruled by a king, or even a sultan from which the kingdom title might have been taken from.

[@andrewbrian7659]

It's not really fair to call Burgundy a "country", more like a nacent one. The duchy of Burgundy was a union of several territories which variously owed fieldty to the French and German (HRE) crowns. Indeed, Charles' great-grandfather, Philip the Bold, was granted Burgundy by the French king -his father- in 1364. It's certainly true that Burgundy was rebellious and making plays for kingship and thus independence. However, it, at least nominally, was not. I'm also pretty certain in saying that it very much wasn't the successor to a germanic tribe. The tribe gave it's name to the area and the duke was duke of that area. Just because two polities share a name, doesn't mean that they are related.

[@johnhblaubachea5156]

Yes, he could mentioned that Charles's daughter, Mary, was the most eligible bride among European royals in the late 15th century! And the winner was prince Maximilian, son of Emperor Frederick III, and after a resulting war with France, France would annex the Duchy of Burgundy, the Hapsburgs would retain the rest of Charles's possessions and the title of the Duke of Burgungy.

[@Siddingsby]

The medieval Duchy of Burgundy was created in the 10th century as a result of the decentralisation of West Francia (France) during the many succession wars in that century. The Dark Age Kingdom of Burgundy was conquered by the Franks and ceased to exist 400 years earlier.

[@ewoudalliet1734]

@@johnhblaubachea5156 She died at Wijnendale Castle, which is a 5-10 min. drive from where I live. She lies burried at Bruges (tomb is beautiful and worth visiting if you're ever nearby) along with her father, whose corpse was (allegedly - it was never found) returned by Charles. In the same church you can find the Madonna of Bruges; possibly the only work of Michelangelo that left the Italian peninsula. Sadly, not much of the original castle still remains (it's still pretty though). The Burgudian dukes actually spent a lot of their time in the Low Countries and it's also the region that got them so filthy rich. Maria's grandson, Charles, was also born in Ghent and raised in the Low Countries and spent about 1/4th of his life in the Low Countries (about as much as he spent in Castille and Aragon/Spain). Also, the war with France didn't result from the marriage, as much as it resulted from the death of Charles the Bold. Mary actually had to marry to ensure the safety of her possessions; and given the fact that the French king was already trying to acquire her lands militarily didn't make him - or, well, his son - such an attractive option. She also granted The Great Privilige. It's part of the reason why she was immensely popular in the Low Countries (her father not so much, due to the many wars, taxes as well as the centralization - the Low Countries in the High-Late Middle Ages had very strong cities, often stronger than the count/duke - and Maximilian would later continue that practise of centralization, which was typical for this period). Anyhow, the Great Privilege gave privileges to the cities in return for their support of Mary, which she urgently needed given the French invasion and general discontent due to her father's rule.

[@sebe2255]

Well in this feudal era the official fielty often didn’t live up to the reality of the situation. And Burgundy was practically an independent political entity, just one that didn’t last. Does Bohemia not exist because nominally they are under the Holy Roman Empire? I don’t think so

[@sebe2255]

@@ewoudalliet1734There was actually a revolt against Dutch rule in Castile, imposed on them by Charles Vth

[@RasmusDyhrFrederiksen]

Norman Davies - Vanished Kingdoms - is an amazing book on the same subject.

[@themester1112]

06:47 Belgrad was indeed part of Hungary, it was called Nándórfehérvár,in the hungarian history Belgrad also referred as "The Gate Of The Kingdom"