How the English learned to hate Catholics

Medieval England was proudly Catholic, but after the Reformation, anti-catholic prejudice came to be a cornerstone of English and then British identity.
A lecture by Alec Ryrie, Gresham Professor of Divinity
20 November 2019 6PM GMT
www.gresham.ac...
Medieval England was proudly Catholic and ostentatiously loyal to Rome. But from the late sixteenth century until recent times - and even now - anti-Catholic prejudice has been a cornerstone of English and British identity. This lecture will look at how this prejudice grew out of the persecution of Protestants in the 1550s, at the idealistic historian who crystallised it, and at the political crises, real and invented, which turned his text into a paranoiacs’ charter.
Gresham College has offered free public lectures for over 400 years, thanks to the generosity of our supporters. There are currently over 2,500 lectures free to access. We believe that everyone should have the opportunity to learn from some of the greatest minds. To support Gresham's mission, please consider making a donation: gresham.ac.uk/...

[@kelvinthehuman]

I am a Dominican who lives in the Spanish Caribbean country, the Dominican Republic, a Catholic country. What brought me here is the curiosity of knowing how the Catholic Church is perceived in UK. Excellent lecture.

[@FingersKungfu]

I think anti-catholicism in the UK is rather mild when compared to some protestant groups in the US. When the most hardcore of the puritans migrated to the US from England, they brought the hatred for the Catholic Church with them.

[@joprocter4573]

Maybe descendants of Europeans who fled Catholic perecutution in Europe a vast area of refugees

[@EyeLean5280]

@FingersKungfu, As an American with a Protestant mother and a Catholic father, I can agree here. Even in the liberal Northeast, things were bad up into the 1960s. For example, when help wanted ads would specify whether or not Catholics would be welcome to apply for the job. And even today there's still lingering condescension and sometimes outright bigotry. A coworker of mine who didn't know my background once casually called Catholics "idol worshipers. "

[@EyeLean5280]

​@@joprocter4573 Perhaps some early immigrants to America fit that description, but I don't think it was much of a motivating factor in the case of the Puritan settlers in New England. They had initially settled in the Netherlands because it was a tolerant country and they knew they would be welcome to practice their religion as they saw fit there. But then they came to regret it because they found they disliked a tolerant atmosphere. They wanted to live somewhere where they could not only practice as they liked but could also impose their utopian vision on everyone in the community, so they moved into the harsh American wilderness rather than stay in Amsterdam, Delft and Haarlem.

[@joprocter4573]

They were European settlers who were REFUGUEES likely to be killed by European catholics of that time as rc persecuted them...

[@joprocter4573]

@@EyeLean5280 idols and beads and cross inri are all over the faith so not unreasonable question..

[@EyeLean5280]

After three stints in higher education, and watching hundreds of hours of academic content online, this man is the most gifted lecturer I've ever seen. He is also very kind. I suggested to one of my high school students that he email Professor Ryrie regarding a Salem Witch Trial project and Dr. Ryrie responded so quickly, with such thoughtful guidance, that my student was deeply touched and mentioned Ryrie's generosity several times that semester to our class. Anyone who can make a teenager feel that sort of gratitude is clearly special.

[@jeremyschwab6088]

I just stumbled across this video and found it really interesting. I was raised Protestant and later converted to the Catholic faith. While I knew the general history, I never really understood the emotional issues until this. Since I knew that Elisabeth had killed more Catholics than Mary killed of Protestants, so I hadn’t really understood the hostility toward Catholics that remained after King Henry VIII’s death. This explains a lot. Thank you.

[@tmolin9193]

And no Royals can marry a Catholic to this day!!

[@francescaderimini2931]

I grew up in Chicago and spent many years in London Uk as a Roman Catholic. Moved back to the states outside Chicago in the burbs and four of my neighbors accused me of not being Christian, worshiping statues, worshiping Saints practicing witchcraft by using candles in Our Rituals! I was 45 yrs old and never encountered anything like this in the UK, not even in Scotland!

[@eldermillennial8330]

That’s because the BroadChurch movement had largely expunged that attitude from much of England, albeit for the wrong reasons, from my POV as an Orthodox Christian. They now tolerate too much, as the grooming gang crisis has proven, the ultimate fruits of a BroadChurch philosophy.

[@bradleymosman8325]

I've lived as a Catholic in the Bible Belt for about sixty-seven years. I've gotten all those accusations from the Evangelicals all my life. They seem like nice people. Then, tell them I'm a Catholic and watch their faces change. If I wanted to know which church is the true one, I'd find the one that is the greatest threat to Satan. That's the one that is consistently attacked. That's always been the Catholic Church. I don't think Satan realizes that Evangelicals exist.

[@filiusvivam4315]

protestants are bigots. It's hard wired into their belief system.

[@mikesaunders4775]

@@filiusvivam4315 That is an oversimplification, only Lutheran ministers opposed the Nazis in Germany, while the Pope co-operated with them.

[@carltonpoindexter2034]

@@mikesaunders4775 the pope hid more News than any other single person or organization.autocorrect changed Jews to News.

[@TheNaturalLawInstitute]

Professor Ryrie, you are an exceptional lecturer. Almost Shakespearian delivery. Amazing. Thank you for sharing your lessons with us.

[@wendywhittaker8114]

I’m doing well I just talked

[@wendywhittaker8114]

I’m doing

[@Cromwelldunbar]

@@wendywhittaker8114 But doing what precisely?

[@eleveneleven572]

My paternal line are Recusants. A few years back I visited the hidden chapel, above a granary, that my ancestors worshipped in after they were forced to attend their old church (now protestant) in order to avoid suspicion. The village, in Warwickshire, remained with a significant Catholic population and there are no records of anyone being reported to the authorities.

[@RICKRATT1]

My family were run out of England because they were recusant Catholics. Lord Baltimore brought many of these recusant Catholics to Maryland, where they were tolerated for a time until the Puritans and Anglicans persecuted the Papist Catholics and many left for Kentucky. The Hayden’s, Moore’s, Drurys and Botelers were once landed gentry in England until they were stripped of their lands and wealth and were forced out. Most of those families became Plantation owners growing tobacco in The colonies in Maryland and Virginia.

[@alhilford2345]

@@RICKRATT1 : Your Recusant ancestors were heroes! Interesting chapter in history. Did you know that Lord Baltimore was first sent to Newfoundland, and settled in the fishing harbour of Ferryland? His poor wife couldn't stand the bitter winters there, and they headed south. There are extensive excavations in Ferryland, revealing those early settlers. ( Yes. I know it's off the subject, but I just love history!)

[@Two_Bluebirds]

May they all rest in peace!

[@sammartland932]

I'm amused that there are comments here that accuse Ryrie of being pro-Catholic ("swam the Tiber") and of being anti-Catholic (saying he ignores persecution of Catholics in England). This is perhaps an indication of a fair lecture.

[@TheScamr]

Calling London a Babylon is not balanced especially when compared to the Babylon that is Rome.

[@Contrabass101]

Hearing his series on Atheism, I was at first convinced he was an Atheist.

[@ellenmarch3095]

@@TheScamr .....OR he could have been quoting the people whom he was describing, and thought it obvious enough not to have to say it out loud for people who have no sense of context... Do you shoot *all* your messengers? 😘

[@jeremyschwab6088]

Touche'. I recently discovered this channel and have listened to as many lectures as I can. I find his lectures really powerful and intriguing. Even though I am a hybrid (I grew up Protestant and converted to Catholicism), I cannot actually detect any bias that would indicate to me which "side" he is on. That is definitely a testament to his fairness and the way he thoroughly covers every "side." Also, for the record I am saddened by the violence committed by any and all sides against people of any faith.

[@antoniorangel8277]

@@TheScamr It is amazing when you hear "historic versions" that only exist in the English History; if you read History in other languages most versions agree with Alec Ryrie!

[@dianesicgala4310]

I converted to the Catholic Church.because of the kind Catholics in Northeastern Pa. my in laws reminded me of those puritans that came over on theMayflower.

[@thomasmcewen5493]

Remember they were saved by an Indian who became Catholic and returned to America the year before their arrival.

[@dianesicgala4310]

@@thomasmcewen5493 Thank you. I had forgotten.

[@hawthornetree646]

@@thomasmcewen5493 how interesting, I’ll have to look that up!

[@thomasmcewen5493]

@mrnops Squanto, also known as Tisquantum, was a Native American of the Patuxet tribe From which the Patuxent River NAS Maryland gets its name

[@esterhudson5104]

Yup. Same here. It was the Catholic Church who sponsored our “trip” to Ohio, outta Yugoslavia.. we were already Catholics, but there you have it.😌

[@anvilbrunner.2013]

'As ever, memorialisation is about the needs of the people who are doing it. Not the people who are being remembered.'

[@whitepanties2751]

I wonder if the same is true of anti-memorialists, recent pullers down and vandalisers of statues, in Britain and the USA?

[@jmccallion2394]

As I said last week, Dr. Ryrie is just great! How he can craft his words to draw you in shows that while p[rimarly an academic, his wordsmithing abilities make him an excellent storyteller, which is part of a historians remit. Even into 6 seconds he gets you by the scruff and never let's go! " A sudden end to a national adventure, that had spent twenty years curdling into a nightmare"! THE MAN IS A GENIUS!

[@johnheah1526]

❤ p😊

[@KainedbutAble123]

Fascinating, I always learn so much from Gresham College lectures.

[@darkmattersproject2951]

I am an African American and this symposium was fantastic. I am learning more and more about Europe and how it reasoned then and now

[@r.g.7200]

I liked your comment, but why "African American" and not just American?

[@darkmattersproject2951]

@@r.g.7200 Only to show the channel the diversification of who’s watching. What’s great about this content is that bigotry against Catholics continues in the United States.

[@patrickhouston2610]

@@darkmattersproject2951 no doubt you are a proud American, but I see no wrong in you saying something abot where your ast amily members come from, it is part of you and never need be hidden, doesn't stop you being proud of your country, without America many of us born in UK might not have been, surprised to hear about Catholic folk in America, but I got my first job in Scotland by pretending to be a proddy (protestant), it was a bit harder in my parents day in west of Scotland the only folk who would employ Catholic was of course Catholic or Jewish folk, so called modern countries, leaders or past leaders of the world, it still goes on to a lesser extent I am told, so maybe the world the countries established by white folk are much the same in this Catholic thing.

[@darkmattersproject2951]

@@patrickhouston2610 These are stories, I would love to know. Unfortunately, this information isn’t discussed out of academia. I’ve studied American history and some European history as well as South America and Africa. Something you may not know is that Irish Catholics were the main reason for my people becoming free. If, I was rich, a great Irish statue would be built in Ireland thanking your descendants for their sacrifice

[@thetruth495]

Well done. Be proud of being African-American.

[@coranford7463]

English here and s proud Catholic 🤗

[@ceciljohnrhodes4987]

More fuel for the fire.

[@outlawJosieFox]

Don't think anybody cares any more. English here and proud atheist. Happy New Year mate

[@vinista256]

American here. Father’s paternal ancestors were Puritans fleeing oppression from the Church of England. Father’s maternal ancestors were Norwegian Lutherans. Dad himself was a mellow atheist. Mother’s parents came from Sicily, and Mom tried to raise us (with Dad’s complaisance) in the one, the only true church she and her ancestors had ever known. Except it wasn’t, for DNA don’t lie, and, evidently half of Mom’s ancestors were Jewish, most likely won over to the one true faith because the alternative was either feeding the fire or taking the next boat off the island. Therefore, I’m an Episcopalian, of course.

[@berniebarclay2183]

English here and collapsed Catholic 🤣🤣🤣

[@coranford7463]

​@@berniebarclay2183I love your humour 😊❤😂😂

[@kelvinthehuman]

I guess that it is important to point out that the Catholic Church is the right inheritor of the Greek and Roman contribution that has shaped the Western World.

[@gandydancer9710]

As opposed to the wrong inheritors? Who are those?

[@CJ.937]

I’m an American catholic

[@dianesicgala4310]

I grew up in England born in 1948. I never came across this when I was growing up in England. I was brought up in the Church of England. I was shocked when I first came to Northeastern Pa. My husband family should say very unkind things about Catholics. They were Methodist.

[@eldermillennial8330]

Well, by the time your parents were born, the enlightenment compromises and the Tractarian debate had made Broadchurchism the dominant conscious and subconscious philosophy. It seemed easier to live on soft, squishy wet clay than to bake it into a firm stone foundation, which requires risking some burns. Of course, the price has been the the structural collapse of Anglicanism. My priest used to be a HighChurchman, but realized it’s ALL BroadChurch now. So he became Western Rite Orthodox, because Rome TOO is rife with its own brand of BroadChurchism from Vatican 2.

[@giuliakhawaja7929]

My family is Catholic. My mother met a young work colleague in the 1950’s in England who told her that she had been brought up to believe Catholics had tails. Probably a remnant of the belief the Church was Satanic.

[@leomarkaable1]

A friend of mine who had visited England saw places where priests were burned alive. England is a rather nasty country, and I don't get the whole Henry the Eighth as religious figure thing. What a pig.

[@e.w.1179]

@@leomarkaable1England is not a nasty country, it's those who were in charge who were NASTY. I am an English Catholic (and a Cradle Catholic), some of my ancestors were Recusants who paid heavy fines for not attending the protestant services. They suffered financially but must have had the means to do so, but the poor had to go to the protestant sevices and that's how some the families ended up being protestant So sad! Some however,went to secret masses. These brave priests, (and some laymen and women) if caught were usually hung drawn and quartered, (Absolutely Criminal!!!). These are all true Martyrs.

[@joebloggs396]

@@leomarkaable1 Anglophobe. Haven't seen the lecture but the title is pure clickbait, and dangerous at that.

[@peggybrem2848]

I purchased a copy of “Foxes Book of Martyrs” at a used book store as a teen. I still find it very powerful. When I hear British folk now, it appears that they have discarded Religion entirely.

[@tonyoliver2750]

Not all of us have.

[@pbohearn]

I love hearing his voice, his use of words to paint his pictures, and I always leave feeling smarter!

[@Kitiwake]

And this, ladies and gentlemen, is why even Americans call their fellow Americans, dumb.

[@DwRockett]

Phew that’s a fascinating lecture, especially about the effects of atrocity narratives on modern thinking

[@chapender6476]

A most thought provoking lecture, thank you Professor Ryrie.

[@davidmansfield1796]

English and Catholic. What a tragedy the 1500 and 1600's where for England. Love these lectures !

[@BADALICE]

You know? I've been searching google for an hour on any information relating to religious persecution under King James the 1st. I finally gave up and started searching KZbin. Thank you for this presentation, It's not presented often enough.

[@laineymckenzie660]

All catholic scotts were persecuted !!

[@Mr._Anderpson]

Don't try to use Google. Its algorithms are designed to frustrate those seeking information which the tech overlords see as a problem. Try duckduckgo or some other search engine of your choosing. Google, unfortunately, has become an engine of ideological trash.

[@carltonpoindexter2034]

Use duckduckgo as a search engine, i.e. for religious subjects and searches.

[@BADALICE]

@glyn hodges Roger that.

[@warrenmilford1329]

@glyn hodges Most folks today would find that a bizarre concept, and too taxing unfortunately.

[@PInk77W1]

St. John Fisher • pray for us St. Anne Line • pray for us St. Thomas More • pray for us

[@noemiangeles481]

St. Thomas Becket- pray for us St. John Henry Neuman- pray for us

[@sandraethell1471]

St Margaret Clitheroe of York please pray for us.

[@josefinborg3069]

A very concise and precise view of past history , but you end your learned talk saying ‘ in much of the Englich Speaking World,anti Catholicism is the last respectible prejudice’. We are living in a fastchanging world, and the present is far different to the most recent past.l am 88 years of age and l remember the 2nd great war,and the post war upheavels, and now, the post moderntimes.All religious prejudice is basically intolerance, hate ,and therefore despicable! All Christians should unite : ‘et unum sint’ (Pope John Paul), a commitment and duty ofChristians, enlightened by faith and guided by love.

[@fr.michaelknipe4839]

Such a great lecture. Thanks for making it available

[@jdlc903]

Yes ,as an agnostic raised in an agnostic household- it would be interesting if England hadn't of split with Rome. Our political culture may of been different.

[@esterhudson5104]

Very. Yet my English Catholic friends say that while Catholics are quite low key, there is a strong, very old, Catholic matrix in England.

[@flair500]

@@esterhudson5104 what do you mena by matrix? I never heard of this word except the movies

[@merciansupremacy5113]

I'm an English Catholic. Overt anti-Catholicism is virtually unheard of among native English people. In the British Isles anti-Catholic hatred is only overt among protestant loyalist neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland and Glasgow.

[@charlesedwards5333]

This man is more than your ordinary genius.

[@markwareham6031]

A fascinating period in English history. I have a Protestant Martyr in my ancestry as well as recusants who held onto their Catholicism. A great uncle who helped supress the Cornish prayer book rebels, ancestors who took part in the Pilgrimage of Grace and others who took the path of non-conformity.

[@MacKenziePoet]

Cranmer would have been spared by the Church's tribunal but not by the secular states. In Spain prisoners would blaspheme just to be tried in the clement Inquisitional courts rather than killed in the secular courts.

[@siegfriedherzog1460]

An excellent, fact-based analysis. Worth listening to.

[@soarux]

I’m not religious at all, but when you look at the troubles in Northern Ireland, it’s pretty bizarre that it was all caused by King Henry VIII and his obsession for a male heir to his throne

[@davidcolley7714]

Except that it wasn't

[@trishkearney]

Except it was due to his roving eye and his many affairs. For all the talk of needing an heir Elizabeth left not a one to succeed her, which seems like poetic justice. She wouldn't marry.

[@cecilefox9136]

Very interesting!.I'm a Catholic.

[@kevinmidgley5876]

So am I

[@eibhlinni3598]

Lapsed but they say once a catholic always a catholic 😁

[@robertlehnert4148]

@@eibhlinni3598 Always welcome back. Stop by the Catholic Answers LIVE program with chat stream, M-F, 5-7PM, EST

[@PInk77W1]

I’m Catholic. Went to mass this Friday Christmas morn

[@PInk77W1]

@Instaurare Omnia In Christo Yes I went Jan 1. Holy day of obligation. There was 7 people in my Catholic Church. My city has 4000.

[@worship-felons]

I do admire Alec. While I am cosmologist, this stellar lecture is delivered in a judiciously animated, thorough and truthfully enthusiastic fashion. THIS is history. May it not repeat itself. Nationalism and religion grow from the same tree.

[@joeterp5615]

This history makes the case for separation of church and state. All these royals killing the religious they disagree with is horrible.

[@jmccallion2394]

Prof.Ryrie is the history professor that makes one go and do an MA in reformation history. The dealing with Foxes Acts and Monuments are excellent! This dealing with the woodcut of Foxe's title page mentions that the procession at the lower right of the title shows the "church of antichrist" and Dr Ryrie mentions the procession with the canopy. This is not over the bishop, but that of the Blessed Sacrament as it's a Corpus Christi procession!

[@mikepoulin3020]

British anti-Catholic sentiment still runs strong and deep...

[@MrSilvestre587]

Really? Why do you say that?

[@bencrawshaw1227]

It always will . The fact of Jimmy Saville getting a knighthood has compounded that. Amongst many other reasons.

[@billythedog-309]

@@bencrawshaw1227 What does your therapist say?

[@MrNikkiNoo]

@@bencrawshaw1227 What has Jimmy Savile's knighthood got to do with anything? I can't help but feel this is a setup for a tasteless joke.

[@32123ABCBA]

@@MrSilvestre587 sarcasm?

[@merciansupremacy5113]

English Catholic here. England's soul has always been and will always be Catholic. My nation has lost its way.

[@greg5023]

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France was England's 9/11, a terrorist attack that shocked them to the bone. It happened in Elisabeth's reign in 1572. Twenty thousand Protestants murdered by Catholic mobs in France. To the English, it clearly illustrated what would happen in England if France and Spain were able to return England to Vatican control. When the Pope heard of St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, he ordered celebratory masses to be held. The French king was having Protestant villages put to the sword a year after St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Hundreds of thousands of Protestants fled France in fear for their lives. CofE is the best thing to happen to the world in the last thousand years. Voltaire said so.

[@thegoodlydragon7452]

Henry was definitely not a smooth politician. In other countries the reformation piggybacked on popular sentiment; in England the king imposed it on a very unwilling public.

[@johndoe-ss9bz]

Confiscation of Catholic Lands to pay off Nobles to commit to the Protestant Cause.

[@thomasjhenniganw]

Gran larceny is what it was with Henry.

[@fritula6200]

Killing of Roman Catholics priests, and Roman Catholics.

[@eldermillennial8330]

Ironically, he hated all the Protestant philosophies. He should have reached out to the Czar’s bishops to arrange for a return to Orthodoxy as England had been up to 1066.

[@shaunryan6]

@@johndoe-ss9bz The Anglican Church is Catholic but not Roman. Read the Anglican prayer book we are not Protestants. Protestants are Lutherans nothing to do with the Anglican Church @

[@alhilford2345]

His closing sentence says it all. "...a centuries-old, half-acknowledged fact of life that, in much of the English-speaking world, anti-Catholicism is the last respectable prejudice"

[@jordysco8724]

Why aren’t there any Protestants in France?

[@danielwarren3138]

@@jordysco8724 they all fled

[@jordysco8724]

@@danielwarren3138 the massacre was a myth or something?

[@danielwarren3138]

@@jordysco8724 oh yeah, that too. I was just referring to their descendants alive today i.e. the ones that weren't massacred.

[@dianesicgala4310]

Such a great video. I always loved history. Thank you so much.

[@michaeljames4904]

This lecture is SUPERB!

[@MrNikkiNoo]

Great talk. What an amazing channel! Thank you.

[@ingenuity168]

December 22, 2020 Thank you! ❤

[@davidcummings5984]

I'm baptised a Catholic, but I'm atheist . But I do find studying the infrastructure or the order of Catholicism interesting and the teachings of the post Roman saints .

[@MrMustang13]

By being baptized you will forever have salvation available to you, if you will for it.

[@rickyricardo21]

I pray the Lord guides you back someday.

[@tommore3263]

After decades of study and consideration one thing I don't get now that I see it , is how anyone can miss the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church. I have found her to be the only fully coherent worldview and religion on earth satisfying every philosophical , historical, scientific, psychological, theological and religious challenge. Which makes sense of course given her founder and notwithstanding the many failings of her members, myself included, in history and today. Her sacraments in particular are the divine means to divine life which we cannot jump up to. And the Christ of the cosmos .. the Logos who breathed life into this anthropic splendor is the only answer that makes any sense to all of science and meaning and their intertwining in free willed intellectual beings like us. May God help us all to better practice what we preach. Cheers. If you're looking for answers I propose that God has sent you one magnificent answer. The Body of Christ among us, His Roman Catholic Church. Lastly this should not be read as a condemnation of others or dismissal of the great good that the church recognizes as from God in others, but rather as logic demands, only one answer can be the full or fullest answer as others demur or disagree. Cheers

[@britishnerd3919]

Well, protestants look at the Bible and argued looking only at the Bible. Anything that was not specifically stated in the Bible was seen to be superstition and a watering down of Christianity. That's not my opinion, that's just how Protestants of the time saw it

[@tommore3263]

@@britishnerd3919 Oh I know. But the bible is the book of the authorized authority of the Catholic church.

[@johnheah1526]

Nobel winner Jon Fosse is a convert to Catholicism.

[@Busybee65]

My father was a Catholic from Glasgow, with Irish ancestory and my mother`s family were French Protestants, Huguenots, both have been persecuted in the past.

[@jaqian]

There is a Huguenot Cemetery in Dublin, besides St Stephens Green.

[@Busybee65]

@@jaqian I know, i see it when i have been visting family in Dublin.

[@dmitrygaltsin2314]

The motet bears in it the wordplay (Te spectant, Reginalde, poli - "the heavens/luminaries are looking at you") and "personat Oceanus" (the Ocean resounds - and "the Ocean serves as your impersonation" - Oceanus, probably, being the most peaceful of the mythological Titans).

[@quinitoheras6045]

with thislecture, it is clear that ,in truth, the church of england does not have a leg to stand on

[@misererenobis8900]

@Nick Bointon It’s pretty clear Islam will prevail in this country.

[@jonb6417]

How sad that you have believed all the propaganda. The Church of England, and indeed all the Protestant churches in the British Isles and Germany, for all their faults, have managed to continue the fight against the immorality and stupidity of the Roman Catholic church.

[@misererenobis8900]

@@jonb6417 the Church of England has only ever been a stepping-stone to atheism.

[@thomasjhenniganw]

@Nick Bointon You have a very one-sided version of Catholicism, which is false.

[@jturon9184]

@Nick Bointon The history of the Church is full of periods of crisis but what other institution has lasted as long in the west? Not many at all.

[@maginot2u]

Making the English Monarch the head of the Church, was a big mistake.Everyone knows about English monarch mania. So when the English Monarch became not only King but also Pope, anyone who did not accept the monarch as head of the Church was a traitor. That's why the English always hated the Pope and Catholics. That is why the Irish would never accept English rule.

[@samjoshi1812]

and it's anti-secular

[@katacabal]

Making English Monarch the head of the Church is ANTI-CHRIST

[@alhilford2345]

So, who was it who made the English monarch the head of the church? Not the English people. It was the monarch himself! Henry VIII declared himself "Supreme Head of the Church of England" by an Act of Parliament in 1534

[@helenamcginty4920]

We were bullied in the street for being 'dirty catholics' when I was a child in 1950s Blackpool.

[@juliankonkani]

My cousin sister was surprised to encounter anti-Catholic prejudice in New Zealand from the locals. I wish I was there. I would have given these heretics a piece of my mind.

[@juliankonkani]

@Augustine Squirrel I don't know about England, but anti-Catholic sentiment exists in Wales and Scotland and Northern Ireland. However, it's an ethnic thing there. Most British are not religious. It is said that going by the rate at which the Anglican Church is losing followers, it will cease to exist in another 50 years. The traditional Anglicans are becoming Catholic. I've met many.

[@juliankonkani]

@Augustine Squirrel What? No. I'm a practising Catholic.

[@Kitiwake]

Thomas Cranmer was an opportunist and philanderer. He knew Catherine of Aragon was innocent of the charges against her but he backed up Henry in his maniachal multiple marriage splurge and turned a blind eye to death by mutilation of his former colleagues, bishops and priests who had their genitals cut off and their intestines pulled out before they were chopped into pieces during their executions. He married while a under vows of celibacy and later recanted his rejection of Catholicism and further went on to recant his recantation. I have no doubt that he died a cowards death and the idea of bravery from him on the pire is laughable at best. .

[@iparipaitegianiparipaitegi4643]

Cranmer was satanist

[@jgoodfellow3314]

It was bad enough that the Catholic church adopted Cramner mass and instituted novus ordo in 1970 and have been going downhill since.

[@Kitiwake]

@@jgoodfellow3314 What form did Christ use when he initiated the holy sacrament?

[@kalifatokata]

He sounds like a tipical Protestant.

[@evmtuck]

Not Catholic, not even Christian anymore, but the sheer cultural destruction brought about by the Reformation deeply saddens me :^(

[@Libertyjack1]

My instinct tells me that, dispite all the religiousity of the Age, Northern European anti Catholicism was largely a political response to Spain's increasing power in Europe and its influence within the Church.

[@javier6926]

I doubt it , at that time the Church was , as it still is today , heavily controlled by the Italians. There weren’t any new Spanish popes after Alexander VI. Of course , the protestants feared and hated Spain , but that’s not a cause of the reformation , it was a consequence. The English and the Dutch and the Germans didn’t hate Spain before the reformation , they began to hate her afterwards because she became the champion of the Counter Reformation.

[@Libertyjack1]

@@javier6926 But, Italy wasn't a country. It was controlled mostly by foreign leaders, including Spain, which was, perhaps, the strongest single nation in Europe, in the 1500s. They were also related to the French monarchs and marrying into the Holy Roman Empire, which were also big landowners in Italy. They had sway with the Papacy. I don't believe it was as theological as the clerics made it out to be.

[@franlaris8553]

The Spanish emperor kept trying to get the pope before Alexander VI to call an ecumenical council which he never did. There was open heresy happening with the backing of the german princes and he didn't call a council. I really don't see how the Spaniards had much of a say in the Papacy. The Italian city states however...

[@kalifatokata]

Absolutely, and to this day it is still used, specially in the US, to disperse Hispanic identities and deny them of their historical context in North America.

[@Libertyjack1]

@franlaris8553 When it comes to power politics, things were no different back then than they are today. In the Middle Ages, nation states were still quite primitive, and their growth potential was limited due to a balance of power from similar states. However, as trane and foreign exploration grew, states that were best able to take advantage of these lucrative possibilities created a power imbalance, and the country that benefited most, at that time, was Spain. During the 1400s, Spain became very interested in Italy, becoming increasingly close to the Papacy, with its gung-ho treatment of non-Christians, heretics and challengers to Papal authority. At this time, the Church, in way of the Pope, was a supreme arbiter of conflicts in Europe, much like the UN and the International Court today, but with the added claim of Divine authority. Can you see what this is coming to?

[@ryangerrard4048]

Awkwardly watching as an English Catholic 😑 Catholic churches, schools all over this part of the north of England

[@mikesaunders4775]

Lancashire/Greater Manchester?

[@ryangerrard4048]

Leeds! But yes the church a stone throw away from me was built by Irish immigrants

[@dianasitek3595]

British Protestants were a small minority. The majority were still Catholic, who had seen their beloved religion with its charitable monasteries confiscated by the state and distributed via patronage. Its art was wantonly destroyed and its people viciously persecuted. For five years of Mary's reign, she did what all monarchs of the time did. And on Elizabeth's succession, the persecution of the majority began again, by her Protestant counsellors, who enriched themselves through a massive redistribution of wealth in their own favor. Just as the woke revolution today has destroyed the unity of society, its precursor and ancestor, the Protestant church - everywhere it manifested, split the society and forced the faithful into martyrdom or perjury. I guess its chickens have come home to roost, as its wokeness has become a form of suicide.

[@karldavis7392]

The failed attempt by the Spanish armada to invade England in 1588, and its loss, and the surge in English power immediately after that was also key. It was only partially religious, but it was hugely important in defining English protestant identity.

[@jesusalvarez-cedron6581]

One year after, in 1589 an english armada was heavily defeated in spanish shores and the the 1604 peace treaty was favourable to the spanish. At the same time, the Spanish Monarchy, with their close allies, the Genoese, were having a Cold War against the Turks (The real Big Game of the era). That myth that the english power surge immediately after this events are just that, a national myth. The Spanish Monarchy continued to be the big power in Europe for three more generations. And France, not England, was the one to follow in terms of cultural influence and military infraestructure.

[@ceciljohnrhodes4987]

@@jesusalvarez-cedron6581 you protest to much.

[@jesusalvarez-cedron6581]

@@ceciljohnrhodes4987 That's becouse I'm an illustrated protestant. I mean, a catholic.

[@monicap7941]

There was no surge in English power at that time. Myth making.

[@trishkearney]

English protestant identity didn't hold up under scrutiny. Bishop and martyr John Fisher soundly whipped the protestant identity Luther introduced into Germany. The state run and enforced protestant identity of English founded on adultery and divorce had not a moral ground to stand on.

[@tonycarton8054]

great work ,us in Ireland are often are ascribed as mad

[@patcom1013]

TC - elaborate.

[@thomasjhenniganw]

There were priest-hunters in both Ireland and England.

[@baztheblue4193]

You are a bit loopey lets be honest.

[@robertlehnert4148]

I recommend Joseph Pearce's _In Search of Shakespeare_ who argued quite persuasively that the Bard was successfully a recusant for all of his life.

[@robertlehnert4148]

@Rebecca Lopez Because a professor said he was a secular humanist? (Never mind there are religious humanists). Read Pearce and others before rejecting the idea.

[@jonb6417]

Shakespeare was far too perceptive and intelligent to be a Roman Catholic!

[@robertlehnert4148]

@@jonb6417 due to the limitations of text, I have to ask, are you being ironic or just utterly unaware bigoted?

[@powpow8869]

More intelligent than Thomas Aquinas and Augustine? (To name just two immensely intelligent Catholics)

[@jonb6417]

@@powpow8869 Yes, I do know who they were. And nobody knows if the Bard was more or less intelligent than they, obviously. But irrespective of that, and also depending which St. Augustine you meant, they lived centuries before Shakespeare and had not seen, nor been able to be aware of, the level corruption, immorality, vice and viciousness of the institution of the catholic church to the extent that he must have known about. Had I lived as an educated and religiously-minded human in, say, the 7th century, I might well have been catholic - there were few options. But had the same me lived alongside Shakespeare in the early 17th century, with a level of access to books and up-to-date knowledge that neither Augustine nor Aquinas could have dreamed of, I would hope that I would have had the sense to see the catholic church for what it was. As I'm sure Shakespeare did.

[@SuperIliad]

A must read--still in print from 1936-- Characters of the Reformation by Hilaire Belloc. Nothing of any value is omitted.

[@alhilford2345]

Right!

[@jimslancio]

I agree. I once came across a used paperback copy; it's not that easy to find. It makes no bones about being from the Catholic perspective, but the individuals, and their backgrounds, are very much worth knowing about.

[@johnheah1526]

Great book.

[@klausbrinck2137]

4:27 anggli (greek) = Englishmen anggeli (greek) = angels Pope Gregory the Great was speaking greek.

[@klausbrinck2137]

@Legal Vampire If one sees the whole 'Non Angli sed Angeli' , one notices that non or sed aren´t greek words, but the rest has greek pronounciation almost to the point: Greeks use 2 "Gammas" for the "G"-sound, so anggli and anggeli (Stress on the "A")... 1 Gamma is pronounced like "Y" in "Yo man", for the "G"-sound Greeks have to use 2 Gammas...

[@ezzovonachalm7534]

Klaus Brinck Pope Gregory VII was German

[@basil7292]

@@ezzovonachalm7534 latin and greek were important languages for clergy

[@DDCrp]

Fascinating lecture. Thank you so much!

[@alestev24]

Are there reliable numbers about how many people were killed for their religious beliefs in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I respectively?

[@kalifatokata]

Nobody cares, only about the Spanish Inquisition, Henry the VIII had more people boiled while alive than the inquisition people killed during 300 years.

[@butternutsquash6984]

Another wonderful lecture. Thankfully, this bigotry is starting to be seen as unacceptable. I remember the incident of a Masonic lodge expelling a longtime member for willfully playing an anti-catholic cell ringtone while following a Catholic member down the stairs. This happened around 2002 and the brother was amazed at the amount of solidarity that was shown to him by this decision despite he being in the distinct religious minority in Scotland.

[@alhilford2345]

Intelligent, educated Catholics will never join the Masons. That would be a sin.

[@la.x-neverthedodgers]

Freemasonry is alive & well in GB. That is why they have sooo many mus.slimes & atheistic communists running the country. Sad.

[@fritula6200]

Evil protects evil.

[@kindnessfirst9670]

Is it still illegal for heirs to the throne to marry a Catholic or did they recently change that law? I know some people were upset that Meagan Markle had attended a catholic school (even though she was not catholic).

[@piushalg8175]

I wonder how Price Philipp was raised, being a prince of Greece which had certainly to be a member of the greek orthodox faith. Most obviously he converted to the anglcan faith, didn't he? Such behaviour is not at all common in european nobility. In order to marry or to gain a crown, they have often abandonded their original confession. Hony soit qui mal y pense, or not?

[@jmj5388]

@@piushalg8175 Didn’t Prince Henrik and Princess Marie of Denmark both renounced their Catholic Faith to marry into the royal family? I can’t imagine doing that for any reason.

[@piushalg8175]

@@jmj5388 I guess they didn't careor thougt it to be of lesser importance. "Paris vaut une messe", after all....

[@rusoviettovarich9221]

Duchess of Kent converted to Catholicism and her husband Duke of Kent was not denied his right per succession and his children both became Catholics and their rights are not impacted either.

[@jmj5388]

@@rusoviettovarich9221 True. The Kent situation reflected a relatively recent relaxation of the centuries-old restrictions.

[@stephentagg2142]

Thank you for your interesting and informative talk. My life experience however doesn't align with your analysis of current discrimination and animosity towards catholics. I was brought up protestant and attended a state school in a town in Lancashire where most catholics attended catholic schools. Outside schooltime I would have friends and acquaintances who were catholics, and similarly later in my career and social life I mixed with people of all religions, and the religious views of these people was to me totally irrelevant. Queen Mary was embittered by the cruelty of her father and consequently did some very bad things, but no reasonable person could blame today's catholics for her faults.

[@markcook8348]

Lots of Catholics in Scotland and we aren't going away

[@catholiccrusader5328]

Thank you very much!

[@alfredfanshaw4786]

Nobody is asking you to go away are they?

[@anvilbrunner.2013]

@@alfredfanshaw4786 HA! Look it up lol.

[@thevillaaston7811]

'Lots of Catholics in Scotland and we aren't going away' Why not? The famine is over.

[@johndoe-ss9bz]

@@thevillaaston7811 :: The descendants of Irish in Scotland DO NOT CALL THEMSELVES "IRISH-SCOTCH"!! The Irish assimilate well in England, Scotland, and Wales. The English and Welsh assimilate well in Ireland. But the Scotch-Presbyterian descendants of Plantation Tenant-Farmers are unable to assimilate and have a Severe Mental Problem with Identity. They are Lunatic-Loyalists to a Duch King William of Orange from 300-years ago. They want to turn the English "6-County-Colony" into a Rapid-Sectarian Statelet. Enough is Enough. Let Civilization work!!!

[@budgibson185]

Love his lectures

[@jwnagy]

An excellent historical presentation.

[@nickrolfe367]

Very interesting, thanks for posting

[@ralfrath699]

I think that the Catholic church has made many mistakes in Britain and elsewhere. This situation has changed a little bit but even today the Catholic church is not perfect. So - there is indeed a problem. But this problem is not a problem of British identity because this would mean that the British have never made any mistakes in the past, in history, or today - and this is not the truth.

[@freedapeeple4049]

The catholic church is the most evil organization on the planet

[@catholiccrusader5328]

@@freedapeeple4049 (rotflmao!)

[@fritula6200]

There we go Freeda Peeple... so sad!

[@jimmys6566]

@@freedapeeple4049 Marxist clown

[@patrickparsons2378]

@@freedapeeple4049 Nice to see that the uneducated moronic bigot is still breathing. Perhaps if you actually studied some history you would discover that you are talking complete and utter rubbish. You will find that Communism and Socialism are the most evil.

[@xenolalia]

The translation of the motet text at 10:43 has some minor errors. A better rendering (with early modern inflected forms, for grins) might be: They regard thee, Reginald Pole, Upon thee the stars smile, the mountains exult, Ocean resoundeth, while England applaudeth, For thou sendest forth auspicious fires; And drawest out tears from her stony heart.

[@shafur3]

Thank you for this wonderful vidio.

[@DSTH323]

For Mary, the Protestants who refused to recant were guilty of High Treason. And we all know how that ended in those brutal times in England. Because Henry and Cromwell taught Mary well.

[@spaguettoltd.7933]

42:56 Interesting that reading and watching stories of WWII resonated with me similarly as a boy, as I imagined myself taking bold stands against the Nazis as a soldier or a resistance fighter. This ties in with your theory that WWII serves as a moral creation myth for the contemporary world.

[@unamsanctam5967]

Except the wrong side won

[@AlwaysHopeful87]

Issues to consider, seperation of church and state, king as priest and priest as king. First is a delicate balance. The second doesn't and hasn't worked out to well for any nation.

[@ep_med7822]

The Papal states were just fine and separation of Church and state is liberal garbage.

[@AlwaysHopeful87]

I'm a fan of E Michael Jones, and he supports what you say about the papal States. Going further, he would bring up the poverty and abuse that resulted from the nobility and then to the darwinistic capitalists. I respect your view on church and state, but still hold to the view that it is a delicate balance that can lead to abuse from either side.

[@davidchunkyonion]

Excellent. I never knew how the English bought into Henry the Eighth's nonsense. Now it's clear.

[@worldofenigma1]

How is it nonsense for the English to be against having the Pope as a dictator of religion?

[@alhilford2345]

The ordinary Catholic people did NOT buy into Henry's nonsense.They were forced into it by James and Elizabeth.

[@NoThankYouReally]

I was at first bemused and then shocked when a British colleague stated unequivocally that I should keep my thoughts on Catholicism to myself in our meetings. I wouldn’t have brought it up- why in the world would I- but we were having a discussion on something else over drinks and it came up there. He wasn’t at all being a jerk about it, but was very clear it would not be well received with potential clients. Took my by surprise as an American. Will say I have long recognized that certain Protestant groups in the States share a similar sentiment but it is by no means widespread to the point that you’d hide your crucifix away from sight.

[@alfredodavie2842]

The history we were taught in school changes dramatically as we get older for the worst example queeen victoria , what she had for breakfast as the poor starved . Alll we were taught was a sad love story of a queen who lost her husband while young .

[@lawrencejames8011]

One suspects that her Catholic contemporaries - the KIng of Spain and the Emperor of Austria had a vastly better diets tnan their poorest subjects, A silly point.

[@laineymckenzie660]

I only follow the Scottish line..After they were murdered ,I follow no other monarch

[@ruadhagainagaidheal9398]

To be fair Alfredo, Victoria did send a pound of potatoes to Ireland at her own expense during the potato famine.

[@lawrencejames8011]

A fairy story made up to harden Irish hearts. She sent a cheque for a hundred pounds, I believe.

[@ruadhagainagaidheal9398]

@@lawrencejames8011 As much as that ? Her generosity knew no bounds.

[@lucyking8627]

Cranmer and Latimer squares are still the names of the public spaces in the planned English migrant city of Christchurch, NZ/Aotearoa for example.

[@marccolten9801]

So when you say "hate" you mean hang, draw and quarter? Interesting definition.

[@ashtracold]

It's obvious this "college" has a quite strong political agenda (look up who Gresham was)

[@EnglishSaxons]

Why are we named British when it is not an ethnic group our ethnicity is English we can't have two identities and carry on appeasing others on our own soil I'll always be English and I want our country back 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

[@jonathandnicholson]

Very interesting...

[@wendyfield7708]

Excellent talk.

[@mjc01]

Brilliant.

[@joeowens6180]

An absolutely brilliant analysis, right up to the present moment. One of the many sad consequences of this divide is the loss to Catholics of the magnificent translations of Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer - in most cases far and away the best translations of the hated Missale Romanum. Cranmer preserved the meaning of most Collects, Secrets, and Postcommunion prayers far more faithfully and beautifully than any of the so called "periti" of the Second Vatican Council. Also, Catholic refusal to incorporate some of the truly excellent hymns Anglicans use -- all these things lead to the collusion that Catholics have learned also how to hate Anglican Protestantism, and refuse to learn from its centuries old trials with changing Latin texts to English. Cranmer did it better than any Catholic scholar of the Vat II era ever could. And I want to make it clear that this writer is a Catholic - one who mourns over the destruction of graceful and elegant language in our Liturgy. We should have looked to England! We even did temporarily in the 60's by accepting for our use the Revised Standard Version. Now we have that apogee of cheap language called "The New American Bible." All I can say is - American Catholics deserve it.

[@thomasjhenniganw]

Do you speak Shakespearean English? I see no reason why 15th century English ought to be maintained in the liturgy. Yes, there are some aspects of Anglicanism that would enrich Catholic liturgy. I am hopeful that this will happen and that the Anglican Church and mainline Protestantism will abolish themselves by means of their secularization. At present, we have too many in the Catholic Church who want to follow the same disastrous route. I am not in favor of the Post Vatican II translations and much of the bad liturgy that has resulted. We need real reform.

[@joeowens6180]

@@thomasjhenniganw At least we agree totally about the bad liturgy as a result of Vat II, and we very much do need a real reform. But we will never see it under the present anti-Christ pope Francis - or his kind.

[@silveriorebelo8045]

that is a pretty insignificant bad consequence...

[@fidelisfaber4961]

Perhaps you should look for a church belonging to the Personal Ordinariate? They are Catholic in full communion with Rome but use a version of the old BCP.

[@carltonpoindexter2034]

@@joeowens6180 see my posted comment below and thank you.

[@rightside]

“How sweeping generalisations foster hate”

[@johnfisher247]

I suggest you Google some of the filthy images Luther circulated in cartoon form. Luther, Calvin, Zwingli fought eachother and each sowed doubts so their fallible opinions would give them power.

[@rightside]

@@johnfisher247 you talkin to me?

[@alfredfanshaw4786]

@@johnfisher247 No popery

[@thomasjhenniganw]

@@johnfisher247 How could their opinions be other than fallible? Who gave them the authority to preach or teach what they preached. They had no support from Biblical Prophecy or from miracles, which is what the early Church based the truth of its teaching on especially when directed to Jews, as can be seen in the case of St. Paul.

[@eldermillennial8330]

@@thomasjhenniganw Rome’s only valid rival is Orthodoxy. All others are built on straw.

[@missrockafella9432]

How many people know that it was because of a Welsh king that England became a Protestant nation.

[@MrMustang13]

And now wales is atheist and spiritually dead. Ironic.

[@ШтурмикРезкий]

John Wycliffe was associated with the saxons, probably, John Foxe and/or Cranmer, too (both sound like saxon surnames and loved literature).

[@crustyoldfart]

All this is designed to impress other historians. The material is focused on an apparent struggle arising from a schism of individual religious beliefs. The main determinant of subsequent events whereby England made the uneven transition from Catholic to Protestant is surely the distribution or redistribution of wealth. Henry VIII started stealing Catholic wealth, blocking the previously routine payments to Rome. Recall that Henry VIII had earlier in his life been accorded the title " Defender of the Faith " by the Pope of the day as a recognition of his published work aimed at repudiating the evangelistic movement then taking root in continental Europe. Henry wanted to preserve the old religion as " Catholicism without the papacy ", which allowed him to steal Catholic money but support the same religious system. For much of the remaining Tudor period this theft continued. Where there is money, there is the power, so it was probably inevitable that Catholicism would diminish as Protestants became richer with their accumulating wealth. To take a wider world picture - it is the countries which rejected Catholicism which prospered while those that did not declined in power over the next century,

[@rusoviettovarich9221]

Amen - no more common land for peasants to use for grazing...no more forests to procure wood....no more killing of game...no more true charity from the clergy for the true needy No now it's all the state or for the 16th century it belongs to what high end bigot that never gave a fig about Christ that that corrupt 400 lb sack of *&^% gave after marrying his 5th wife

[@fritzfieldwrangle-clouder7299]

@@rusoviettovarich9221 He sounds like aright little Beria, him.

[@carltonpoindexter2034]

And now it has gone full circle. The protestant countries (including here in the US) we are back to TWO CLASSES: the poor and rich, i.e. the technofascist elite and everyone else.

[@fritzfieldwrangle-clouder7299]

@@carltonpoindexter2034 Your faith in the existence of the 'everyone else' is impressive.

[@carltonpoindexter2034]

@@fritzfieldwrangle-clouder7299 being the politicians and the the unelected paper pushers of all the agencies in the EU and US.

[@DanielHerrera-rl1vw]

There were a lot of catholic English people who sought refuge in Spain and their families are still there generations later

[@leomarkaable1]

The meeting in Vatican City, on KZbin, of Queen Elizabeth and Francis, seems rather frosty. She mentions she has a policeman with her, in the greeting. Rather odd.

[@franzfleischer3476]

She doesn't mention she has a policeman - she introduces him to the Pope,. along with other members of her traveling household (assistant, doctor etc.). It isn't remotely odd. It's polite. And as for 'frosty' ... two elderly people, heads/figure-heads of their respective countries, deeply schooled in diplomacy and etiquette, meeting for the first time, briefly, in a room full of courtiers, photographers and reporters ... how exactly would you expect them to act?

[@CatholicNeil]

England would be better off as Catholic

[@BADALICE]

WOW, That's still life in toilet.

[@CatholicNeil]

@@BADALICE No, England would have spread the faith like the French, Spanish, Italians and Portuguese did. Instead of being the largest empire, they would have brought souls to the truth.

[@CatholicNeil]

The church in the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church

[@BADALICE]

@@CatholicNeil There is nothing holy about the Catholic church. Look at all the wealth the church has stolen from the poor. Napoleon was right.

[@myhonestreaction6217]

Actually God doesnt need goĺd and expensive stuff just to worship him all you need to do is have faith and do good works

[@mr.bluegreen3696]

To conform to Catholic faith or Creed is the best way to accept or follow Christ.

[@Phil-uj4lj]

Fantastic lecturer. Super interesting.

[@Rohilla313]

“Tibi sidera rident “ should translate as “the stars smile upon you”.

[@helenamcginty4920]

Of course the long persecution of Irish Catholics by English protestants is poorly understood in England. The Irish were prohibited from practicing their religion and even denied education unless the claimed to be protestant. Of course that didn't stop them learning. They were taught in secret, their teachers risking imprisonment and worse at the hands of the notorious Black and Tans. My great grandfather is listed on the 1911 census as bi lingual in English and Irish but illiterate. But he it was who taught his children to read and write using a bible and some Charles Dickens novels he had. My grandfather left the far west, where the family had been driven during the plantation years, when he was 14 to come to England for work.

[@peacehope7365]

The penal laws etc were terrible of course. I believe in complete religious freedom and tolerance. But please remember it wasn't one-sided, Europe-wide. My ancestors were Huguenots, French protestants. They weren't just denied education etc; they were fleeing for their lives. Across Europe, on balance, there was far more persecution of protestants by catholics than the other way round. Vastly more. Ireland was really the exception. The Catholic church had a long history persecuting anyone with a different belief system, as evidenced by their centuries-long treatment of the Jews. Not to mention their treatment of the poor Cathars 😔 The Catholic church possibly has a bloodier history than any other religion. Including in Ireland, with its terrible treatment of women and children. But I distinguish the institution from the people. I don't have a problem with ordinary Catholic people at all. I take as I find 😊

[@danamarta7803]

I recommend E. Michael Jones.

[@theironherder]

I was surprised that the motet by de Lasso preceded the ascension of Cardinal Pole to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, at least according to the presentation slides of Alec Ryrie. Off topic, but light-hearted: if every RC diocese has just one cathedral and is headed by a bishop, and every RC archdiocese is headed by an archbishop, does each archdiocese have an archcathedral? Just wondered. And what instrument is used for brain surgery on a bishop? A mitre saw, of course.

[@MyDavidlynch]

Excellent lecture

[@dukenails7745]

Wonder what the lecture on France and protestants would be like...