Linguistics (L1) part 7: Saussure's Dichotomies

[@seliyoon]

YOU LITERALLY SAVED MY LIFE

[@ghoufranehamadouche1508]

That was so clear and helpful You're such an amazing teacher Thank you for the efforts you're putting into these videos ❣️ I absolutely appreciate that And I hope you never stop posting Thank you

[@shivanih6991]

The explanation was crystal clear especially the way the concepts of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations were explained was very clear. I was searching for the videos which explain these concepts and fortunately I land up in this video. I feel grateful that I found this video. Thank you for such wonderful and comprehensive explanations.

[@gastoncarrion7411]

Great explanation. But i just want to point out that according of what i've studied Saussure didn't reject diachronic study of language. He argued that the synchronic description of language could be equally scientific and explanatory. So the aim of Saussure was that both approaches to language were complementary.

[@imaneamis3481]

You're absolutely an awesome teacher thanks I like the way you explain clearly

[@ghadahellal6732]

thank you a million sir! i have clearly understood by your videos they are so helpful . i adore your accent!

[@SumanKumari-wv6vl]

This is extremely helpful for me, please continue with these valuable lessons. Thank you🙏.

[@natashamarienavarro1043]

Wow! You made it really easy for learners to understand. Thank you!

[@abderraziqbelghazi9880]

Thank u so much i really saw many videos concerning this lecture but you're the only one that saved me, thanks a lot.

[@missmiyasou9717]

Our teacher had complicated this lesson thanks for simplifying things

[@kaoutherzeghdani9976]

You are an angel sent by God to save us ! Thank you

[@HM-English]

Thank you for the compliment, yet I am just a student like you, who's trying to help

[@Kit-np7gv]

This was actually really helpful!! Thanks a lot !!

[@nounazenatienne]

Thank you so much 🥰 you literally The best teacher I ever seen 🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 much love

[@lamrilamri1413]

THANK U SO MUCH MAY ALLAH BLESS U AND HELP U IN UR HARD MOMENTS AS U ALREADY DID TO ME

[@nournour2383]

بارك الله فيك 😍😍 والله رائع وجاء في الوقت الي راني محتاجتو فيه 😢 ربي يوفقك

[@HM-English]

glad to hear that good luck, share the channel with your classmates please

[@nournour2383]

Done 😊

[@thankyousomuchteacher.jami8966]

Thank you so much,I am really appreciate this and thank again for your clear explanation to this lessons .

[@cookwithme7017]

I have linguistics exam tomorrow nd i'm here trying to understand nd it's really helpful !!!! Thankies

[@engwithrano7830]

Thank you sir ...... for the second year

[@languagetv4756]

That was so clear and helpfu

[@refiloekoali968]

Highly appreciated

[@mariazobiri1156]

بارك الله فيك يعطيك الصحه شرحك هايل

[@amina6412]

you are doing such a great job, thank you so much and keep going 👏👏👏👏

[@gulcinsenol2790]

This video is awesome 👍👏

[@thepositivitywithfatima6579]

Thank you so much, your expanation was so clear for me and so helpful.

[@agnotso]

Thanks, Getting prepared for exam. This was helpful. God Bless you 😘

[@hidayetemaissakhamed8010]

fo real nothing to say except wonderful job !

[@imeneadli5978]

so thankful 💚

[@zoghbirayen3861]

Master2 student Thank you soo much

[@إنسان-ش9ذ]

An amazing channel and a good teacher. Thanks for your explanation. We need lessons about phonetics and especially transcription if you can do it. Good luck 😊😊

[@sabimehar4581]

Wow thank u 🥳🥳

[@ladz576]

You are doing such a great job 👍I get a good marks because of you

[@metroboomin8895]

Excellent video, also thank you, this helped me so much with preparing an exam

[@exoticgirl1273]

I'm so grateful to you Thanks a lot

[@mouraddjaref7476]

go ahead rbi yfrehk i like it

[@qurany6270]

Tysm sir u really helped me

[@khaoulabouanani9710]

I want the Difference between PSG amd TGG pls with a detailed explanation of TGG new rules

[@sourabhsinha1988]

Explained very well

[@imeneenglish6968]

Thank you so much sir I have an exam about this and this helped me a lot thank you ❤️

[@ghadadouak3391]

Thank you

[@fatooma218]

الله يجعلها في ميزان حسناتك مشكور اخي

[@Studywithwissam]

I can't thank you enough sir

[@CarolinaMartins-dw1el]

Is this related to Transitivity between languages? for example, the differences in laguages when they report something

[@vehlaylok8364]

Very good g👍

[@thequeen2871]

ما شاء الله قناتك رائعة يا ريت نلقى كل الدروس تع كل المقاييس ونتمنى يا خويا تزيد sous titre لاني مبتدئة وفاتتني الدروس deuxième diplôme والموافقة جات متأخرة من الوزارة نتمنى تساعدني بلي تقدر عليه

[@roufaidabouzeghaia8475]

this is extremely helpful , thank youu ❤️☺️

[@IkRam-rw1bi]

thank you sooooooooooooo much . I really appreciate that .

[@selenamervet6773]

Super useful bruh... Highly appreciated 🖤🥀 all wut do I need I found thm... Thank you 😊

[@anasbe7680]

thnx good luck

[@arthurflegenheimer7060]

What beautiful accent is this, are you French-South-African? I'm really curious. Swiss? A bit Dutch is in there too, please tell me.

[@HM-English]

Actually, I am Algerian, a country situated in North Africa, and I guess your comment makes sense, for it is a former French colony. So I am quite familiar with the French language and currently living in france, (most of my studies are in French) For the Dutch part I took a class for two years in high-school to study German perhaps it's related lol

[@arthurflegenheimer7060]

@@HM-English very interesting, thank you very much for the response! So my guessing French and Africa wasn't even that bad then, but I'm still surprised, I've talked to many people from the Maghreb and nobody had an accent like yours. Now that you mention it, I can hear similarities with other accents I've heard from North Africa too, but it seems yours is influenced by something like educated upper class speech from 19th century Scotland or New England or who knows --- sometimes you have an intonation like Manly Hall or one of the Huxleys. At times, you sound a lot like a native speaker but with no placeable accent, for example when you say "the second dichotomy is signifier versus signified," you sound like an elderly, educated Brit, however, there is that fronted er-sound that made me think of South Africa or Australia too. You also have it in 'word' and 'verb' etc. Also note 'through time' at 6:12 which is spot-on, or 'or in other words' at 6:18. 'But' at 4:43 sounds decidedly Dutch. 'Book', 'acoustic', 'okay', 'important', 'specific', 'of course' as well. Also pretty much the whole last sentence on answering FB messages. 'But' at 8:10 on the other hand is totally French. The Frenchie is revealed at some other points too, apart from your flawless pronunciation of the French words and names -- which was the only thing that made me initially say France --, but rarely. I spotted 'period' at 6:05 and 6:35, and words like study, relationship in some instances, and it mostly comes up in vicinity to 'parole' and 'langue' which make you code-switch for a moment. 'Linear aspect of language' at 7:35 is perfectly Swiss. "And I hope I made it (Dutch) clear for you (Aussie) today (Dutch)" at 9:35 is also remarkable. Very funny and interesting. Not funny in the making fun of you kind of way, of course, since it's obvious you're verbally very apt and multilingual. And it's a nice accent with individuality. If I may ask, what is your first language, is it Arabic or Berber or something else? After listening to it again I think it's very interesting that I hear so much Dutch in there, a lot more than French to my ears. Foreign language accents are special, I think, in that they are usually driven by a single native set of sounds, even for multilingual speakers, and they are particularly hard to get rid of, not only because of the native sounds, but also because the social 'langue'-aspects of varieties like French ESOL English is neglected. For example, I live in Switzerland, where many people's parents had immigrated from Italy or Ex Yugoslavia between the 50s and the 90s. Most of them grew up speaking Italian or Serbian or Albanian at home until going to school and then transitioned to being bilingual, constantly switching. Some retain a very slight accent from their first mother tongue into adulthood, although their Swiss German is near perfect. However, when they speak English, they all have a decidedly Swiss accent, and not a hint of Italian or whatever the first language was. I think that's most interesting. Consider -- I wonder if you agree -- if a Parisien has lived for extended periods in Québec, La Réunion, Texas and Melbourne, you will hear all these things when he speaks French or English. He will speak standard French with a hint of Canadian or a creole idiom here or there and a mix of Texan and Aussie with a slight French accent in English. But if his parents are Hungarian and he only started learning French when he was 5, that will not be noticeable in his English usually. Therefore, I doubt that it's because you've studied German, and I don't hear German at all. Also a funny thing about foreign language accents, how specific they are to culture sometimes and the borders they draw. A Dutch accent is completely different from a German or Swiss or Danish one, although the languages are closely related. Within Switzerland, you will find that a Bernese and a St. Gall native share a lot of their English accents, whereas in their native German, the Bernese are phonetically closer to Romance languages and Eastern Swiss German has a lot of sounds in common with Standard German. Also, for Maghreb accents, it's amazing how diverse they are as far as I learned, considering that from our perspective, everybody supposedly speaks Arabic. I understand that the varieties of Arabic are also very different languages. I'd love to hear more about it. For example, I've noticed Egyptian accents with a very distinctive R-sound. (I know, not Maghreb region) Korean, Chinese and Japanese ones are very different too. (I know, also not Maghreb. Also not related languages, but from a Western perspective, one could easily assume more similarities between either Korean and Chinese or Korean and Japanese accents, considering many people can't even tell the languages apart) Portuguese and Spanish accents are entirely different. Apart from the Portuguese being very good at languages and the Spanish very bad, it's also not so surprising considering Portuguese has twice the number of phonemes. (However, none of the several nasals and diphthongs seem to end up in the English accent, much in contrast with the Spanish labiodental obsessions. There is some similarity with the Korean, whose dramatic prosody is never present in English) Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian to me so far sounded much softer than Egyptian and closer to Southern European accents, and it's what I hear in your accent a bit too now, but only to a slight degree. These are much softer and more melodic in general and the R is much more open. The Egyptian sounds more like Middle Eastern, so clearly not Maghreb also by the sounds of the accents, I never thought about it. Does it correspond to the phonology of the local Arabic varieties? Lastly, to contribute something on-topic because I really liked the video, on signifier vs. signified: I have not read Saussure and don't mean to correct anything, and I think overall the distinction is of course valid. However, two things. First, I'm not sure whether the acoustic signal when we hear it is related to the general idea or concept, cognitively at least. The conventions for the many senses of a word establish that relation, and the relation, for example, of (meta alert) the acoustic image of uttering "acoustic image" with the idea here presented is well suited for this kind of linguistic ontology and understanding what a linguistic sign is. When I hear "acoustic image" the next time, however, I'll probably hear your voice or see the colours of your video and think of Saussure. That will then yank me into place to perform all the other philosophical operations necessary to appreciate the concept as a whole more or less adequately. When I hear "book", the first translation I get is visual, the book I see is blue and has a label with three lines. It is possible that this very much depends on one's native language, and to relate the sound of a word to its facettes of meaning is maybe more direct in Arabic, where kitab and all other KTB are related. This brings me to the second point, the arbitrariness of convention. Of course most words in most languages nowadays have arbitrary sounds, but again, I think it will depend on the language a lot. At least for onomatopoeia and ideophones, which are mostly modern coinages, the relation between sound and concept is not arbitrary. Most are gone, but I figure a lot of the original proto-language roots were originally onomatopoeia. One that has survived in most languages is Mama. In Chinese, where the syllable 'ma' has five different basic meanings depending on tone, the proto-onomato-roots get carried across written words by things called phonetic inputs. The hanzi for 'ma' (mother, high pitch) is woman(semantic) + horse(phonetic). Maybe that contradicts my theory since one would think that the mother is more primordial than the horse, but then again, maybe for the horse it's equally onomatopoetic and 'ma' (horse, fry sound) imitates the neighing. Who knows. PS: I only just by the end of writing this noticed the name of your channel, one more funny detail, since HM English will usually be read as His Majesty's English (not sure whether intended), which kind of fits the image I sometimes hear you invoke.

[@yam7084]

Thank you so much, don't know what to say That was super helpful

[@jenneipink8055]

you are a masterpiece thank u so much and teacher what about the European schools of stractualism Geneva and the rest

[@HM-English]

I didn't do them yet, but feel free to ask questions about them if needed

[@Macha16482]

Thank you so much, can you do language typology?

[@bouchraabh8025]

❤ thank u hichem

[@Walid_bouguelouz]

can u make a lecture about Bloomfield's distributionalism

[@aminaikrambelhadj9841]

Please i have à question the paradygmatic was called associatif why Saussur change it ?

[@aboubakarnidbella7758]

Thanks

[@fadwasadik2277]

Thank you so much 💕

[@ikramkhiari3970]

Sir can I ask you. My question is

[@HM-English]

The associative aspect of language refers to the ability to connect words, phrases, and sentences with other words, phrases, and sentences based on their meaning or context. This allows speakers and listeners to make connections between different pieces of information and understand the relationships between them. Examples of associative language include idioms, metaphors, and metonyms.

[@engwithrano7830]

Thank uuuuuu sir

[@rachidamr1573]

I really like it!!simple to understand Nice job,thank u sir♥ I just have a question concerning this(linguistics is descriptive not prescreptive) i dont know how to explain it

[@HM-English]

Descriptive is the type of Linguistics you are studying right now. (modern Linguistics) meaning after ferdinand De Saussure Prescriptive is usually during the antiquity (with latin greek sanskrit languages) they used to write rules (prescribe) in order to push ppl to use languagy correctly whereas today they only describe language (a characteristic of mosern Linguistics) I made a video about it (Linguistics as a scientific discipline) i advise you to watch it I hope i made things clearer to you

[@rachidamr1573]

@@HM-English oh thank you soo much god bless u♥

[@saraSara-br6re]

Can u please explain the lesson of ideograms and pictogarms please. ☺️☺️☺️☺️

[@ranialounes1049]

If we were asked in this lesson about HOW DO LANGUAGE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO DESSAUSURE ? What do you think we have to include in the answer ??

[@HM-English]

It's ambiguous your question

[@skfardin65]

how can i apply structuralism in poem?

[@cataleyea9315]

why de saussure considered langue as the primary concern in linguistics?

[@HM-English]

He argued that the primary concern in linguistics should be the study of this system, which he called "langue," rather than the individual use of language by speakers, which he referred to as "parole." De Saussure believed that the study of langue was essential for understanding how language functions as a system and how it changes over time.

[@HM-English]

Ferdinand de Saussure believed that the study of the langue, or the abstract system of rules underlying language, was more important than the study of the parole, or the actual use of language in communication. He argued that the parole is constantly changing and is influenced by a wide range of factors, such as social context, individual speakers, and historical events. In contrast, the langue is more stable and is less influenced by external factors. De Saussure believed that by studying the langue, linguists could gain a deeper understanding of how language works and how it is used in communication. Additionally, he argued that the study of the langue was necessary in order to understand how language has evolved over time and how it will continue to change in the future.

[@cataleyea9315]

@@HM-English I think that he priorities "langue" because it is the knowledge that enables us to speak and understand , so without we can't analyze or understand each other's utterances

[@HM-English]

@@cataleyea9315 in simple words yes. If you are writing an academic paper you need details; the ones I've given above.

[@cataleyea9315]

@@HM-English that's the problem :") i can't write it in an academic way

[@englishforanyone5430]

Thank you so much, your courses are very helpful and clear to understand

[@nournour2383]

And what about the other 2nd year lessons of liguistics .. please help us

[@HM-English]

What are you studying ?

[@nournour2383]

Post bloomfieldialism .. Origins of transformational generative grammar .. Key consepts ti TGG .. Sociolinguistits .. if u can help us 😊

[@HM-English]

I will see what i can do otherwise you can e-mail me

[@macarinamaco6285]

9rit 3and Mr berrabeh? The same lessons on the handouts hhhh

[@HM-English]

I do not know who that is. We might have same sources

[@macarinamaco6285]

@@HM-English yes obviously! Actually I have an exam in linguistic theories , and I was confused about syntagmatics vs. Paradigmatics, but now I get them all thanks a bunch I appreciate your explanation it is cristal clear, keep it up!

[@HM-English]

Glad it was helpful

[@lakehaljamila6547]

I need the first lesson

[@youarethereason9339]

your intro & outro sound is soo loud while the voice over is soo low

[@ghada_art]

بعتتلك فالفيس ومنعرف ادا نتا ولا نو من تيزي وزو ؟؟

[@HM-English]

I am from tizi yes

[@Bstwql]

Hm English was Angry that he destroyed a car during the video 🤣

[@HM-English]

😂😂😂

[@Asma-lg8ew]

thank you so much ❤❤❤

[@yassmine656]

Thanks