Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis | Kidney Transplant | Class 12 Biology

About This Video
Kidney Problems and Cures
Unusual situations may arise in the function of the kidney by factors originating within the kidney or
outside. These cause serious kidney diseases.
Kidney Stones: Stony materials are found in the kidney and these cause urinary obstruction and
are generally complicated by infections. These stones have specified chemical nature. These are
formed in metabolic disease, hypercalcemia i.e. high level of circulating calcium in blood because
of other diseases. Hyperoxaluria i.e. higher blood level of oxalates is another contributing factor in
the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Oxalates are present in green vegetables and tomatoes
therefore may be the source of hyperoxaluria. The incidence of calcium oxalate type stones are
70% of all the kidney stones. The incidence of other types of stones of calcium phosphate and of
uric acid is 15% and 10% respectively. These salts are precipitated out during urine formation and
accumulate later to form stone
Lithotripsy: The kidney stones have been removed by kidney surgery. Presently lithotripsy is used
for non-surgical removal of kidney stone. It is the technique used to break up stones that form in
the kidney, ureter, or gall bladder. There are several ways to do it, although the most common is
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. High concentrations of X-ray or ultrasound are directed from
a machine outside the body to the stone inside. The shock waves break the stone in tiny pieces or
into sand, which is passed out of the body in urine.
Renal Failure: Various factors of pathological and chemical nature may progressively destroy the
nephron, particularly it's glomerular part. This results in an increase in the plasma level of urea and
other nitrogenous wastes. The rise in urea causes complications of increase in blood pressure and
anemia etc.
Dialysis: In chronic renal failure, the function of the kidney is completely lost and is unable to
remove nitrogenous waste. To remove nitrogenous waste, particularly the urea, the blood of the
patient is treated through dialysis. It cleans the blood either by passing it through an artificial
kidney or by filtering it within the abdomen. The wastes and excess water are removed during the
treatment as is done by the healthy kidneys.
There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Hemodialysis means ‘cleaning the blood’. In this procedure, blood is circulated through a machine
which contains a dialyzer also called an artificial kidney. Dialyzer has two spaces separated by
thin membrane. Blood passes from one side of the membrane and dialysis fluid on the other. The
wastes and excess water pass from the blood through the membrane into the dialysis fluid.
Peritoneal dialysis work on the same principle except that abdomen has a peritoneal cavity, lined
by a thin epithelium called the peritoneum. Peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid that enters the
body through a catheter. Excess water and wastes pass through the peritoneum into the dialysis
fluid. This process is repeated several times a day. Dialyzer is a kidney machine that works on the
same principle as in a kidney for removal of nitrogenous wastes and excess water from the blood.
It is used after kidney failure and dialysis is done again and again until a matching donor’s kidney
is transplanted.
Kidney Transplant: Dialysis may be used as a temporary measure. In high degree renal failure also
called as uremia or end-stage renal disease, the dialysis can not be done hence thus the surgical
transplantation of a matching donor kidney is the only option left for as the permanent treatment.

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Abdomen m Jo cavity hoti h osy peritoneal cavity khty h...or paritonium tu kidney ki upr ho layer hoti h protective layer os peritonium khty h

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[@seemayaqoobnadiadwala2933]

agar ek right kidny 2.9cm stone ki wajah kidny 17% kaam.krti hai aur ek left kidny 83% kaam krti hai to kya jo right kidny 17% kaam krti hai is ko nikalna zaruri hai ya ilaj hojata hai aur agar ek kidny nikal de to dusri kidny 83% hai to kya sahi tarah jii sakte hai please jawab zarur dena

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