Stellar Nucleosynthesis Explained in 4 Minutes

[@GregSalazar]

As always, leave suggestions in this thread and yours just might be the topic of the next Minute Science video! For now, I'll be benchmarking Zen 2!

[@danman9847]

@@Saigonas think he wants some topics not related to gpus or cpus lol

[@BlitzkriegGT]

nice video but too short i like to hear about that subjects please make more

[@ashbuddy92]

nice video.. after explanation about situation in the sun's core in video im kind of curious what kind of process happen when solar flare go boom on surface of sun..

[@TheBogimen]

i like new science content much more than PC one. Try adding a bit of history into it if you can.

[@les8947]

Science Studio can you do a video on astral projection or remote viewing? CIA has done research on the matter so there may be something there ;)

[@hemantagarwal1714]

When Science Studious teaches Physics, I love it

[@Mike_Jones68]

I have to honestly say this is the most well structured, informative vid under 6mins I’ve ever seen. I saw this in your vid list and immediately HAD to watch just based on title. Awesome vid! Please do more like this!

[@CaptainBlitz]

*Raises hand* uH will this be on the test?

[@evelyntech]

Squinting through the depth of field to see if those boxes are Ryzen 3000 series boxes.

[@JP_Stone]

Cool, video. I like it Greg. Honestly the best video I have seen on Nuclear Fusion in the Sun on KZbin. Very straight forward and easy to understand but not to dumb down. Think its cool you are throwing some straight up science videos into the tech stuff. You would think most who are interested in one have some interest in the other.

[@GregSalazar]

Thanks, JP!

[@chaoticharmonyirl944]

Gotta say; surprised that you posted this. Iv'e always been intrigued by Stellar Nucleosynthesis, and Nuclear Chemistry in general. In HS i would actually try to draw the reaction chains from memory whenever i was bored; proton-proton is easy but CNO is pretty crazy with the side paths (Even though they all end up eventually forming the same 3 stable elements). Keep it up!

[@aadesh_kale]

How elements are formed? Science Studio: hold my studies I liked this video. Please make more

[@smashenYT]

Literally no one: Famous PC Tech KZbinr: Let me explain you stellar neucleosynthesis

[@PegasusTenma1]

Smashen it’s actually very interesting

[@PegasusTenma1]

Smashen I’ve studied all this and quantum mechanics and I just fell in love with it

[@ronit8067]

@@PegasusTenma1 share the knowledge

[@Ou8y2k2]

Famous is a stretch. Yes, I'm a subscriber.

[@GregSalazar]

Ye. Not famous. Yet ;-)

[@wingman-1977]

Seeing the sun up close (like in the beginning of this vid) is a sight to behold.

[@arcticengineer174]

Love this! You seem so much like a teacher idk why. Got a little hard for me to understand at some points, but I got the overall idea of the video. Keep up the good stuff!

[@cjc2010]

Your physics videos are why I've always subscribed, man.

[@Aturnadagar]

A less than 4min explanation, that any can understand. Good job men, I like this videos.

[@PegasusTenma1]

Oh and for anyone else wondering positron is the anti matter counterpart of an electron. Which means an electron that undergoes CPT transformation (Charge, Parity, Time) is a positron. It’s basically an electron with an opposite charge traveling backwards in time. When these two collide, it’s not fun, they really do release insane gamma rays that can cook your atmosphere easily. There is no way to stop gamma rays like that, they are the highest energy waves in the entire electro magnetic spectrum of light

[@psychtech2024]

This is why I subscribed originally! Love these vids. The PC stuff is fun but I love learning these little tidbits. Thanks for the knowledge!

[@stefanburemo9661]

Love that you doing videos like this again. Not only computer relates

[@JoeysGarage]

Love the video. Nerding out is always fun. Keep doing what you love

[@GregSalazar]

Thanks for watching!

[@d4popov]

I am really interested in astronomy and cosmology so please keep it up, or if people don't like you doing this on this channel, make another one. I'd gladly follow :)

[@yousseferradi2105]

Computers/tech, cars and now physics, such a great channel 🤩

[@palananas]

This is the kind of content i would expect frome Science Studio. Please make more of this kind of videos beside of the PC building stuff.

[@JM-kn9dh]

Please do more of this. This is, science studio after all

[@scottsj4625]

I hope you will continue to make science videos. Very interesting. A nice change from seeing a review of some cooling fan.

[@toonslayer4]

I love these types of videos, short, sweet. Informative, just what my curious mind needs

[@Tobywan83]

Finally! A Science video from Science Studio!

[@GregSalazar]

Did you miss last week's video?

[@Tobywan83]

@@GregSalazar In fact I did not, but that video (for once) covered stuff already explained by History channel's "The Universe" series. Which is available on KZbin.

[@GregSalazar]

@@Tobywan83 You could probably find a dozen or more channels explaining the topic in this video as well... just gotta look. It's all recycled knowledge.

[@Tobywan83]

@@GregSalazar And I thanked you for making THIS video, did I not. THIS video was awesome and I did learn something new! So thank you again!

[@Hypnodog_]

I was left wanting more! I'd love a 10 minute video on this from you

[@tiemebrekveld3388]

You could say that this is "stellar" content

[@GregSalazar]

Thanks for watching :-D

[@Jdmorris143]

I did not expect this form of science from you but I am happy you did it. I would not mind more.

[@KoRnTwIsT1000]

Wow its like watching your old videos again so cool.

[@hughw.]

Bachelor Science Physical Engineering...I understand now. Congratulations! Also, thanks for all your informative videos. I tune in quite a bit. Been hoping for Ryzen 3000 video.." How to Overclock..for beginner and intermediate."

[@PegasusTenma1]

Also Greg. The protons need high temperatures to smash into each other and overcome to potential barrier. But why? Because higher temperatures means they gain a lot of kinetic energy and in quantum mechanics, the higher the energy and momentum of a wave function (protons) the higher the probability at the end of the potential barrier for them to cross it, this is the same quantum tunneling that poses a problem for CPUs going below 5nm. There are basically two ways to cross a potential barrier in quantum mechanics. First is of the barrier is thin enough, or that you gain sufficient energy to increase the probability of crossing it. The probability of a particle passing through is the squared amplitude of its wave function across the barrier, the higher the energy, the higher the amplitude and thus the higher the probability. The protons in the sun’s core have so much energy that they can actually quantum tunnel through the potential barrier. However, many protons or most protons are not that lucky and in reality the sun doesn’t nearly have enough oomph to be able to fuse elements, so if it weren’t for the indeterministic nature of the universe the sun wouldn’t even be there.

[@GregSalazar]

I discussed quantum tunneling already in a previous video :-) I believe it was the Crash Course playlist.

[@PegasusTenma1]

Science Studio Really had fun, honestly I’ve studied about all this a lot and watched many videos but there was just a different sort of joy in watching my favorite PC youtuber explain all this, refined my concepts further!

[@shaneeslick]

G'day Greg, there are probably some smarties out there that will pick at some stuff but I applaud your effort to 5min Science us, Keep up the Awesome work

[@MarcoGPUtuber]

AH! The CPU of the Solar System! With clock speeds and temps so high, they're UNCOUNTABLE!

[@tomr3422]

its time to delid the sun

[@lycanbane2070]

@@tomr3422 o god

[@lycanbane2070]

@@tomr3422 will liquid metal even work???

[@Youhaveaname]

I have no idea why you decided to make this video. BUT I LIKE IT!

[@vmfvictor]

please do more minute science videos. really miss them

[@PegasusTenma1]

Greg I don’t know if you’ve done it but next time do Quantum Computers and how the two properties of quantum mechanics such as superposition and quantum entanglement will help speed up calculations millions of times compared to classical computers

[@elbatch]

This is dope, that change a lot from the usual vids

[@jaynouby]

I keep forgetting that this channel called "Science Studio".

[@azozfs5330]

Idk what’s the deal with these new “science” videos, but i like them. As long as u keep uploading PC stuffs

[@goosepilot2]

He's always done science videos along with the pc vids. Hence science studios

[@John-np2bf]

Awesome. Please make more videos like this one.

[@jackocrave9820]

Hey Greg, isn't your original channel named "Science Studio"? I think you should continue also these kinds of videos, aside from your love of PCs. Keep up the good content!

[@sammorrow8420]

Thanks for the science nerd crack. Make more of this. Even with all the astronomical videos I've watched, I learned something. Me want more.👍💪⭐

[@KryptonicHD]

Time to go nuclear ☢️

[@381delirius]

Ever since KZbin started having 2 advertisements instead of just one, has the amount of money you make change

[@GregSalazar]

Nope.

[@jGRite]

I just realize about three minutes in that I need to put my phone down and watch this video properly.

[@granautismo786]

The new Vsauce? I think SO! You should have two channels. One science studio, the other tech studio.

[@hughw.]

Again, nice. Keep venturing...and please keep doing tech videos. Would love to see some unique spin on computer build with and without cases. Thanks again! Also, congrats on you engineering degree! Did you also get an MBA? Can you go over that again in your next video?

[@GregSalazar]

I earned my BSPE in 2017 and my MBA a year later :-)

[@hughw.]

@@GregSalazar very nice.

[@hughw.]

@@GregSalazar Little confused. Isn't BSPE Bachelor of Science Physical Education? MBA Master of Business Administration?

[@vuirtec]

“Mr. Osborne - May I be excused? My brain is full.”

[@fpsmadtv4027]

Nice swing in a different direction! Wouldn't mind watching you touch on a series such as this. . . Space related that is.

[@rebdomine1]

Thanks for making this, it was just what I was after.

[@SoCalDude1793]

So my 120mm AIO won’t work on this? 😂 good video.

[@shaneeslick]

So The Sun needs an LN2 Cooler

[@petervasileiou795]

I didn't understand a word and I yawned 5 times. Feels like being in school again.

[@Sleepy_023]

i LOVE these videos! thank you

[@ashbuddy92]

sun = best natural nuclear reactor

[@Chemy.]

Deja Vu! Hahaha I watched it on Facebook, great video man, liked as always

[@ViewlessSquid]

Going to add this to my resume.

[@Da__goat]

Can you continue this through to the death of stars and the production of other heavier elements like Gold, Silver, and Iron?

[@chrisstargazer5866]

Lovely explanation

[@jpitt916]

Very nice!! Hey, unrelated note. I watched this after the life stream replay and the volume was actually quite a bit higher. So you might want to investigate what was going on (since OBS had you at the proper level), or perhaps not and odds are the next live stream would be fine. I watch on my HTPC so volume isn't really an issue but I just figured it's better to get feedback than to not.....

[@GregSalazar]

Thanks for letting me know. Will look into it.

[@palicar]

What does all that have to with thermal paste?

[@jpitt916]

Idea: the science of Outer Wilds (game), how did they get it right, how did they get it wrong. There's some great stuff to cover (black/white hole version of wormholes), gravity and it's effect on time, star life cycles, quantum behavior, etc.)

[@ReaperX7]

Greg can you detail about how Iron gets formed, along with the process of the nucleosysthesis involved that leads up to it, and also, how much Iron can actually exist within a star before things go from bad to worse with a supernova or even worse with a hypernova and how runaway nucleosysthesis can in the process of the supernova and hypernova stages produce heavy elements like rare earths all the way up to natural uranium and plutonium? And also, one last question, could the ultra high gravity produced from core collapses of super and hypergiant stars of the Main Sequence, in theory, produce the theoretical element, Neutronium?

[@stephangreen5317]

Gamma radiation is almost harmless, they pass through the human body with almost no interaction. In this video around the 2 min mark I do believe you confuse these with neutrons, positrons, ect. The way we learned this in school was there are four types of radiation. You can eat one, pocket one, hold one, and throw the last one away. The gamma is harmless you you can eat it, the beta is so big that it can't penetrate the clothes on your body so you can pocket that one, the alpha is big enough that your dead skin cells will stop it, so you can hold on to that, but the killer is the neutron, is will interact with cells and destroy, do nothing, or cause multiplication of malignant cell reproduction. This was ten years ago though and I know the science is changing daily so I may be just blowing hot air. Any how, cool video, keep it up.

[@GregSalazar]

Gamma radiation destroys cells...

[@stephangreen5317]

@@GregSalazar Our findings suggest that vibration at 60 and 120 Hz, and to a lesser extent 30 Hz, induces vascular smooth muscle contraction, possibly involving the somatosympathetic reflex pathway and/or mechanical stretching of the smooth muscle cells. These frequencies were predicted to evoke (60 and 120 Hz strongly, 30 Hz weakly) the central autonomic reflex based on the frequency response threshold curves for pacinian vibroreceptors (Hyvarinen et al., 1973; Leem et al., 1993). There is a dense concentration of pacinian receptors in rat tail segments C3-6 (Thompson, 1970). To date, pacinian vibroreceptors have not been demonstrated to activate directly the somatosympathetic reflex (Sato and Schmidt, 1973). The specific afferent nerve fibers involved in activating vascular smooth contraction vibration are unknown. Neurophysiological studies are required to identify the axon types involved in the putative vibration‐induced, neurally mediated contraction. The present findings demonstrate that the relationship between vibration frequency (Hz) and tissue damage severity is complex. The pattern of damage appears influenced by relative contributions of multiple factors, including neurally and stretch‐mediated smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, vibration amplitude (wave energy), and resonance energy absorption. Vibration acceleration stress and smooth muscle contraction are the major contributors to arterial damage. Understanding how multiple parameters, alone and in combination, impact the severity of vibration frequency‐specific injury will assist the development of antivibration countermeasures. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.a.20186 Strontium-89 is a beta-emitting radionuclide www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0361.html Samarium-153 (153Sm) is a artificial radionuclide that emits beta particles of 0.81 MeV (20%), 0.71 MeV (30%), and 0.64 MeV (50%) and gamma photons of 103 keV (28%). It has a relatively short half-life of 46.3 hours and, consequently, a relatively high dose rate. Samarium-153 has been chelated to a phosphonate, ethylenediaminetetramethylene (EDTMP), to produce a bone-seeking complex. About 50% of an intravenously administered dose is retained in bone.108,109 Absorbed dose in bone and red marrow has been estimated at 2.5 cGy/MBq and 0.57 cGy/MBq, respectively.109 Clinical experience with 153Sm is still limited. In a phase I/II clinical trial,110 the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 2.5 mCi/kg. The principal toxicity observed was hematologic; maximum myelosuppression occurred at 3 to 4 weeks. A flare of bone pain occurred in 12% of patients. The overall pain relief rate was 74%, with a median duration of palliation of 2.6 months. In responders, relief was obtained promptly within 7 to 14 days of treatment. Response rates were significantly higher with 2.5 mCi/kg than with 1 mCi/kg. www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/samarium-153 The first bit, the really long one, that really outlines the complexity of the subject and of course is a final stage break down on science that's truly well developed, so it my be difficult to understand. I'll try and find some stuff on lumens vs. hz to better illustrate it, but a simple way of thinking about it is: looking at the sun vs a headlight.

[@alphapexatlas5410]

Should do more of these videos.

[@No_OneV]

I like when you talk about these things

[@Grid21]

Hey I don't know if Greg or anyone else noticed this, but in his audio recording, I kept hearing a REALLY HIGH pitch sound that played every few seconds. Did anyone else notice this?

[@bigmike716]

I love hearing these kinds of videos!!! You should do more random learning clips like this.

[@TitleTheTitle]

Thank you for the video Salazar

[@StrugglingBeliever]

very good explanation...

[@neuralnetwork1210]

Bit simplified (and perhaps more focused on the sun than all stars), but as you said, it is a sub-5m video, not a lecture. If you want to do more on this topic (not sure if your viewers like that sort of stuff), maybe cover the creation of heavier elements in another video.

[@Nick-uz6cu]

Guess this really is "Science Studio"

[@sadsackplays]

Great video. Can I add nuclear physics to my resume now? 😁

[@PegasusTenma1]

Who else studies all this and is a nerd in these?

[@Kartavya64]

ScienceStudio doing Science stuff

[@cbrtdgh4210]

1:45 - the neutrino is an electron with no charge at all? Did you mean to say lepton?

[@frikynikkid]

So in my nutshell *Nuclear action in space.*

[@Royaleah]

Isn't quantum tunneling needed to do fusion?

[@hughw.]

Nice.

[@TheReddragon64]

4:30 am and I already feel dumb. xD

[@grantmidd]

Love it!

[@mr_coke1401]

This is awesome

[@ronnyraygunz8718]

It's amazing all this happens without an intelligent force creating it.

[@WouterVerbruggen]

Very nice sciency video! One thing you didn't mention is that type 1 is clearly the most common (83.3%) reaction in our sun. For those who are interested, see this article: arxiv.org/pdf/1004.2318.pdf

[@ashbuddy92]

kind of curious what kind of process happen when solar flare go boom

[@Lightning9060]

Yeeee more science!

[@rickvankempen24]

Nice. I like the fast paced info. Enough to look up what you don't get. If you already know a lot it is still nice to steal the ways of information giving

[@murphycop864]

Chales Greg. Ah perro cuando lo publicaste por Facebook no tenía esta intro tan chingona. Transalate: C'mon dog, when published frist in Facebook you don't include this so so badass intro.

[@GregSalazar]

It's the exact same video. Nothing was changed. Go back and watch it on FB. You'll see.

[@winneracc]

how did i find my self here

[@kabnoot]

Awesome.

[@drunkredninja]

Universe Sandbox benches plz

[@LuisSanchez-xl7tb]

To all the people that are pointing out the cpu, is that really all you got out of this video?

[@Pravin.Shidore]

Can we create gold using nucleosynthesis

[@bibidibabidibibidibabidi6067]

bruh made an essay with this, my topic is way out of pluto

[@fajaradi1223]

Soo ... This channel has been taken over by Greg Sagan?

[@hritikadutta8320]

Is.....he challenging Eminem to a rap battle...

[@GameslordXY]

Fascinatingly simple explanation.😝

[@earthlydescent]

Big fan, but here's the issue. How does such a process start? These are all interestingly specific circumstances... Maybe not all that coincidental after all.

[@josuad6890]

hi greg, i kinda find this video off-topic from your main focus, PC. i know that you named this channel out of science, but i think most of your subscriber came here for PC content. so, i have an idea, how about you delve into the science of computer, how architecture is build, what components is used for pc electronics and all. it's still science, and it won't be too off-topic from what your viewers wants: PC.

[@GregSalazar]

I've already done that... in numerous videos. People can click on what they want and watch what they want.

[@ejectkid26027]

Matter Molding Monday

[@DoctorX17]

It's kinda weird seeing _science_ on this channel I like science though

[@voyager4328]

It took you that Long; to explain something so simple, pfth!! ; )