हजारों वर्ष प्राचीन जैन गुफाएं / Ancient jain caves | tamilnadu

Vilapakkam is a small town in Vellore district of Tamilnadu. During the rule of Pallava dynasty (400 - 800 AD), this area & around was a place of busy activities. This otherwise insignificant town is now known for its rock-cut shrine & caves belonging to Nandivarma Pallava period (740 AD). The hillock and the caves are now known as Panchapandavar malai.
The first modern reference is found in the North Arcot district gazetteer of 18811. The gazetteer tells that the rock-cut shrine at the foot of the hill is referred as Yelu vasapadi or seven thresholds as six pillars at the entrance forming seven bays. On the same rock, just a short distance above this excavation, is cut a figure, some 2 ft sq, which is a Jain tirthankar. On the southern side of the hill two ancient inscriptions near a pool of water were mentioned. Some figures are carved on the face of the hill, five among those were referred as Pandavas. However these appear to be Jain images. There is also a cavern atop the hill with a spring. Sculpted figures of the famous monk Naganandi and a Jain Yakshi are seen near the spring.
The place has been taken up by Muslims who had built several tombs and a small mosque. The principal tomb is of Syed Mir Yassam, a saint whose wife and children are also buried close by.
REFERENCES FOUND:
1. A brief reference of this monument is found in the antiquarian list prepared by Robert Sewell for the Madras Presidency in 1882.
2. Dubreuil includes this shrine in his study of the Pallava antiquities, however he does not provide any specific details except mentioning that as no inscription was found in the shrine, it can be surely considered as a Pallava period temple however its exact date cannot be determined.
3. A detailed study of this shrine was provided by K.R.Srinivasan in his compendium on the Pallava cave temples published in 1964.
The name Pancha Pandava Malai suggests its association with the Pandavas of the Mahabharata, however this is just an attempt to attach the antiquity of the monument to the Mahabharata period. From the inscriptions found in the village, it appears that it was a flourishing Jain center till about 11th century CE. An inscription of the Chola king Parantaka I mentions digging of a well by a female disciple of a Jain teacher for the benefit of a nunnery. This suggests that the village had a good number of population of Jain monks, male as well as female.
PANCH-PANDAVA CAVE TEMPLE:
This shrine is excavated on the eastern face of a large hillock running north-south. K R Srinivasan tells that this hillock is called Periya-Tiruppamalai or Pancha-pandava-malai. This shrine is excavated about 4.5 feet above the ground level and no provision was made for rock-cut staircase similar to other constructions credited to Mahendravarman I, such as at Mandagapattu. It has a mukha-mandapa, ardha-mandapa and cells at the rear wall. The front façade is supported on six pillars and two pilasters. Another row of six pillars and two pilasters separates the mukha-mandapa from ardha-mandapa. There are seven niches carved out on the back wall of the cave. All the cells are empty, however there is a sill in all the cells, perhaps to support a wooden or metal image. The side walls are left with square uncarved blocks, which suggest that the plan was to excavate these little deeper intended for a cell probably. Over the rain drip line on the front facade of this shrine, a Jain tirthankar image is carved. This image as well as a natural cavern above this shrine with Jain inscriptions and sculptures suggests that this rock-cut shrine was used by the Jain pilgrims and recluses. K R Srinivasan is of opinion that this excavation can be ascribed to the Pallava king Mahendravarman I based upon arguments that many of his excavations were done near Jain centers.
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