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Constantinople, the contemporary city of Istanbul in Turkey, was the capital of the Roman Empire for more than a thousand years. It emerged from an ancient Greek colony established in the 7th century BC. C. and became one of the most important cities of the Middle Ages. In 324, Emperor Constantine officially moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to the city of Byzantium.
Many Greeks and other Balkan peoples, fearing death or forced conversion to Islam, fled westward across the Adriatic Sea to Italy. Many of these refugees took with them vast wealth of ancient art and knowledge, which helped usher in the Renaissance.
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