HISTORY OF MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA (NUSANTARA) - EVERY YEAR

[@PO.RO.MD.ORT16]

Seriously, I really appreciate this video. I've always had so many problems trying to research Southeast Asia's history, and to then map them out. I think this video will come in handy at times, thank you for your work! 🎉😮

[@freddymapping]

Absolutely loved this comment

[@jewjewthanawat]

I have done some more research, so now I can point out more details about the mainland part. 1. Tenessarim Coastline I never heard that Tenessarim was under southern states (Srivijaya, Tambralinga, etc.) after the foundation of the Khmer Empire. They might be independent or parts of northern states like Lavo, Khmer, or Pagan (claimed after 1057), then Sukhothai. In the early Ayutthaya kingdom (1351-1468), Tavoy (at upper coastline) and Tenessarim (at lower coastline) states were recognized as vassals/tributaries, fully autonomous, same as Ligor. The latter territory changes (through Burmese-Siamese wars) you missed are: - Konbaung Empire captured the entire coastline during the year 1760 - The coastline submitted to Siam during the year 1792 2. pre-Ayutthaya states and early Ayutthaya Kingdom In 1238, there was no evidence that Sukhothai had already taken over the lower Chaopraya region. The historical record of this region during 1238-1351 is very few and scattered, and even conflict with each other. And most of them are not properly translated into foreign languages or digitalized yet. However, I can introduce roughly to you that the city-states that existed at that time include: - Lavo (the last era) - Ayodhya (later became Ayutthaya) - Suphannaphum (center at Suphanburi province) - Phetchaburi (center at Phetchaburi province) - Chanthaburi (center at Chantaburi province) Their status was unknown. They may be independent or vassals of the declining Khmer Empire or vassals to each other. - In 1238, Sukhothai seemed to rebel against the Lavo-Ayodhya ruler. - The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription claimed that Suphannaphum, Petchaburi, and Ligor are under Sukhothai's influence. - The Yuan dynasty recorded the tribute from the Kingdom of Sukhothai (1299), the Kingdom of Lavo (from ~1278), the city-state of Phetchaburi (1294), and the mysterious "Kingdom of Siam" (Xian, 暹) (from ~1278). So, it is very likely that they were independent. You can further check from Yuanshi (History of Yuan, and also other Chinese sources). - There is no evidence concluding where "Siam" should be (it might be Suphannaphum or even the confederation of Chaopraya region's states except Lavo). What is important for this video is that "Siam" invaded the Malay Peninsula and may have taken some states as its vassals. - Then, in 1351, Ayutthaya was founded by uniting Siam and Lavo, so Siam's vassals were Ayutthaya's. As far as I understand, the early Ayutthaya KIngdom recognized Lavo, Suphannaphum, and Petchaburi as viceroy states; the king appointed princes to rule (like how the Toungoo Empire did). And it claimed Ligor, Chanthaburi, Tavoy, Tenessarim, "Malacca", and "Java" as vassals/tributaries in the chronicle. (Where these last two could be is out of my interest, so I leave them to you to check) - In 1468, Ayutthaya reformed its division. Viceroy states and Chanthaburi are dissolved. Ligor, Tavoy, and Tenessarim were defined as provinces rather than distinct kingdoms; however, they still maintained high autonomy. 3. Cambodia I took some notes, mainly from the translated Cambodia chronicle, plus some details from Wikipedia. This is just a brief order of events, and I do not guarantee that all of them are accurate. ref: digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:147507 Unfortunately, I cannot find the English version. These two below might be good substitutes. - angkordatabase.asia/publications/siamese-attacks-on-angkor-before-1430 - ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=2446&context=theses&type=additional - Ayutthaya invaded Khmer and installed vassal kings during 1352-1356 and 1394-1421. - Cambodia fell into a civil war between King Srei Reachea and his successor (occupied west), King Srei Soriyotei II (occupied east), and King Thommo Reachea I (occupied south) during 1461-1475. Afterward, the kingdom submitted to Ayutthaya until 1512. - A revolt led by Sdach Korn broke out in 1512. The pro-Siamese king Ang Chan I brought a Siamese army to fight in 1516 (occupied west). Ang Chan I won this civil war in 1525. He stopped submitting to Siam in 1530. - Ayutthaya, under King Naresuan, conquered Cambodia in 1594, but his army was repelled shortly after. However, Ayutthaya eventually installed a vassal king again in 1603-1618. - After ~1658, Nguyen lords started claiming that Cambodia was their vassal. (This needs rechecking with Vietnamese sources) - Then Thonburi won the Siamese-Vietnamese war in 1773 and claimed suzerainty over Cambodia. 4. Champa and Nguyễn lords - After the war in 1471, the rump state (Panduranga) was tributary to Dai Viet until 1526. - Kauthara province seemed to fall into Nguyen lords in 1611. - Nguyen lords during 1788-1802 sent tributes (Bunga Mas) to Siam. So, nominally, Siam perceives this state as a (weak) vassal like Cambodia. However, from another side, saying it is independent is also not wrong. This kind of relationship (tributaries/weak vassals/nominal submission) is common, so it is up to your justification. In my opinion, it does not fit with the three-color system (self, vassal, temporarily occupied?) Maybe it should be the fourth one?

[@freddymapping]

I will take note of it, but I have to clarify, it's just the simple history of Mainland SEA without all the tributary states and all that stuff. Nevertheless, I really appreciate your hard work of researching all this, it's amazing and I would definitely base your research for something else in the future. Once again, thanks :)

[@jewjewthanawat]

I understand your point, so I will add little more comments: 1. When I posted a detailed comment, I didn't expect you to do more work to satisfy me. I just share what I think benefits future historical mapmaking. As far as I know, the mainland SEA history (and maybe other parts of the world) has not yet become a "unanimous story." As you can see, there are debates between people on the internet (even on this channel). The history (and so, the map) can still change over time. And that's how I think mapmaking work has its value. Because you are presenting the current state of history. I totally don't mind when your map has some mistakes or lack of details. And I expect more people to recreate the map like this in the future. 2. Now, the hard part. I am unsure what your concept of "simple history" is, but I can say excluding tributary states is not simple because it is hard to distinguish between vassals and tributaries in this region. If you wish to do so, you have to recheck the relationship of every state. - When I choose between these terms, I estimate from my experience (a.k.a. guessing). But you might have your own standard that is different from mine. - For example, the Toungoo Empire obviously made everyone vassals because all states were forced to send hostages and an army to aid Toungoo in the war. - Another example is that (almost) everyone is a tributary to the Chinese emperor, and the tribute system is obviously just for trading. - The problem is Siam (Ayutthaya-Thonburi-Rattanakosin) has the pledge allegiance ritual that all vassals (including Ligor, etc.) must do every year. - However, for the rest, which Siam recognized as "ประเทศราช": Cambodia, 3 Lan Xang kingdoms, 5 Lan Na kingdoms, 4 Malay states, etc., I always refer to them as tributary states because Siam seemed not to expect anything more than Bunga Mas. Tax? Likely no. Military service? Rarely (or never for some of them). However, people still regard them as vassals. - For Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, I found that the tribute is more than just Bunga Mas (however, I still think it can be called trading); for example, Siam once ordered him to build warships and offer to the king. vajirayana.org/พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์-รัชกาลที่-๑/๕๖-ปราบรายาเมืองตานี

[@Aninkovsky]

This is awesome

[@freddymapping]

Thank you!

[@nojusy1992]

Nice video but there some errors I noticed 1. Johor had a war with Pahang in 1612 I am pretty sure Johor annexes it a few times but when it was a personal Union with pahang you also showed as Johor territory 2. Maguindanao wasn’t that big also the name of the location is wrong you confused sultanates 3. Brunei only controlled the coast not the interior 4. Where did you get the source for ending border of tidore? I couldn’t find it 5. Almost all Papuan kingdoms and polities are missing although that is not the main subject of the video 6. Phillipines in general seems to be simplified but again that is not the main subject of the video 7. Most princely states in Indonesia are missing but to be fair there are a lot and to make an accurate map you have to combine a lot of maps together Papuan princely states are aren’t but there is almost no data on them at all 8. Indochina and Khmer are missing all automies and rebellions but beside from that they are surprisingly accurate for the national boundaries 9. Some kingdoms are not included in Indonesia that were included in Lazardi’s videos for some reason despite lazardi’s video pretty sure some kingdoms were not dissolved in the 17th century although heavily reduced becoming a princely state 9. I think Bali had autonomies under the gelgel that eventually revolted against it like shown in the video but these were only traditional titles so I am not so sure if you should include them 10. Sulawesi is very accurate so I give you that but why do all princely states cease to exist in the 1930s also lazardi’s border’s have the same shape but there are often inconsistent compared to his other videos although there are the same shape all his new videos are better than his old ones so it is better so see if it followed a river or not 11. Bulungan is not shown as big as shown in your video compared to lazardi’s video at the start of it I think this mistake probably to do with tracing error also the boundaries are based on the extent of the kanyan tribe but there are other people living there also so I am not sure that it is not accurate or not the extent 12. But as I can see you tried very hard for the video you should use Malay history books since you are a malaysian and there is a lot of information in there nice video

[@freddymapping]

Thanks for the comment! It's difficult to map out something so tediously yet it still lacks some things. I had to stay up late for this and it cost me a lot of effort and time to make out something like this. I would improve if I had the time to, I really tried my best I'm sorry

[@CartographicalHistory]

Nice work man!

[@freddymapping]

Thanks! I appreciate it :)

[@Eldrich4291]

6:05 Japan just bulldozes in and "JAPAN THE LIGHT OF ASIA, JAPAN THE PROTECTOR OF ASIA, JAPAN THE LEADER OF ASIA!!"