HIV Life Cycle | HHMI BioInteractive Video

How HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase and the host's cellular machinery.
For more information on HIV', visit www.biointeractive.org/classr...

[@ethellochrose6531]

Honestly, I have so much respect for animators. I'm a 2nd year medical student and this video has been so so helpful. Great job, guys!💫👏

[@TalhaPenArt]

Damn you’re doing this in second year ??? I’m doing this in year 13, hopefully I get into medicine soon, still waiting on Uk offers :(

[@huiioyasin1070]

1st year ma ap ky kitny marks hn

[@luxxerpolman470]

@@TalhaPenArt ikr, I’m doing this in grade 11 and I’m just 15

[@pdevine999]

Its a good job students have animators to create viruses and then funded studies to create a backstory for the particles . Without that your simply studying something that never existed .

[@SoLoGLidez]

@@pdevine999 are you hinting that this is all bs? if so that’s funny

[@mntonja]

I just wish I had KZbin and the internet back in high school. It gets much easier to understand these concepts when you see them in action as opposed to reading about it.

[@inuahead1218]

How do u know this really happens. Virus being in a cell in a live host. How can this cycle be seen? In a live person? In this detail.?

[@user-mo2sg8mf5k]

@@inuahead1218microscopes probably

[@debayan19]

One of the best descriptive animated video in KZbin for a viral infection cycle. A piece of advice cum request: Please make similar animated videos on different viruses like HBV, HSV, HCV, POLIOVIRUS, CORONAVIRUS, MYXOVIRUS, etc.

[@sehoraneratau4375]

Cant express how helpful this video was,. Thank you so much, you are doing The Lords work for sure

[@vanajasrimbbtc2769]

such a great visualization...thank you so much for scientist for finding all these complex process....

[@hulyagizemozkan184]

best intensive and clear explanation, thank you!

[@Daniman-nk2vj]

Nice pic

[@priyankasangasani6954]

Topic wise crystal clear visualisations 👌

[@Jindy2]

Excellent clip - very clear and well explained. Thanks!

[@abcmaniabcmani9361]

💯💯💯💯 I am pre medical student and get many help from this animation I am thankful of animators🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰

[@lavenderlouvesx_]

This video really made me understand the lifecycle of hiv

[@MrEthanhines]

Now, can you make the same highly detailed video on Sars-Cov2? Showing the spike protein and ace2 receptor and conformational change in spike protein by TMPRSS2 and endocytosis along with the viral RNA dependant RNA polymerase, and the way the host ribosome sometimes frameshifts to read either ORFA/B and then proceeds to create negative strand subgenomic rnas, and how replication-transcription complexes are created and how they prevent interferon-α from being expressed and how non-structural proteins downregulate host immune responses. And finally how a low cost drug could prevent certain steps in viral replication

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

Such as adenosine nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors?

[@user-mo2sg8mf5k]

No need. HIV is worse than Sars-Cov

[@Sophia-gc5yz]

Thanks for this video! Helped me out with my genetics class.

[@nighteyes.5455]

Leaving a comment for the algorithm. This was great, 10/10.

[@eeltauy]

I'm just speechless!

[@JoaoVictor-dw2ci]

This video is magnificent to understand the whole process happening !!! amazing

[@shahmohshafi6103]

This video is really awesome and a great way to clear the concepts

[@Karan-wz7pt]

this is spooky and mind-boggling at the same time

[@Dr_SteveK]

Brilliant, very brilliant depiction and quite concise. Thank you

[@biointeractive]

You're very welcome!

[@buddy8998]

being A Neet Aspirant I have Watch This Video About 10 times...lol Before every test i Watch it Insted Of reading NCERT

[@Folkmarev]

Wow! Clear and amazing explanation, thank u so much

[@Ciaran55]

I started reading more and more about the immune system and these things we call viruses. But that only makes me want to ask more and more questions. For one thing, how does a strand of genetic material even know how to get into the nucleus? Do viruses need energy, and what are 'proteins' exactly? Rambling aside, thank you for the video! Life is incredibly complex

[@kallashnykov]

Well a strand of genetic material is information. The virus has all the information necessary for it to get into the cell and multiply embedded in its dna. Proteins are biomolecules that carry functions inside a living being.

[@bigpardner]

@Unique Pros Sperm have motility

[@bigpardner]

Why would a virus need energy for if it is not a living thing? Nothing in this animation has ever been observed has it? Doesn't that make it all theoretical?

[@pdevine999]

@Abhiyanshu Chaudhary ribosomes probably don't even exist , I bet they never learned you about the work of Harold Hillman , they have turned something way too complicated for the human brain to understand or observe into simple materialistic blocks or repeatable information , the problem is is that its 99% wrong.

[@biointeractive]

Which 1% is right? Just asking

[@librarieskim8569]

Finally, i finally understand this thing thanks to your amazing animated video and your explanation. Thanks a alot

[@biointeractive]

Glad it helped!

[@t.r.4496]

Somebody figured all this out with a microscope, all I can say is bravo.

[@gerontodon]

Did they? I doubt it, because that's not how it was 'isolated'.

[@coneyworks8791]

Most viruses are too small to be seen with a typical light microscope however can be seen with a electron microscope. But I quite agree, still bravo :)

[@librarieskim8569]

I subscribe a channel after a long time, can't miss your videos

[@tayyabasehar1561]

Thank u so much for this kind of act

[@yangjiansir]

So complex how do the scientist find such process?

[@williamcahyadi]

Curiosity

[@thundaga4005]

By forming hypotheses and testing them against laboratory experiments, repeated over and over again.

[@kotsaris87]

By doing science.

[@razvanboasca1146]

Because they made it.

[@shafiulismam5334]

Biochemistry X Genetics

[@mobinshafeian2711]

incredible video, this video was super good for my school project

[@zubaireditz5900]

The best of best video

[@warriork4802]

The best one 👏👏😊

[@kidspremieretv]

Thank you 💗 sir, This video are really very helpful for me , in this video we are easily and clearly understand.

[@minahalriazbutt121]

thank u so much sir for such a best video.......it is really helpful in understanding the whole process which would otherwise be very difficult to learn

[@biointeractive]

You are most welcome

[@Static_Symphony]

Really interesting video. Thanks for posting! :)

[@biointeractive]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@shafiulismam5334]

make more technical videos like this pls

[@jaethegoddexx]

This was great to follow along

[@fatamajolly6012]

Excellent video

[@maniblue707]

very usefull

[@thandolwethuntombela8691]

best video on the internet me thinks!

[@user-hi3je8jx1o]

thank you so much for that amazing video

[@biointeractive]

Glad you liked it!

[@vladimirvondracek7570]

Excelent video, thank you

[@biointeractive]

You are welcome!

[@InfinixHotPlay-vn6cv]

Animation is the best way of learning.

[@mcdonnell-douglasdc-1087]

EXCELLENT.

[@vicente5942]

Important to mention, is the fact that CD4 receptor is not exclusive to T helper cells. The CD4 receptor is in T helper cells, macrophage , dendritic cells, and others.

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

That's correct, however the main target cells of HIV-1/2 are CD4 expressing T-Helper leykocytes.

[@Alasr27]

Thanks so much.. Alot of work has been accomplished for me

[@biointeractive]

You are so welcome

[@rudygarcia2567]

Agree 100 percent. Nice video. I only have 1 question why can't the body detect Hiv during the early phase or upon entry? I have a theory which could be extremely wrong- because Hiv is so unique- the body of course can detect Hiv. However during early immune response Hiv can easily elude this by giving up its receptor sites( gp 120). The immune system would stop attacking the virus because it only attacks virus with antennas or gp 120. In the absence of gp 120 it would shut down. Then Hiv would grow back its gp 120 if threatened again it would give it up again. The process would go on and on until it reaches its target tcells. By then it's checkmate.anyway it's just a theory which is probably wrong anyway. I just wish people with Hiv aids will be healed soonest.

[@puteripelangi3388]

@Unique Pros yup

[@mortadhaqasim959]

Well done 👏🏻

[@gjzztrrettmmggrrertzhgyena4950]

Thanks Sir🖐💖💖💖💖

[@natalierobinson177]

I would have done so much better in highschool if the internet was around. It’s hard for me to grasp these concepts without a visual ❤❤❤ really helping me in college

[@sharafallmai8140]

Thank you

[@noorain_fathima]

Superbbb

[@andrashajdu]

Its amazing that we are able to understand this

[@junepadi4362]

Now that we understand it, how do we neutralize it, permanently.

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

​@@junepadi4362bNAB's? Latency reversal agents?

[@moulya.s5066]

Tq fr d information

[@Dr.Iftekharbaloch]

Very informative. What happens to 2nd RNA strand?

[@sina8398]

when HIV enters the cell both of RNA's form a double stranded viral DNA , and that DNA will go and stick to the host DNA. so that will cause a long-life infection because scientist are not able to remove that viral DNA from the host DNA

[@yaranady9860]

Perfect ❤️

[@rawandahhan8866]

Perfect!!

[@sarwatfatima4946]

well explained

[@Hareemqureshi991]

Thank u so much Sir❤❤❤

[@ilyasyo6079]

thnk you very mutch

[@shafiulismam5334]

Hi Biointeractive, make one like this for corona virus

[@vishnujwalapuram1415]

Excellent Video with good Voice description !! it is shocking to see how many activities inside our body happens with such high precision. what direct Virus to do all these ? the whole ego of any organism is reflected in the form of multiplication of itself. Is Virus doing the same ?

[@Cleeon]

Chemical reaction, by the natural law, all creature programmed to keep their existence, they just want to stay "immortal" or exist

[@bigpardner]

If virus is not alive it is not an "organism" is it?

[@tinabrahim7085]

Great video!

[@ahmadbhaiyat3015]

Agreed

[@biointeractive]

Thanks!

[@user-hl3uv3ki5c]

Very helpful, thanks

[@biointeractive]

Glad it was helpful!

[@user-nm1rh3ih5x]

I subscribed your channel bcz of this beautiful video, thanks! If you add more detail like from how it enters our body + for macrophage i.e. CXCR4 …… its budding off and destroying the cell membrane. Again Thanks for you👍

[@yersinia3510]

I thought CCR5 coreceptor is required for HIV to enter macrophages? Based on my source, it is CXCR4 that is required for HIV to enter T-lymphocytes particularly T-helper cells. Can you please enlighten me?

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

Some strains of HIV utilise the CCR5 corepector, some use the CXCR4 coreceptor, and some use both. This is called HIV-tropism. Some people are co-infected with both CCR5 and CXCR4 trophic viruses. This is known as HIV superinfection.

[@syntacticcave9514]

Very interesting

[@sugarbrownies8080]

what happens to the other rna asit is double rna

[@jonathanmwanzia1804]

wonderful one

[@biointeractive]

Many thanks

[@omarsantiago2826]

excelente

[@TheWa4er]

It would be great to see a similar video about how modern HIV medicines works

[@antonioacevedo5200]

I am no expert by any means, but I just watched another video where it explained that medications specialize in preventing one or more of the sequences that occur during the replication processes of HIV. What I wonder is if these retroviruses eventually die of old age.

[@roo6784]

Antonio Acevedo Unfortunately no, viruses cannot be killed. Viruses are non living microorganisms that contain genetic coding (DNA, RNA, etc). However, a virus can only thrive if it invades a host, they cannot live independently. Once a virus binds its receptors to cells, they hijack the genetic instructions and multiply in vast numbers, unless a medication is taken to prevent the receptors from binding. But it would be difficult to predict a viral invasion because symptoms will not start until after the damage has already been done (Which in this case, would be the virus hijacking the genetic coding of an individual and multiplying).

[@bigpardner]

@@roo6784 In one sentence you say "viruses are non living microorganisms ". If non living they are not microorganisms are they? Organisms and microorganisms are living things. How can a virus invade a host if it is not living? How can it can or cannot "live independently" if it is not a living thing, an organism? How can something have a reproductive cycle if it is not alive?

[@biointeractive]

www.sciencenews.org/article/viruses-alive-coronavirus-definition

[@Dr.Iftekharbaloch]

2:06 Single stranded DNA is again reverse transcribed? Since the single stranded DNA is used as a template for synthesis of 2nd strand of DNA so can we call it reverse transcription?

[@biointeractive]

Good point, that shouldn't be considered reverse transcription I don't think. Many of these animations will be re-narrated so we will check that. Thanks!

[@Dr.Iftekharbaloch]

@@biointeractive It would be better to narrate the polymerase and nuclease activity of reverse transcriptase..

[@thokling361]

The process is described by the narration (and subsequently the video) as a single operation and by the incorrect enzyme. It appears that DNA polymerase synthesises two single DNA strands from one, and DNA ligase joins two single DNA strands into one by joining DNA sugars on each strand together.

[@Dr.Iftekharbaloch]

@@biointeractive Still not re narrated...

[@biointeractive]

Thanks for bumping this. Turns out that reverse transcriptase does indeed make a double-stranded DNA molecule out of the single-stranded DNA. Using the phrase "reverse transcribed" is misleading, I agree, but reverse transcriptase is indeed the enzyme that does it. If we ever re-record this narration (the current one was taken from a live lecture) we will keep this in mind. "Reverse transcriptase (RT), also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into DNA. This enzyme is able to synthesize a double helix DNA once the RNA has been reverse transcribed in a first step into a single-strand DNA." From: www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/reverse-transcriptase

[@basisTermium]

i dont get how the virus know when too bud off?

[@jetrogutierrez1356]

The virus budds out once it has all the correct protiens to mature into an infectious hiv virus. Then it will mature outside of the cells after peotease does its job.

[@LOZtwilit]

Would it be possible to destroy those receptors somehow? If the virus can't replicate wouldn't it expire past the incubation period? I'm asking in all seriousness.

[@NotoriousPyro]

You'd die if you destroyed those receptors. They're used in immune response.

[@jamesjohnson1050]

Some HIV medication work by blocking the receptors on the virus.

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

​@@jamesjohnson1050Like Maraviroc, Enfurvitide and Ibalizumab?

[@sandrodream5418]

This is incredible only got the cold create this perfection

[@ozdevil4564]

How does Prep works?

[@alfmerck6262]

It creates chemicals that disrupt the virus's reproduction at all of the various stages described in the video.....1) it prevents the HIV entering the cell.....2) those that do enter the cell are then stopped from reverse-transcriptions....3) those that manage RT then get prevented from cleaving the DNA....and so on.

[@luislanga]

How does all that stuff move into the right place to do all that

[@marcayalde1953]

10/10 animation, W

[@wolfpackflt670]

Soo.....why not just use crisper to change the "keys" on the helper-t cells so that the virus can't enter?

[@biointeractive]

Main issue is changing the receptor enough to make it unrecognizable to the virus but still maintaining its regular function. (And that's assuming we get CRISPR working in humans)

[@KunglawAdy]

@@biointeractive man.... looking at this is like human body is just complex functional super computer with doing complex computation

[@inuahead1218]

How do u know this really happens? How can u study life cycle of virus which are within a cell in a live human. ?

[@ZKhan782]

From where other glycoprotein of virus com from on cell surface

[@80sbrunnette]

crazy, its as if it has a mind of its own!!

[@matman7691]

Can anyone explain like I'm five? How would reverse transcriptase be able to read the single strand of DNA? I have it in my head that reverse transcriptase only interacts with RNA. Am I simply incorrect in thinking this?

[@biointeractive]

Transcription is making RNA from a DNA sequence. That's why this is reverse transcriptase: it makes DNA from an RNA sequence.

[@ZKhan782]

What? You are only five and studying this 😨

[@Thaofficialsensei]

It’s as if the viruses are computer coded they come with their own installation software and everything 😮

[@knightshade6232]

do viruses move on their own do they have some mechanism to fly around or swim like bacteria??? if they do move this can require energy so they must eat but they do not eat?????????? can someone answer....

[@happyrick-c1327]

Yes

[@bigpardner]

Aren't viruses not alive, not a living thing, not an organism? If that is the case how could they move? How can something not alive have a reproductive cycle?

[@alfmerck6262]

It's all chemical rection. Remember, there are millions/billions of HIV roaming around the body, and about 1-4% of them get the job done (against about 1500 immune cells per cubic mm). So its not about 'eating' its about chemical reactions.

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

1:27 This video is inaccurate. The capsid is not shed upon fusion into the cytoplasm. The capsid travels intact from the cytoplasm and is imported into the nucleus through nuclear pores by nuclear import proteins. Reverse transcriptase happens while the RNA is still inside the capsid, and the capsid does not uncoat until the reverse transcriptase process has complete (inside the nucleus) and the viral DNA is then ready to integrate itself into the host DNA.

[@shivamghosh7019]

Can multiple hiv virus enter same cd4 cell ?

[@hiturbo1918]

Why can't the body detect all of this happening inside?

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

It can. Sometimes CD4 cells compromised by HIV can self-destruct, either by apoptosis or pyroptosis. This self-destruction mechanism is one of the major causes of CD4 cell depletion where HIV infection progresses into AIDS (CD4 count of less than 200 per uL of blood).

[@joeyng1282]

One question why HIV virus only targeting the T Helper cells but not other types of cells?

[@scrullybrully751]

Because the virus binds to a protein (CD4) that is only present in T helper cells. The HIV only has the "key" for a kind of "door" exclusive of T helper cells, while other cells have other kinds of "doors".

[@dr.k.nandhakumar]

How to create similar animation video

[@intelligentmind5028]

🙌

[@taniaratobilskaja-obreiter4616]

Классные видео! Сделайте pleas субтитры на русском oder auf Deutsch.

[@Letseewhat]

sneaky creatures!

[@gscreations8680]

Man, God Is Incredible! How He Programmed All These Functions In Our Body. Stay Blessed Everyone.

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

No this is just how we evolved.

[@hadianawaz7621]

❤

[@justforyou3371]

Macrophage???

[@jaylxxxi1908]

Its like cells are biological computer machines.

[@leonak7654]

Smart virus and scary !

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

Not smarts, just evolution and selection

[@ai7783]

Still no cure?

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

The issues with developing a cure is viral latency and the highly mutagenic nature of the virus

[@shafiulismam5334]

mmhmm this is the stuff

[@beingpositive74]

Upsc here

[@bluespark7182]

how the hell did this get in my recommended, the yt algorithm is weird

[@josephsimon4580]

Why can't they stop the intergrase from happening I kid you not I think I know what the cure for hiv antibodies I will bring this information to bear once I have time to do research.

[@Matthew-yc6nx]

They can. Molecules called integrase strand transfer inhibitors block the integrase enzyme from splicing the viral DNA into the host cell DNA. But, once integration occurs, the cell is compromised permanently, and no medication currently exists that can undo that. Because current HIV medications are designed to target steps in the HIV life cycle, they are only effective when the virus is actively reproducing. Another barrier is the fact that HIV-infected cells can remain dormant, and dormant HIV- infected CD4 cells aren't distinguishable by the immune system from non-infected CD4 cells, and there are no approved drugs or treatments that can reverse HIV latency. Therefore, in an HIV-positive individual, there will always be a reservoir of dormant, HIV-infected cells; hence, no cure for HIV currently exists. But scientists around the world are working to one day develop a cure, as well as potentially even a vaccine for HIV.