Getting the messages through with ham radio

Getting your messages through with ham radio data modes for survival and preparedness.
Hello Operators
In this episode of OH8STN Ham Radio, we take a look at circumventing ham radio jamming using digital mode communications. A couple of weeks ago, Alex W7HU posted a video showing what he says was jamming by the Cuban government, of the ham radio 40 meters band. After watching his video and understanding the type of communications needed to get news and information in and out of the country, I put this tutorial together. This vidro explains how ham radio digital modes can be used to circumvent jamming and interference on the amateur radio bands.
73
Julian #oh8stn HamRadio
Share this video: • Getting the messages t...
WinLink Ham Radio Email EMCOMM & Preparedness: • Winlink Radio Email wi...
Watch the original Video from Alex: • Cuban Government jammi...
00:00 Intro
00:51 Voice Comms & security
01:53 Signals Intelligence
02:24 Censorship
03:19 Asynchronous Data Comms
05:00 Circumventing jamming
06:50 Sending message Voice vs VaraHF
09:19 Final thoughts
______________________________________________________________________________-
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[@OH8STN]

Please watch the entire video before deciding whether or not it's "political". There's very good practical information here! 73 Julian oh8stn Share this video: kzbin.info/www/bejne/nWK5mXaCebZ3qsU Watch the original Video from Alex: kzbin.info/www/bejne/nYethGepoMmniJo

[@timferguson2682]

No more political than a printing press.

[@OH8STN]

@@timferguson2682 Agreed 🙏

[@wolfholler9939]

Julian, it is a more procedual video and has nothing to do with politics. A while ago, RRI has published a presentation with similar content, how to secure operate in the aftermath of a disaster. Keep on your way.

[@javierpolendok5mhc]

No political at all. First amendment advocate here. 73 de KI5GLT

[@mtngr1]

Nothing political about wanting to get your message out and someone showing you how

[@michaelcase8231]

This basic outline of how to send out information isn't just important when people are looking for you, but also a great reminder that digital communications can relay more information in a shorter amount of time. When a person has to vacate an area due to fires/earthquakes/volcanic events/whatever seconds count, and being able to transmit a message to friends and family about your situation is critical. Thanks for reminding us of this fact.

[@OH8STN]

And thank you Michael for this comment. Sometimes it's simply not enough to post a tutorial, the additional context is often critical thanks for the kindness and the reminder. It's very much appreciated. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@JamesKC3OXN]

MORE of this content PLEASE! This type of thing is why I got into radio and I know I'm not alone.

[@OH8STN]

We have to mix it up a little, but these types of videos will definitely be on the playlist more often. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@JamesKC3OXN]

@@OH8STN Awesome. That's all I ask. 73 de KC3OXN

[@anarchytelevision8445]

📡🎙️👋🏻👀👍🏻 from 1122wingnut radio

[@MarkW126]

Fascinating. I actually never got into digital comms like this. I tried it a time or two, but I t just never really interested me much. Now I see a much more practical application and will start looking at these options more closely. I’m not sure where to start, but start I shall. Thanks for the motivation, Julian. Thanks very much!

[@OH8STN]

This is an excellent comment. You've understood the intent of the video, coming out the other side with the intended outcome. Absolutely outstanding! 73 Julian oh8stn

[@davehammonds]

Timely and on point, Julian.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you Dave

[@jrreid24]

Sometimes you have to be straight forward. Take folks by the hand. More of this please Julian! 73 KM4VHB Jason

[@JohnTarbox]

You make excellent points. There is far more that needs to be discussed when it comes to dealing with sophisticated "actors" wishing to disrupt communications, particularly if they are willing to resort to extreme and possibly illegal methods.

[@OH8STN]

Always appreciate your feedback and insight. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@SpectreOZ]

*On the other hand, if we stayed on the odd channels, switched every time and started in the basement, that'd work too, wouldn't it?* 😎 Great video Julian 👍

[@micsierra806]

Only if you are west bound and down, expecting to load it up and truck 'em. It helps if you are planning on doing what they say can't be done.

[@SpectreOZ]

@@micsierra806 Ah... but we've got a long way to go and a short time to get there...

[@gunner2870]

4m15s but the difficulty is always on the receivers side. If the operator receiving can't copy 100%, the message has to be sent again in part or in its entirety. Awesome work. Love your pragmatic approach to teaching.

[@OH8STN]

Agreed. This is the key benefit of some data modes. Even with resends, analog is never going to be faster than data when sending something substantial. Thanks for the comment and kindness. It's fuel for the fire. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@stevegillespie1858]

As always, a great video! Thank you very much for the work you put into creating your message.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you Steve. Very much appreciated. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@USAisAFK]

We love what you do. Thanks for this video. Its a light during dark times.

[@OH8STN]

Appreciated that more than most know. It is all about giving back to the community. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@sorrycharlie3327]

FANTASTIC VIDEO!!!!! Best & most innovative Emergency/Survival HAM channel on youtube!!! Keep up the good work!

[@ellenj8896]

You do a beautiful job on your vids. Very clear, concise, professional and well done. Very good info, and thank you!

[@BobSolimeno]

This is an excellent video Julian! Very practical for many situations including emergency communications. I very much appreciate your clear explanations and demos!

[@kacymcginnis]

You are spot on in implementation and theory. Keep it up!

[@kacymcginnis]

I have some more info on jamming/counter jamming that you may find useful to future videos. My email is on QRZ if interested. 73 de KI7NNS

[@W0KNI]

Very well done sir! A perfect balance of describing the challenges of today with the tools and technologies we have as citizens. Bravo.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you 🙏 73 Julian oh8stn

[@1953Greyfox]

Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge. Great Video

[@c.f.leffen2929]

Superb, Sir. Absolutely spot-on. What you teach can be used by anyone, anywhere. Thank-You, for sharing…

[@OH8STN]

Thanks and I certainly hope so. Sometimes the most difficult part of making tutorials is getting the viewer to imagine how to apply the lesson to real life. Hopefully this one was on point. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@c.f.leffen2929]

@@OH8STN Sir, you’re a ‘water walker.’ That’s the highest compliment I can ever give. Bless You and Your Family, and Thanks for All You Do!

[@carllavoie3804]

This is EXCELLENT!!! We need more videos like that!!!

[@OH8STN]

Incoming. I need to mix them up a little but they are on the way. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@daveN2MXX]

Excellent points!!! This is one of your best videos...not how to do something, but WHY.

[@blankreganon5395]

Great video. The info is of great importance in many situations.

[@OH8STN]

Much appreciated 🙏 73 Julian oh8stn

[@mikeh4524]

Formerly just a subscriber. Now a fan. God bless you, sir. -KE0VIM

[@Jb-qf8nx]

spot on my friend, great job, and i have a lot to learn

[@uli8537]

Thanks for the video Julian! Political? Jamming may not always be intentional - a power generator in the neighborhood, city noise, bands are overloaded, noise is high on the band you want to use etc. - all principals described will help you also to overcome this as well. Vy 73, Uli dd5uk

[@OH8STN]

Very good points. Thanks for the comment and kindness. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@ubergeek318]

Great video, love the approach you took. Keep up the work

[@OH8STN]

Thanks. No words to tell how comments like this fuel the fire. Very much appreciated. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@curiosity2314]

Well done and explained.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@davejacobsen3014]

This is good for military and emergency situations. I have worked in military, without modern technology, and now emergency conditions. Being able to get information out with guaranteed reception is the prime need.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you for this. I'm absolutely stoked when someone understands the point of the video. Excellent comments, thank you for it and the kindness.

[@tprice2012]

Fantastic video, looks like RadioPrepper is the BustaRhymes of CW now! Hope that nickname sticks. Thank you for all your work on this.

[@steveehabibi1]

Fantastic Video! good practical information for every situation.

[@justinmckibben4534]

As always love the vid!

[@kenwing6196]

Well done Julian, thank you

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for watching Ken. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@Bishaco]

Great video as ever Julian!

[@alfredkwok9239]

This is the excellent video de VR2SA

[@philipoulton7730]

Very important information, and great content/editing. I really like these practical "how-to" videos. Rock on.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you 🙏 73 Julian oh8stn

[@dougbas3980]

referred to this video by a fellow HAM. It makes me want to explore your channel and learn more. THANK YOU!

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for this Doug. Perhaps it wouldn't hurt to spend a bit more time spreading the word 😃

[@rustyvandeusen2394]

Well done and appreciated 👍🏿

[@OH8STN]

Thanks Rusty. Much Appreciated. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@ta5982]

Outstanding video

[@davideimprota5817]

Very interesting indeed. I was not aware we had this possibility, thanks a lot for the very informative video, I will definitely try to learn more.

[@rwrp]

Excellent content.

[@rkaag99]

Good video! In addition to using QRP, a NVIS set up will make triangulation more difficult. The expected 300-mile radius would be effective in the case of Cuba as they are but 90 miles from Florida.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you and agreed. NVIS has been a tough sale to uninitiated. Perhaps we need to revisit this topic. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@TheNoCodeTech]

Fantastic video, Thanks

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for this comment. It is fuel for the fire. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@thuff3207]

Very good point to get coms out to avoid basically anything with planning.

[@kn6eze]

I'm a CW nut, primarily because I'm an ultra-portable operator who needs to shave ounces off my pack weight to be as light as possible, and CW-only rigs will always offer the lightest possible configuration. But while CW has some advantages against jamming due to its small bandwidth, in a critical situation where jamming is present I would absolutely defer to JS8Call and Winlink. Not only are they going to be faster, but their algos are mathematically designed to account for noise (error correction, signal recognition, etc.). Great video and excellent points raised.

[@jeffcooper9363]

Providential timing. Great vid as always friend! 73 I'm creeping slowly but steadily into 2m digital.

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for the comment and kindness. We all have o start someplace. 2m data is a nice place to get started. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@billgrant6175]

Excellent video! You did a thorough job of showing how one can use readily available radio tools to defeat an adversary with more money and resources. Love the WWII reference....just like partisans working behind the front sharing intel. Your content is always interesting and very relevant.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you for the comment and the kindness. I was hoping someone would get the partisans reference.

[@vincentditizio8790]

Excellent video!

[@Hogdriver88]

Very interesting topic - I need to investigate digital modes beyond CW/RTTY/PSK. Loved the devil mask! 👍

[@jochemssse]

great video and great job! Thank you for doing that. ✅

[@OH8STN]

Thank you for watching Jochem. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@davegc16]

NVIS antenna system is something you need to learn as well

[@CannaCJ]

I’d say it’s worth setting up a permanent NVIS ant. either at your QTH or in the field somewhere accessible. I’ve got one on the tallest hill in town, thanks to my grandparents and their address. 5-9 anywhere in the county. Wire is cheap, insulators are everywhere, make a few antennas and strew them around the countryside.

[@Chrisfortier1]

Great video.

[@OH8STN]

Glad you enjoyed it. Sometimes it is nice to add some context to the tutorials. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@billcosgrave6232]

Very important video!

[@OH8STN]

Hopefully so. Too many viewers getting offended and not seeing the actual message of the tutorial. Its ok though. I'll focus on those who want to learn and share. Thanks for the comment. It is fuel for the fire! 73 Julian oh8stn

[@kb6lcw99]

Great info. 73

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for this. The topic was a good segue for a comparison of data communications vs voice in regards to jamming.

[@RadioAntics]

Superb video

[@OH8STN]

🙏👍

[@mattbranstetter4072]

Keep up the good work!

[@phildurall7466]

Julian - strategic and tactical! Charlie Mike!

[@rwhitcroft2]

This was a great video

[@mikemcnamara4326]

Good job!!!

[@georgeriedel9357]

Outstanding, never used VARA as I use a P7400 - thanks

[@norm_sueb122]

Keep up the good work!!

[@EssexCountyPhoto]

Great video as usual. Now I've got to make my IC-705 talk to my refurbished Dell 7280... Best regards, stay safe, 73 de Manny-M7EPB

[@OH8STN]

You'll get there. I have a new video coming up on a new piece of software which might make it easier. It's not quite there yet so the video is a bit delayed.

[@alainbroekema5000]

great intel thanks !

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for watching. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@hrdknox2000]

Compartido con mi hermano. ¡Muchas gracias! De KX4LB-"Pedro"

[@OH8STN]

Gracias Pedro 🙏 73 Julian oh8stn

[@locotico71]

Sir Your channel and your knowledge is what I have been looking for. I want to learn from you .

[@OH8STN]

Welcome to the community

[@rather46131]

Great video

[@OH8STN]

Thanks Ryan! It was very rewarding to make. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@neverppreciated]

great informative video, new subscriber now

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for watching and for this nice comment. Will definitely put more videos like this in the mix. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@neiltolman3182]

Exelent !

[@W8VHS]

Great video !!! Thank you. 73 WW8VS

[@OH8STN]

Thank you for the comment and the kindness. It's very much appreciated. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@TheLocalOption]

Outstanding Let freedom ring! More

[@OH8STN]

RR Thank you 🙏👍

[@DaveCorsello]

Great video, Julian. Conceptually, I've been in favor of JS8 because it can be run end-to-end 100% off-grid, and because of its weak signal capability. But it' takes much longer to send a message via JS8 than it does via Winlink. Also, if I remember correctly (it's been over a year since I used JS8), all of the stations in a JS8 network need to hang out for a long time on a fixed slice of the selected band. And, as long as the internet is available, Winlink provides the hit-and-run advantage you discuss here. Would it be possible for you to do a similar video on the advantages and disadvantages of JS8 in a jamming scenario? Maybe you've already done or plan to do this. My suspicion is that in certain scenarios, the ham bands might be jammed in their entirety. Hopefully, I overestimate the feasibility of doing this.

[@OH8STN]

Excellent feedback and questions. JS8 offers different advantages than winlink, but it's just as valuable as a tool. Definitely plan on covering it 👍 73 Julian oh8stn

[@pale_2111]

I got an IC-705 and primarily been using it on HF (SSB), 2m SSB and FM simplex along with local repeaters, as well as D-Star. I purchased a new laptop a couple months ago and been wanting to get the most capabilities out of the radio. Been trying to learn how to use FT8, but that's still a working progress. What I got from this video is that adversaries, 3rd party actors and band conditions isn't always on the amateur radio operator's side. One must use whatever mode and/mode to get out, especially in an emergency situation. 73, W4ISB

[@ChiefMiddleFinger]

Everything is against the operator, including the massive amount of noise pollution from junk power supplies used by phones, etc.

[@LanceSheppard]

I like this video

[@gareva9795]

Julian, Thanks for another great video! 73 Gary KO4LAX

[@OH8STN]

thanks for watching Gary. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@bones3203]

Good stuff!

[@n2dabloo]

Great content. Also, long live Busta Rhymes 🙂

[@Motomurphy]

Cool!

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for watching 73 Julian oh8stn

[@jefftbd8238]

Good content

[@OH8STN]

Much appreciated. Wish I could publish more often. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@nickripley1604]

I never knew about any of this and im interested

[@kh6qmchristophercolquhoun695]

nice job

[@OH8STN]

Thank you Christopher

[@joecizin9357]

Nothing wrong with a bit of flair, 👍🚀

[@regularguy519]

Busta Rhymes had me laughing in my chair for a good minute! Good stuff OH8STN! As always, great training videos. Saving all of your vids locally due to Yankee Tang0's shenanigans.. Any EMP proofing comms kit vids coming?

[@RESlusher]

I've been on the other side of this. When I was in the US Army I was a SigInt interceptor (East German). Back then (1990) with the push of a button I could get the grid coordinates for a transmitter's location in less than a minute down to (really close...can't say how close...it's secret). We'd go on training exercises and jam with music. We called ourselves, KPIG, "K-Pig Radio - the VOICE of Hohenfels!" (training area we used to go to waaaaay too much).

[@ChiefMiddleFinger]

I could be incorrect, but triangulation is different when tracking a vertically polarized antenna VS a a horizontal one. More study is required, but there is a difference in traceability.

[@OH8STN]

Nice to hear from you Richard 😂👍

[@RESlusher]

If the signal can be picked up by a receiving station then a Line of Bearing (LOB) can be determined. Two LOBs gives you a "cut", accurate to kilometer or so. Three LOBs gives you a "fix". That's accurate enough to drop steel on you. I too may be incorrect; but polarization doesn't factor into it. If the receiving station(s) can hear you; they've got you.

[@airbornelarkin]

@@RESlusher Ex-LRS here. Agreed. We had to keep our transmissions very brief to prevent giving up our hide site.

[@halledwardb]

This sure seems even more important than it did a year ago. 14 yr Daughter is now a general, 11-year-old daughter is a technician now for 2 weeks, taking General early next week. 14yr and I are learning and practicing CW, but we are using digital Coms as well. No doubt digital is way faster, but CW is more fun for now, while I can still get coffee, and at least fewer people are shooting at me. LOL I think they can both find a place in the bag of tricks. :) As always Love the vids!

[@OH8STN]

Agreed. I'm here having a sleepless night, pondering what yesterdays results mean for global security.

[@halledwardb]

@@OH8STN My daughters shot idpa, on the weekend, learned Linux more, this evening learned HVAC vaccum evacuation techniques. HF CW practice, followed by more Rig Stick Pro tuning videos, etc. Their education is far wider than most children. Experience in a lot off different things. We're on our own. Entitlements end when currencies do.

[@hulldefilade4897]

First off, great video! This was the primary reason I got into HAM radio. Old technologies that still works today. Second, who are the angry people who down vote something like this? 73.

[@OH8STN]

Thank you for this. As for your question, the same people who think having an open discussion is hate speech. 👍 73 Julian oh8stn

[@lyledal]

Down votes are the same as up votes as far as the YT algorithm is concerned. It's all ENGAGEMENT!

[@hulldefilade4897]

@@lyledal I'll take that as a QSO, KD9RDE 73

[@psychodad11]

Another great video. Hope to have a qso with u on js8 instead of just swapping HB's (if my work schedule and propagation allow it). Stay safe, 73! N2SCD

[@OH8STN]

Thanks. Just woke up and noticed the station is reaching into New England with js8 at the moment.

[@psychodad11]

@@OH8STN nice!

[@leemaisel7157]

you are so goddamn awesome!!

[@OH8STN]

No words 🙏👍

[@anarchytelevision8445]

📡🎙️👋🏻👀👍🏻 from 1122 WINGNUT RADIO

[@KevinMaxson]

Shoot and scoot! Also: HF ALE if you have it.

[@OH8STN]

We're heading that way 👍

[@alexdiamantopoulos6614]

Thanks for this video. I just got into winlknk. I hear the sound on 40 all the time. I like to know why psk is not used.

[@leemaisel7157]

PSK is WAAAAAAAY slower

[@OH8STN]

Winlink is an asynchronous mode. That means you don't have to be on the radio at the same time to send or receive the messages. Like Lee said, PSK is also very much slower. It is good in a keyboard to keyboard chat in real time, but can't do what winlink does with email, or asynchronous messaging. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@stevegriffin9552]

Hi Julian very good video and right to the point. And no it wasn’t political to me it’s just how to get messages out. Your Content that you put out are very valuable. WD5ENH Steve

[@OH8STN]

Thank you Steve. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@tantrispicks2440]

Excellent video in every respect. Sat coms might work in some situations too. 73's. AJ6RE

[@OH8STN]

Thanks and agreed. Sat comms is always a nice fallback method. Unfortunately it also has an off switch which the end user cant control. Definately worthwhile if off grid with a broken leg, ankle, ... and need to call for help. I really wish Starlink were more portable.

[@JayN4GO]

I still like old fashioned Cw split 😁 Tnx fer info om

[@OH8STN]

CW is definitely an option. Just need a pre-prepared plan for alternate frequencies. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@RechargeableLithium]

@Jay - one challenge, if one finds themselves in a situation like Cuba is in today, is that jammers block receivers, not transmitters, and 15,000 W of jamming 200 meters from your QTH means you can't hear a thing. CW split (or any other mode split) isn't an option. Additionally, in the case of Cuba, the hams being targeted are the new and younger operators that use radio to coordinate - the CM calls are limited to a very narrow subset of 40, limited to 10 W, and other bands aren't usable due to at least a combination of antenna stealth and propagation/skip zones/skip length. We'll ignore the parts about their station being wrapped in 'police line - do not cross' tape at best, or them being jailed for transmitting at worse.

[@prepperminded5732]

Hello Great vid. Could you hyperlink where you bought the fold up solar panels. Thanks 73

[@OH8STN]

Thanks but which one? There were two different panels in this video. I generally use PowerFilm solar panels because they are extremely lightweight. Take a look at this video kzbin.info/www/bejne/aXiTeKuMqreYgsk If you pull the trigger on it for a qrp radio, use my callsign as a discount code. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@brassmanbart5076]

Interesting.

[@OH8STN]

Interesting good or interesting bad? Living in interesting times. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@ryany4326]

Julian, I’m intrigued by your videos and new to jam radio. I’m wanting to get my equipment setup for portable data and off grid like you have. Money isn’t really and object but I’m technologically inept. Any suggestions?

[@OH8STN]

The starting point is always figuring out what you want ham radio to do for you. When you figure that out, it is pretty easy to get started, with all the tutorials on KZbin. Ask lots of questions, and do your gear research. Whatever gear you decide should support your primary objective in ham radio. I hope this helps. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@spacemedic545]

Great Video. Keep up the good work. KS4QF

[@kevingary7018]

:)... I heard the Cuban dissidents employee home-brew radios which only operate on 40 meters. The government has an edge - they know what frequencies to jam Your go kit would probably make the dissidents turn green with envy. Such items if shipped to Cuba, would only be confiscated.

[@OH8STN]

probably very true. Cuban jamming was just an example though. thanks for the comment. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@jeffb5781]

Julian - you are the best Ham! Thank you. We discussed how great your teachings are at the local Ham club this week. One question - could a larger HF rig like a Yaesu FT10 be configured to use power more slowly like an Icom 705? If your strategy is "bug in", how would you handle this if you had to keep your shack rig going as long as possible?

[@OH8STN]

Thanks for the kindness. Unfortunately, no. None of the QRO rigs available today can be "turned down" to a less current hungry state. Even on RX, the consumption is too high. On TX, the power modules are designed for cheap mass production, rather than the highest efficiency. This is the reason for using efficient QRP rigs with an efficient amplifier. It's expensive but efficient. My home station is a 705 with pa500e amp. Total rx current under 300ma. Total tx current at 100w, 10 amps. This is compared to my ft891, which used 1.2 amps rx, and ~20 amps tx at 100w. Great question, not good answers. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@jeffb5781]

@@OH8STN - Wow Julian - Excellent detail. Thank you very much. The guidance is priceless. I'm a newer Ham so you have been a great Elmer! You're helping a lot of people out there. The funny thing about QRP is that I hear the guys at the club that say it's very frustrating, but they love it. 73

[@sebaglock]

👍👍👍

[@chazrw2chz290]

Great Video. Not political, just using a current situation as an example. One must stay flexible, mobile, and unpredictable.

[@OH8STN]

Excellent comments and assessment. Thank you for this. 73 Julian oh8stn

[@fourwinds6943]

Thanks for this! It's truly a concern we should all have and now we have tools to handle it. I do have a question. What is the likelihood that someone could take control of any radio that has the ability to be controlled remotely, such as the IC-705?

[@OH8STN]

Not very likely. There are so many pieces of the puzzle that we need to have, before they could control the radio. Firstly they need to get into the network. Then they need to remote access username and password. Even then, the radio denies old connections which aren't explicitly allowed. The only way someone could control the radio, and see if you gave them access.

[@fourwinds6943]

Thank you for answering! I've been thinking about this being a potential problem, but wasn't sure how to work it out.