Gradients (ATP Synthases)

NDSU Virtual Cell Animations Project animation 'Gradients (ATP Synthase)'. For more information please see vcell.ndsu.edu/...
Gradients are used to create energy that can power biological cyles. ATP synthase is powered by a hydrogen gradient, located in the mitochondria. This section covers the action of this specific gradient.

[@andrewfayi9448]

This takes "The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" to a whole new level.

[@flow4458]

Wow...I watched a 90 minute lecture this morning, not understanding a thing and now a less than 4 minute YT-video covered the whole thing...mad world. Thank you!

[@IlijaPecelj]

One thing is misleading. It is not strictly concentration gradient but electro-chemical gradient, which includes both concentration and charge. Basically, potential difference is the main driving force that pushes H+ ions through the matrix.

[@rkaur6166]

nooo - think this video is correct - the hydrogen ion gradient which takes energy from the krebs cycle uses this energy to rotate the ATPsynthase

[@Ashargall]

I would add that it is misleading, but perhaps a realistic a model for the actual known process. The potential difference is a result of the high [H+] in the intermembrane space. Chemiosmosis and the specific path protons take through the ATP Synthase complex are probably pretty hard to animate. Or even impossible... pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/72

[@Tomas.Malina]

I would also add that in mitochondria, the major factor driving the ATP synthase is the electric potential difference, concentration gradient of H+ should have lower contribution to the overall electro-chemical gradient. In thylakoid membranes (photosynthesis), the concentration gradient of H+ is the major factor.

[@rita-vr8ch]

R Kaur I lost my brain cells reading this

[@natxosailor]

Diffusion occurs from high concentration to low concentration of ions, so it is change in concentration of ions that produce a gradient. Correct?

[@EightEminus]

Really helpful- better than textbooks because you can actually see what's going on rather than just linking long, dry sentences to a small picture in the corner of a page. Thank you!

[@RoxRox95]

The energy from the gradient actually isn't used to synthesize ATP. When ADP and pi bind to ATP Synthase, they easily form an intermediate (ATP binded to ATP synthase). The energy is then used to release ATP from the active site. I'm studying this atm in my biochemistry course. Hopefully that made sense

[@shrutiwani4254]

his is according std 12th textbook

[@Youtuber-by6hx]

Thanks! Can I ask you please from where do the h+ ions come

[@IMChessMD]

@@KZbinr-by6hx They come from the intermembrane space, which is located outside of the matrix. Electrons moving down the electron transport chain drive the movement of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the inner membrane, concentrating them there. Then, ATP synthase takes advantage of this built up gradient that was generated in the ETC to pump H+ ions back into the matrix, which ultimately releases energy

[@Youtuber-by6hx]

@@IMChessMD much appreciated 🙏🙏🙏

[@zikriyaziz2610]

@@IMChessMD wdym with to pump H+ ions back into the matrix

[@t.g.6782]

bless your souls. you make something so complex so easy to understand. If I manage to score well on my exam tomorrow, it will be thanks to you :)

[@Fankster1]

I have been teaching respiration for decades, and this video is superb for the dynamic way that it shows the "chemo-osmoticly" driven synthesis of ATP. Thank you for the work that went into it, and for posting it for all to benefit from.

[@varunmangal9993]

yooo, the beat at the start goes hard afff

[@kyliearsenault3549]

sounds like the beginning of a vintage horror movie

[@sabah5679]

Actually I always skip it cause it gives me anxiety

[@Teddy-md9ve]

The minor chords make it sound so sad

[@Omar-vp7ri]

Popped off

[@nikkinikki6181]

All Videos on ndsuvirtualcell are amazing, using them in my class for 10 yrs. Thank you so much.🌹

[@johnpaulsecond4626]

once this is grasped you have graduated in health and longevity 101; the next step is to grasp it intuitively at an ABC level, which is more advanced and makes 101 even more beautiful to watch and study; this is the best animation i've seen on the mitochondria.

[@FDGQQW]

@ Beth S شكرا لك يسوع لخلق لنا هذه الدرجة من التعقيد لإظهار الجميع أننا لسنا المنتج من ذرة واحدة ولكن نحن الإبداعات المحرز في صورة مثل هذا الخالق قوية و ذكاء.

[@قاسمعقيدجلودشلش]

سبحان الله ربي وربك ورب اليسوع

[@lowkeyeverywhere4533]

This is one of the most easy to understand animation

[@nakorisilani2352]

ATP synthase is the smallest known rotary motor in nature. I liken it to a turbine in a hydro electric dam. The proton gradient is analogous to water behind said dam.

[@nakorisilani2352]

+Adam Nieri Thanks :)

[@arthur5771]

​ @Saffy Chagall when the gamma subunit rotates, does that alpha or beta or both subunits transits between OLT state？

[@peters972]

Notice the h+ does not really “flow” through the synthase. Rather, the ions are loaded one by one into chambers that surround the rotor, about 10-12. Similar to loading a revolver. When the last chamber is loaded, let’s call it chamber 12, a confirmation change occurs in the fold of the subunit causing it to eject the h+ In chamber 1 into the matrix and turn the rotor by one “click”. Chamber 1 then occupies the spot where 12 was, which is open to the inter membrane space and accepts a new h+ due to the gradient.

[@KelsGaud]

These videos are perfect for studying the ATP Synthesis! Thank you, thank you!

[@sansaviera]

Wonderful videos you are helping me so much to remember these processes for my essay based exam. There is nothing like a visual to help things stick into your brain. Thank you so very much for posting these, God bless.

[@rhoadess]

@rhoadess from viewing the ETC video, each NADH is responsible for pumping 6 hydrogen ions which would account for 2 ATPs, but according to this, it would require 9 hydrogen ions to make the needed 3 ATPs for each NADH. If we assume that 3 ATPs are made for each NADH, and we assume that one full rotation is required to make the 3 ATPs, then for each hydrogen ion, the rotor circumvents 60 degrees.

[@alfredomojica24]

ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and needs energy. The overall reaction sequence is: ADP + Pi → ATP, where ADP and Pi are joined together by ATP synthase Energy is often released in the form of hydrogen ions (H+ ), moving down an electrochemical gradient, such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the inter-membrane space into the matrix in mitochondria.

[@superpirajan89]

These vids are brilliant! Chemistry explained in a simple, and FAR more interesting way than any chemistry book I know of - gotta love it! ^^

[@salmjak]

No, think of it as 3H+ going from the outer membrane into the inner membrane and that the protons attached to the ATP-synthase is saturated from the beginning. So the amount attached to ATP-synthase never changes, but the amount outside and inside does change by 3.

[@MultiUser2000]

Lol, 2 vids of roughly 4 minutes each explained to me what I couldn't understand in 2 hours of studying. Ty! :D

[@EncantoirE]

Actually photosynthesis and the electron txp chain are basically two similar (almost) system. And in any biological system the energy currency is ATP. Being that both utilizes flavoproteins and cytochromes (heme protein), so it is safe to conclude that both system has almost the same mechanism (atp synthase) for ATP production. The slight difference maybe one that photosynthesis requires photons to excite the photosystems (complex).

[@mutatron]

I love Christina Johnson's narration!

[@garoofiya]

@JamesBarker85 The bottom portion of the ATP sythase doesn't spin, only the top part does. The top isn't symmetrical though, so it creates a mechanical change in conformation in the bottom, like a square peg twisting in a round opening, the 3 pairs of alpha/beta subunits are squished into different shapes. Each subunit pair are in a state different than the other two, one state is empty, one has ADP+Pi and the last one has ATP. the three pairs of subunits alternate states, depending their state.

[@Gigi_otter]

Great video! It would be better if you could label the different parts of the ATPase.

[@hahaha5513]

amazing thank you -student with a biochem exam in the am

[@joshna.yasmin]

same

[@aleksandrak.9217]

Same

[@pegleglegsparker2067]

same

[@nimnimr8562]

same

[@kickingtenshi]

@Snurbify1 Isn't the the rotation mechanical energy? I'm not saying you're wrong I just kind of don't understand the whole 'automatically/spontaneously' by catalytic environment which sinks the activations energy part. could you elaborate?

[@dingdong6259]

what is the mechanical rotation producing exactly inside the synthase-complex?

[@safran9119]

i like mitochondria, they're so smart

[@mspisovatel]

the subunit of ATP-synthase exists in three conformations. First one has high affinity to ADP and Pi. After they bind to the subunit and the protonmotive force rotates the complex, the subunit changes its conformation to No.2, which on the other hand has high affinity to ATP. However since ADP and Pi are already bound to it, they join to form ATP. And when the complex moves, the subunit once again changes its conformation to the one which has affinity to neither ATP nor ADP, thus releasing ATP.

[@Flanker-NineZero]

What type of bonds do the ADP molecules make to the F1 substructures and what type of bond does the Pi make to the ADP to make ATP? Thanks.

[@dpcmonkey]

(1) NADH+H from complex 1 pumps 4H to the P-side, Complex 3 pumps 4H to the P-side (via Qcycle), and Complex 4 pumps 2H. For a total of 10H on the P-side (intermembrane side) producing approx 3ATP. 1H rotates the F1 unit 120 degrees, requiring 360 degrees to make 1 ATP.

[@Ranyaayoubi]

I wonder how people get hired to do these voices. Do they just put on their resume that they can sound like a robot?

[@Lamassu112]

Rano A Actually it's a synthetic voice

[@stephenprice3357]

lmao

[@FarFromEquilibrium]

It really is a bad voice. Too soft , like good for reading bedtime story but difficult listening for something you need to pay attention to. I keep tuning out.

[@Apathy474]

@@Lamassu112 There is no way this is a synthetic voice. There is too much emphasis on words that wouldn't be emphasized if it was a computer reading it.

[@voices4dayz469]

Yes actually, voice actors act various voices like robots 😂

[@pratikmishra1468]

Such easy explanation 😍❣️

[@moabedom]

Jonathan Sarfati, PhD in Chemistry, and former Chess Champion of New Zealand, discusses how life could not have arisen without a "Designer" in his film "From Chemicals to living Cells". You can see a section of his teaching off our page under "Sarfati" - Chemicals to Cells. In the entire copy (not on our page) of his teaching, he also discusses how ATP could not occur without an Intelligent Designer.

[@dogboy0912]

@flyers4life123 as it spins, it activates catalytic sites at the stationary (bottom) knob. 3 of these catalytic sites join the phosphate to ATP. So every 3 spins, enough catalytic sites are activated in order to form ATP from phosphate and ADP.

[@antwaanbee]

you guys pwn. since my book blows, and so does my teacher, this is my way of studying for my AP bio final. thanks so much.

[@DrOli]

As the membrane is impermeable to H+ ions and energy is put into the system (NADH) which is constantly being put into the cell then the ATP generation is high as equilibrium for H+ flux isn't met. The whole protein has the ability to reverse and hydrolyze ATP to push H+ ions back to the other side. It is put to use in bacteria and is still slightly elusive though some theories are out there. Eukaryotic cells however have an inhibitory protein to stop backflow called IF1 I think.

[@michelleram12]

Thankies ^.^ makes cellular respiration a lot easier for me to understand.

[@romanf2443]

My professors stressed that Hydrogen gradient is needed to RELEASE ATP by turning the turbine, not to actually combine ADP and P. This video seems to imply the opposite. Anyone know who is correct?

[@xJaysrox]

I've spent hours today trying to understand this... and it didn't help much... thanks to your vids I got in in less than 10 minutes :D

[@tapestree3365]

Amazing video! Simple and to the point.

[@wrestle4life234]

NDSU! I stayed there during Fargo nationals! Word. Great video.

[@snc33]

EXCELLENT , Best yet! Great graphics, and easy to follow.

[@MrCellodude]

very cool how it rotates

[@dacatmaster83]

This is the most fascinating process in biology. Thanks for posting such awesome videos! Btw everyone watching this is a nerd or a future scientist! :P

[@06MrAR]

If you want that question answered you would have to know the whole process of cellular respiration. Either way the protons come from the reduced co enzymes NADH and FADH2 that get oxidized and release the H+ during the first stages of electron transport chain.

[@jim3xPRO]

Hej ndsuvirtualcell - thank's for the video. It makes things pretty clear BUT I believe you made a small mistake. According to your video a flux of H+ is needed so that the ATPsynthase has enough energy to make ATP. It's said in "Biochemistry" from Stryer (2010) that the rotation is only needed to release the ATP. In other words it CAN be synthesised without a proton gradient but NOT released. (see "binding-change mechanism" from Paul Boyer) I might be wrong. Feedback, please.

[@deynaundomiel8402]

WE ARE A MIRACLE ❤️

[@pawankalyanreddy4398]

ATP synthase enzyme comes under which enzyme classification..?

[@speedyblupi]

Well it's actually 1 H+ ion needed per ATP produced, because there are 3 active sites. Each ion transferred through produces three thirds of an ATP molecule - effectively 1 molecule.

[@XOlleyX]

+speedyblupi what? no. 1 H+ rotates the c ring 30-40 degrees. The c ring has to rotate 120 degrees to rotate gamma 120 degrees to form 1 ATP. It's between 3 and 4 protons per ATP depending on the number of c units.

[@ribhur123]

Thank you for making this video.. Really helpful to visualize the process

[@katherinedeisenberger9401]

These are great easy-to-understand videos! thank you! You are definately helping me with my studies!

[@RoScFan]

this is too awesome; biology is amazing! also you people are amazing for sharing such videos; it will help with my exams; thanks;

[@galsenkyle]

A great study aid! Thanks for posting this video.

[@janethefanged]

The cinnamon topography is slaying

[@nikolasauthier]

Ok and what about the several conformations of the F1 domain (Loose - Tight - Open)?

[@cosmicordering1]

Some great animations. Be Cosmic.

[@thiefunny]

@dpcmonkey Hi, dpcmonkey, I cannot understand when and how 1 complex pumps 4H+ to the P-side, I'm reading Ville right now, but from all sources, including "Cellular Respiration (Electron Transport Chain)" animation I can see that 1 complex pumps 2 H+ [one H+ per one e-].Could you explain or show me reliable source for this information?Also,on animation which I mentioned above,complex 3 pumps 4 H+,but I believe second pair of electrons comes there from FADH from complex 2,not from NADH.

[@Justin-ou6gq]

Doesn't the number of subunits on the c ring dictate how many protons it takes to make a revolution? So a complete revolution makes 3 atp moleules...

[@JamesBarker85]

Doesn't the bottom portion of ATPsynthase spin as well? My biochem book said that the 3 beta subunits are distinct in that one is always "empty" because its bound to the gamma subunit. Another is awaiting ADP + Pi to come along and be bound, and then the third holds the newly synthesized ATP. When the 3rd unit is turned enough that it has to bind to the gamma subunit, it releases ATP and binds gamma. then the beta unit gets another ADP, turn, makes atp, turn, release atp and bind gamma, etc etc

[@englehartae]

All of your videos are very helpful! Thank you!

[@jonboyq23]

this really helps my master's thesis..thanks!

[@ghost-nm2gg]

Yes..... 👍👍

[@gabvela8192]

What if a drug causes a 100 times fold gradient difference between the matrix and the intermembrane space? Will you make ATP like crazy and thus behave like high on coke?

[@drtaekker]

+Mega Pijon The cell can regulate that with uncoupling proteins, that can make channels through the inner mitochondrial membran and let the protons diffuse out in the matrix.

[@ilikeburningstuffno1]

+Mega Pijon yes

[@raf221]

+Mega Pijon ATP is used mainly to perform chimical reactions that needs energy to be performed. ATP have an limited lifespawn (seconds) so to produce more ATP the cell need just more mitochondria but the gradient is just the force that can move the ATP synthase. If you put more coal in an coal base electric generator, it wont produce more electricity (it wont be hotter) but if you want to produce more electricity, you mus build more generators :) Keeping the gradient constant demand energy, so increasing the gradient will cost more and it's not productive. But we produce ass load of ATP. Every day you produce and consume 130 kg of ATP (286 lbs) even while doing nothing :) If you want to behave like high on coke, just take cocaine xD

[@KatariaGujjar]

Having a larger gradient won't make the rotor spin any faster.

[@lollsazz]

There is a limit to how fast the ATP-synthase can move, so it will work faster only up to a certain point

[@jaigokul6008]

Simply to the point. Best video on YTube. Is it possible for NDSU to provide a link on how ATP Synthase was discovered?

[@rzipper1716]

Very nice. What tools did you use ?

[@sweetpea6230]

outstanding animation! tysm

[@CDC1166]

so actually you need 6H+ for 1 ATP, 3H+ in the ATPsynthase and 3H+ goes directly in the matrix. Is this correct?

[@ТихомирПантелеев-ъ1р]

Still u need 1 more H+ ion to get Pi inside the matrix , so u bassically need 4 H+ ions to get 1 molecule ATP done.(cause u need to have ADP and Pi in the matrix to synthase ATP , and ADP goes inside with antitransport with ATP , but Pi goes in with cotransport with H+ , thats why u need 4 H+ to synthase 1 ATP ) PS great video :)

[@kepabra3782]

So this is the Chemiosmosis right?

[@gargisain5091]

Perfect explanation

[@MainManPhillis]

I was taught that 4H are required to make 1 ATP. Is there a reason for the variation?

[@pineapplequeen13]

that was very helpful for photosynthesis light-dependent reactions, since ATP synthase is used there also. These are very good videos, and i agree with kashifk9 that you should continue to make them. it will help all the people in honors biology (or in my case 7th grade advanced biology).

[@devilsadvocate9123]

You were in 7th grade when you learnt this? Woah. What do you do now?

[@beaangelalu2049]

Where did the inorganic phosphate and adenosine came from?

[@mspisovatel]

Actually, NADH or FADH2 provides only two hydrogen ions out of 6 or 10 (depending on whether NADH or FADH2 is oxidized), which are pumped into the proton pool during the whole electron transfer chain. I think that the rest comes from acids (AA, DNA...)

[@uyenpham1721]

I just remembered that it needs four H+ to synthase 1 ATP

[@VejmR]

?

[@theobalatel34]

y 4H+, 4e- and 1 O2

[@sweetpea6230]

best explanation. thank you!

[@anony913]

The music in the beginning of these vids is creepy! The videos are the best though.

[@TTliv87]

so the H+ ions bind to the Fo unit or the F1 unit?

[@proffezur]

@rhoadess Not only NADH and FADH2 account for the ATP generation. Glucose goes through both glycolysis and kreb cycle.

[@schmuelschperling1459]

Very intelligent design.

[@MMCraft07]

How many ATP synthase in a single mitochondria? Who can say!

[@KuramiRocket]

Nice vid. Just watched this for my online bio class :)

[@OlmaLin]

Is the position of matrix wrong? In my Biology textbook, the high concentration is located in the cristae of Mitochondrion. I'm bewildered. >

[@AnoditeGwen]

Holy shit this is the best explanation ever!! 1 hour lecture reduced to 3 minutes and 46 seconds XD

[@AyakaruJuuhachi]

thanks for the easy to understand videos, really enjoy these for my studies. On an unrelated note, though, where is the intro sound from, it sounds familiar?

[@SentientOrganism]

so cells have little machines in their membranes?

[@rascolnikovtube]

Awesome video!

[@12bu01]

it is so nice, but put cytochrome c on surface of iiner membrane, not inside the membrane. i know its not the case in this but it should be corect

[@merveyldrm7018]

We expect continued very explanatory video Was

[@1n0cturnal]

What is your main subject of interest? Im assuming biology is a required course you had to take, but isnt quite your forte.

[@jamalkhalil7080]

FOF1 الF0 بيتكون من ٣ بروتينات بيطلق عليها اسم a و b و c اما الF1 فهو جزء منحل بالماء بيتكون من ٥ عديدات الببتيد اما الجزء الذي يدور فهو ال F0

[@mariachan3293]

صح

[@imanevibes25]

Thank you so much, its very helpful💖💖💖

[@JugglernautNr9]

i thought that one ATP is made by 4 protons entering not by 3, because the formula in the oxidative phosphorylation is 4 protons = 1 ATP) can somebody clarify? :/

[@Queencee___]

+chris hayate I don't know how much information you already know about ATP synthase, but technically you're right. The net reaction would transport a total of 4H+ protons into the mitochondria per every one ATP synthesized because of another reaction that happens. This reaction is Adenine Nucleotide Translocase & the Pi-H+ Symport Basically inorganic P and ADP are brought into the mitochondria while the ATP synthesized is pumped out into the cell to be used for energy in other reactions.

[@handraalin4891]

+chris hayate 3 H+ is required to turn ADP to ATP, and another one is needed to transfer the H2PO4 ion in the matrix to bond with the ATP, you are right about the 4H+ requirement, i hope that i could clarify you

[@handraalin4891]

+chris hayate 3 H+ is required to turn ADP to ATP, and another one is needed to transfer the H2PO4 ion in the matrix to bond with the ATP, you are right about the 4H+ requirement, i hope that i could clarify you

[@FreidrichIII]

This is ingenious!

[@jaronmb]

@wrestle85 You need 1 H+ to come into the matrix with HPO4- (co-transport) to give you Pi to join with ADP so though you only need 3 H+ to turn 120 degrees, your net equation requires 4 H+ per ATP synthesized.

[@bren2232]

great vid. really helpful and detailed and easy to understand!

[@ghost-nm2gg]

Yess👍👍

[@tawfiqblog]

Amazing animation

[@muslima5295]

great vedio .. go ahead 👏👏

[@MrJguy2000]

Onc the ATP is generated then the mithocondria uses it for fuel, right?

[@bryanbill3692]

Conversion of ATP back to ADP and Pi produces a large negative free energy change (delta G) and that is the energy source to drive other chemical reactions that otherwise would not have the energy to occur. Those reactions require neg free energy b/c they are highly positive free energy reactions themselves.