hockey vs хоккей - Soviet Hockey Documentary

Fantastic documentary about the 1974 series between the Soviet National Team & WHA Team Canada. Includes terrific insight into Soviet hockey tactics & strategy. Dispels Canadian hockey myths about Soviet/Russian hockey & highlights the greatness of Soviet/Russian hockey. For educational purposes only.

[@jimbobmcdougal6983]

This is exactly what I needed to find right now… thank you for this upload

[@BBQFanNo1]

Regardless of what traditionalist Americans and Canadians think the Soviet National Hockey Teams were a very well built developed Big Red Army Iron Juggernaut Machine for almost 40 years from the 1950's to the break up of the Soviet Union in the early 1990's

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

The woman who said, "Oh you can't beat a team with Cheever, Gordie Howe and Brett Hull..." I would have LOVE to seen her when the Union stopped toying with them and REALLY skated LOL.

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

Tretiak always said the hardest shot for him was Bobby Hull's slap shor

[@user-bf3jv3ts5t]

Tretiak also said , "What is the hapinness , that I am always played both with Vladimir Petrov , whose slapshot was no less powerfull , that those , Bobby Hull ' s. I am afraid even to though , how mamy goals Petrov could score to me , if we were playing in different teams . " s the same

[@GavinOBrien22]

Thanks for posting this!!!

[@larryhamberg9869]

I had seen this before and is truly worth watching.

[@touch2change489]

Great documentation, very respectfully. Thank you! Spasibo!!!

[@ericbeaulieu4843]

The WHA players did their best,even with hockey legends like Gordie Howe,Bobby Hull,Gerry Cheevers and Paul Henderson.They faced a superior russian hockey team.To beat the Soviets you had to have the very best team,a mix of Nhl ans WHA players and even then sometimes it wasn't enough.But seriously I tip my hat to all these great players,canadian and russian who gave their 110% and defended the honor of their respectives countries with all they had.

[@poiu7777uiop]

Eric Beaulieu. Всё вы говорите почти правильно, однако если канадцы будут играть корректно и без хулиганства, то у них нет никаких шансов победить СССР и Россию. Советский хоккей был и всегда будет лучший в мире. Нет и никогда не будет им равных соперников. Канадцы играют за деньги, а русские за Родину, флаг, герб и свой народ.

[@elshadjafar2437]

Happy New Year! Thank you so much for the exellent quality video. Enjoyed and liked of course. Bravo! Greetings from country Azerbaijan, Baku city

[@Seoulmanaja]

I like the nice subtle jab at the end of this video about the Politics of Hockey....even to this day.

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

NOTE: My favorite CSKA Moscow Red Army jersey (Red Army is NOT the CCCP) from 1982-83 and 1983-84 is actually based off this Team Canada jersey. On the sleeves where a total of 4 stars. From bottom to top (Tretiak Away Red jrsey with white sleeves example: Two Blue Stars then 20 on top another blue star and then on shoulders a red star with the hammer and sicklle. I so love that jersey (top 3 jerseys of all time...that Red Army, The Red Deer Rebels black jersey and then the Red or White Lowell Devils (AHL) jersey.

[@doctorspencer9001]

I will say this as American both sides have good ways to them i root for America 1st ,and North America 2nd but Soliet Union had a hell of a Hockey team winning gold 7 of 9 time from 1956-1988

[@edwardgibson4100]

True, that's what happens when you send professionals. Canada protested in 68 and 72 by not send teams.

[@jd1655]

Ya it was a bit lop-sided. Canada could not send their best to the tourney, while the full-time professional Soviet Union team could send anyone they wanted.In Soviet Russa,I suppose they profession of these players was' soldier' and hockey was a hobby or something? Notice how things have changed on a level playing field...

[@cinnaminson0653]

it is not that nobody wants to play like the cccp teams. it is simply that it can't be done. you need a team of all stars who play together year round. and that is not the reality of the nhl.

[@user-co1gi7yd2r]

cinnaminson 06 yeah to get chemistry between players like cccp, that would be very hard task

[@JOALDINHO-rd6qj]

LEGENDARY BOBBY HULL

[@doctorspencer9001]

I done learned Canada and American hockey now my next step is Soviet history

[@WolfKreide]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/fZWpeX6OjbV_nsk

[@PucksTasteGreat]

This is a wicked peice of hockey history. To hear about this my entire life and then finally be able to watch it, albeit way too late, is one of the hard to disregard and glorious moments of having the internet shoved down our throats every day. Where else could I find and like 1000% pirate this video? You guys think the Mandela effect only applies to Sinbad movies. Wait a decade. AI will change the history of everything from WWII to some mini stick hotel hallway tournament. News in 3 years will be more trivial than your brand of toilet paper or favorite almond milk flavor.

[@artknarf1]

no one plays like this any longer, the Russian 5 were the greatest line in hockey.

[@robertryan627]

Frank Taylor they were but that was the 80s and this series took place in the 79s

[@giantnamekiandende8988]

I love that you took time to correct him about they year and gave the wrong year this was 74

[@jasetitan2959]

pro trick : you can watch movies on flixzone. Been using it for watching a lot of movies recently.

[@rogerforest1729]

@Jase Titan Yup, been watching on flixzone} for since november myself :)

[@karsonjoshua828]

@Jase Titan Yup, have been watching on flixzone} for since november myself :)

[@jojowaterloo]

Amazing documentary! So many legends... wow.

[@Internetbutthurt]

4:40 and thats exactly why the Canadians deliberately broke Kharlamovs ankle in the Summit Series with 3-4 games to go. Canada and the US were always 'NHL' is better. Well Summit Series disproved that claim. Getting the best individual players doesnt necessarily make them the best team. A team of good individuals wont necessarily get walked over by a decent team. Even when Soviets teams played NHL teams they still won more often than not....teamwork and skill is not communist its just smart.

[@vrokhlenko]

Kharlamov's ankle was never broken! There was a deliberate slash and injury but it was not broken. Hematoma and torn soft tissue. He played in the eight's game injured. Taken from the multiple Russian language sources.

[@Internetbutthurt]

@@vrokhlenko yes well even a stress fracture is still going to prevent you from walking. Its as good as a break. I have had a less severe hit to my ankle I could not walk without assistance for weeks. With such an injury you are a liability if you play.

[@vrokhlenko]

@@Internetbutthurt I do not believe it was a stress fracture. What I wrote is what I translated from the source. No question he was badly injured.

[@deliciousmorton]

I remember secretly rooting for the Soviet team.

[@BBQFanNo1]

+deliciousmorton The Canadians were still too arrogant and cocky enough just 2 years after the Summit Series thinking they only needed 16 days of training camp to still be able to be successful against these Soviet National Teams at this time. They could not be more wrong. This Canadian conditioned team and roster was a joke. Then again the WHA was always a joke compared to the NHL.

[@408Magenta]

+Bill Bass Yes.

[@poiu7777uiop]

deliciousmorton. Почему тайно? За СССР надо болеть открыто, не бояться и не стеснятся этого, потому что русские играли в хоккей, а не бандитизм на льду. Канадцы всегда играли грязно и грубо. Это не хоккей, а бандитизм на льду.

[@WolfKreide]

@@poiu7777uiop secretly, because all kind of idiots mixed up sport with politics and you probably could not run around and support the "Commis", "red devils" or whatever they called the Russians. Russian hockey these days was art, Canadian hockey was only success oriented, with all kind of dirty tricks.

[@hotdogwater7037]

i was openly rooting for "the Olympic athletes from russia" last olympics

[@luckyea7]

The most successful team in NHL history is the Montreal Canadiens, with 24 Stanley Cups and 35 Finals appearances. The greatest number of times the winner of the USSR championship was CSKA Moscow - 32. Their meetings with each other: 12/31/1976 Montreal Canadiens - CSKA - 3: 3 12/31/1979 Montreal Canadiens - CSKA - 4: 2 12/31/1985 Montreal Canadiens - CSKA - 1:6 09/18/1990 CSKA - Montreal Canadiens - 3: 2 CSKA won here! Also, CSKA is the record holder of the European Ice Hockey Cup, which won 20 titles, and from 1978 to 1990 did it 13 times in a row. Champions of European countries participated in the draws of this tournament. Therefore, CSKA can be called the strongest team of all time! From 1975 to 1991, the clubs of the USSR played 108 matches with the teams of the National Hockey League. During this time, the Clubs of the USSR won 58 victories, 10 matches ended in a draw and lost 40 times to the representatives of the NHL. Meetings of the owner of the Stanley Cup with the champion of the USSR, who became in the season in which the match took place: 12/29/1979 New York Islanders - CSKA - 2: 3 12/31/1985 Montreal Canadiens - CSKA - 1:6 01/12/1991 Pittsburgh Penguins - Dynamo (Moscow) - 3: 4 Meetings of the owner or finalist of the Stanley Cup with the champion or silver medalist of the USSR Championship, who became in the season in which the matches between them took place: 12/31/1976 Montreal Canadiens - CSKA - 3: 3 01/11/1976 Philadelphia Flyers - CSKA - 4: 1 12/29/1979 New York Islanders - CSKA - 2: 3 12/29/1985 Calgary Flames - Dynamo (Moscow) - 4: 3 12/31/1985 Montreal Canadiens - CSKA - 1:6 01/09/1990 Boston Bruins - Dynamo (Moscow) - 1: 3 09/13/1990 Spartak (Moscow) - Minnesota North Stars - 8: 3 01/12/1991 Pittsburgh Penguins - Dynamo (Moscow) - 3: 4 As can be seen from the results, the USSR clubs on the field turned out to be stronger than the NHL clubs. Also, the symbolic team of the century included 4 players who played in the USSR championships and 2 players who played in the NHL. The six members of the symbolic team were chosen by voting organized by the IIHF. The selection committee included 56 hockey experts from 16 countries in Europe and North America. Symbolic team of the century: Goalkeeper: Vladislav Tretiak (USSR) - 30 votes. Defender: Vyacheslav Fetisov (USSR) - 54 votes. Defender: Börje Salming (Sweden) - 17 votes. Wing: Valery Kharlamov (USSR) - 21 votes. Wing: Sergei Makarov (USSR) - 18 votes. Center forward: Wayne Gretzky (Canada) - 38 votes In connection with the above, the USSR championship can be considered the strongest league in the world!

[@BBQFanNo1]

The Soviet National Teams from 1956 to 1981 could destroy anyone they faced in a 2 to 3 game series as they did in the annual World Hockey Championships and the Challenge Cup. No one not even Czechoslovakia's top line teams. They rarely lost more than 1 or 2 games in every 5 to 6 game annual international tournament they played from the 1950's to the 1980's.

[@ronmailloux9370]

now canada uis the big red machine whomping on russia......just think if we could have kept a team as a unit for a year back then

[@Oblomovization]

very true.

[@christophercoupe5006]

Soviet national teams would have been slaughtered by Canada's best players (NHL/WHA) in playoff condition!!! They won all these so called championships by taking advantage of Canada's best players being tied up in the pros! Did the Russian national team win gold in 2014 in their own country? No, they didn't even make the medal round. Team Canada won gold!

[@Oblomovization]

@@christophercoupe5006 Challenge cup 1979, Canada cup 1981, Superseries. You don’t know what you are talking about.

[@christophercoupe5006]

@@OblomovizationNotice I said in playoff condition! You failed to mention the 1981 Canada Cup was in september when unlike the soviets team Canada was not in game shape and the soviets had been playing together every month for years. Also Canada defeated the soviets 7-3 in the tournament. Challenge cup 1979 had team NHL not team Canada and was played early in the new year so team NHL was not in playoff shape! Superseries involved all the best russian players on a team playing individual NHL teams, not team Canada. Hardly a fair match! You failed to mention Canada Cup 1987; 2002, 2010, (2014 in Russia) Olympics! The soviets/russians were beat by Canada! The notion that soviet teams before 1998 were amateur is a joke!!! They were pros payed to play hockey under the deception of being in the military! Typical russian bullshit! All these olympic medals need to be cancelled, they are illegitimate!!! You are clueless, do some research!

[@BBQFanNo1]

RE: deliciousmorton ....i remember hating the WHA so much at this time for stealing top NHL players away from the NHL that i actually rooted for the Soviet team. i also hated the Philadelphia Flyers so much back in the mid 1970's that rooted for the Red Army against them in 1976.

[@samdan8291]

Shameful

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

If anyone watches the FULL games....Soviet Union was "outchnced" NOT "out played." WOW...HOW could the goal judge miss the Petrov goalin GM 2? It would have made the game 3-2 at that point. See how the Soviets reacted? NO JP Parise antics...No "Canada Conspiracy." If that happened to Canada in Russia about 10 minutes of this video would have been "how the Canada non-goal chaged the series around. The ONLY time I ever rooted for Canada is when Brodeur was in net or on the bench and if he as on the bench then the coach should have been fired (1996 World Cup and 1998 Olympics and 2010 Olympics.

[@georgevila122]

This was sadly regarded as the FORGOTTEN SERIES, because the vast majority of hockey fans did not paid enough attention to this particular showdown. For us Canadians, SUMMIT' 72 was the REAL SERIES, in which our boys were proudly proclaimed : CANADA'S TEAM OF THE CENTURY, by members of the Federal Government, while the Soviets regarded SUMMIT ' 74 as THEIR series, which proudly designated them as INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY'S TEAM OF THE CENTURY, by members of the Russian Government. Both national teams, received that glorious distinction on New Year's Eve, December 31st, 1999.

[@marcallaire5390]

1-Québec Canada 3 URSS 3, 2-Toronto Canada 4 URSS 1, 3-Winnipeg URSS 8 Canada 5, 4-Vancouver Canada 5 URSS 5, 5-Moscou URSS 3 Canada 2, 6-Moscou URSS 5 Canada 2, 7-Moscou Canada 4 URSS 4, 8-Moscou URSS 3 Canada 2.

[@paulbruce4177]

marc allaire USSR ?

[@valencecartier4639]

@@paulbruce4177 Actually “CCCP" is the “real name” (as it appears on their jersey in its russian declinaison) The way Marc wrote "URSS” was the french version of the english “USSR"

[@JOALDINHO-rd6qj]

MY IDOL FRANK MAHOVLICH

[@JOALDINHO-rd6qj]

MY IDOLS PETROV. HARLAMOV. MALTSEV IN CANADA BOBBY CLARKE. GORDIE HOWE. RICK LEY

[@stanisawburdan786]

Great movie.

[@nk5350]

This series and others Kharlamov and the Russians took a beating physically from Canada. That Russian game play crossing around with passing had the Canadiens guessing... Russians were fast and hard to stop. Canada with their physical game.....

[@georgevila122]

This is what i believe, should have been the final scores of all 8 games from SUMMIT SERIES ' 74 : 1 - CANADA 5 U.S.S.R. 3. / 2 - CANADA 5 U.S.S.R 1. 3 - U.S.S.R. 8 CANADA 6. / 4 - CANADA 7 U.S.S.R. 5. 5 - U.S.S.R 4 CANADA 2. / 6 - U.S.S.R. 6 CANADA 2. 7 - CANADA 6 U.S.S.R. 4. and 8 - U.S.S.R. 4 CANADA 2. NO CLEAR CUT WINNER HERE. SERIES ENDS TIED WITH BOTH TEAMS GAINING 4 VICTORIES, AND EACH SCORING 35 GOALS.

[@georgevila122]

What made this particular series so dreadful, was the fact that Foster Hewitt and Brian Conacher, were not around to provide both drama and excitement to the commentary of all 8 games, as was the case with the historic SUMMIT SERIES of September ' 1972.

[@petgai]

👍👍👌

[@theoriginaltylerdurden]

Having watched all these series I came to the conclusion that the Canadians played dirty because they didn't have the skill of the Russians.

[@mattanderson6336]

That's why they had to have Bobby Clarke break Valeri Kharlamov's ankle in game 6 of the 1972 series. He was too fast.

[@richpiana5919]

Or they played ‘dirty’ because North American hockey is a much more physical game than the European counterparts were used to playing. That’s why for the longest time euros that came and played in the NHL were seen as soft.

[@theoriginaltylerdurden]

@@richpiana5919 Playing physical has nothing to do with playing dirty. The Russians played physical in the series too. If you don't know why they had to cross that line by watching the series, I don't know what to tell you. Yes they were considered soft. The style of play was different over there. They Ice is larger, more room to maneuver.

[@poiu7777uiop]

@@richpiana5919 Do you understand the difference between dirty hockey and power techniques by the rules ??? Dirty hockey, this hockey without rules, like a fight on the street. Hockey has its own rules, and there should not be street fights. For this it is necessary to imprison, for hooliganism in a public place, or banditry. In America and Canada, this law is valid or not ???

[@tulagi1]

@@poiu7777uiop not valid.

[@BruinsBeatCanucks]

Orr, Howe, Hull, etc. probably felt crummy after missing the 72 Summit Series

[@CalcioEUnico]

tylsimys67 Why is someone "dumb" if he doesn't speak/understand same language as you do? Do you understand or speak russian, for instance?

[@adisolar]

tylsimys67 Those "ruskies" kicked USA and Canada butts for years and even decades with absolutely genius hockey style that cannot be replicated to this day. Saying they're dumb IS dumb. They were the true heroes. If you could only imagine how they lived and what they had to endure during the crushing soviet regime! Dispite everything setup against them (the conditions, the shitty gear, the pressure from the KGB, the 4 times a day vicious training, being 11 month a year in a closed training prison camp without the ability to see their families) they were victorious and did it in style over and over again. I for one solute them.

[@soncubano6]

+Adi Solar Well said. In my opinion they redefine "tough" and Players like Larionov ( a few years later) redefine self respect.

[@lukebruce5234]

+Adi Solar It is quite stupid to say they had everything set up against them. In fact, it was the opposite. The decline of Eastern European hockey has everything to do with the end of socialism in Europe.

[@EsoxLucius]

ImI do not know if I'm color blind or not. But why do both teams have the same same colors? It bothers me. That's why I like Sweden, Nashville, Florida, Devils, Calgary sweaters when I play Nhl or watch matches

[@BestWayKilla]

Well, Canada and the USSR both had red and the primary color of the flags, so it stands to reason it would be reflected on their sweaters. These days, since it's Russia again, they're much easier to tell apart since they usually incorporated a bit of blue into it.

[@georgevila122]

Had the 3 tie games resulted in Canadian victories, the series would have ended in a tie because each team, won 4 games.

[@user-gl1ng1vp4h]

Половина матчей что выиграли Канадцы ...выиграли судьи !

[@georgevila122]

The satellite disruptions that took place for the last 4 games of this series in Moscow, was FAR WORSE than the atrocious coverage, that affected games 5 - 6 - 7 and 8 of the 72 series. With their fantastic technology, NASA should have sent a team of experienced repairmen, and fixed that horrific, malfunctioning satellite. This way, hockey fans across Canada, would have seen the games, without any serious malfunctions whatsoever.

[@basilcarroll9729]

Don't forget, the two Soviet teams were bolstered with players from other Soviet league teams, they had the best 44 players on two teams.

[@diegomunoz5537]

Anyone knows why the Canadians were playing without helmets????

[@vasyagromoff83]

yes

[@amonduul2154]

Macho attitude. Real men don't need Helmets

[@mikehanzal9562]

You that Russian on ceremonial faceoff. Fucking guy went balls out. Won the draw back to nobody.

[@georgevila122]

You made an absolutely erroneous mistake, on the title of this channel. It was simply supposed to be called : SUMMIT ' 74.

[@Peteripattaya]

The tragedy with CCCP is that there are no happiness.

[@g.scotthughes1303]

Gordie Howe is THE MAN!!

[@tomace194]

G. Scott Hughes I want to like this comment more than once.

[@georgevila122]

SUMMIT ' 74, would mark the very last time, teams switched ends after the first 10 minutes of the 3rd period, were played.

[@marcallaire5390]

40 Ans Déjà

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

I also love before game 1 in 1972...everyone "Russia will be lucky if they win one period let lone a game." Fast forwrd 2 years...anyone who says Canada will win or even be in the seires should have been laughed at. The shame of it all was for the first Canada Cup in 1976 Russia sent over the "B Squad" they did not take the tourney serisuly at all. Still makes me mad to this day...

[@user-bf3jv3ts5t]

The head coach of Soviet natiomal team Boris Kulagin said in 1976 -" Canada Cup is fully commercial tournament , so it do not seems to me as serious competition . I am not interesting to coach national team in this tournament " - so Viktor Tihonov , who was at that time head coach of double national team was assigned to coach national team on this tournament . He make the team as mixture of national and double teams players . The team , without such key players , as Harlamov , which was seriously injured after car crash , Mihaylov and Petrov , who refused to play without Harlamov , Yakushev and Shadrin , defenders Tsygankov and Lyapkin , - team even oficcially was called " experimental " . So , from beginning , Soviet officials knowed well , that this team has no chances to win .

[@TylerEubank]

Why does no one play like the Soviets in modern day

[@ronmailloux9370]

billy harris.....its not broke..so lets fix it in winnipeg

[@benjaminvanderlund9522]

So Canada got smoked by Czechoslovakia? very weird commentating but that what i perceived

[@ElektroMessTechnik]

C.C.C.PoweRussia.

[@alibekbizhanov3057]

The USSR hockey team was best team in the world.

[@Peteripattaya]

Maltsev!!!

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

"I think the Canaaian Boys will take;em." LOL LOL. So let me get this rght chief, the better league (NHL) only beat them because Clarke cheapshoted Kharlamov and you think this league of hacks will beat them?? They could not even beat Tretiak's back up and Sidelnikov was nowhere as good as Myshkin. BTW, if Kharlamov was not injured by Canada, GM8 would not have meant anything other than how much better ARE the Soviets better than the NHL. BTW, for all the cry baby 1972 Canada fans ...alk you hear is "Bobby Orr did not play." Well in 1984 Canada Cup Fetisov culd not play due to a broken leg...and they STILL needed OT to won.

[@BestWayKilla]

The only crying I'm hearing about '72 seems to be coming from you. And as much as you try to dismiss the difference Bobby Orr made, in '76, he had to be helped over the boards by his teammates because his knee was so shot, and he was still the MVP of the tournament. So if you don't think the difference he would've made back in '72 would've been astronomical, you're just plain delusional.

[@ktgmcq]

Canada played like goons in both '72 and '74. I was ashamed both times.

[@BBINGHAM032352]

We did not stand in support of both teams. We Canadians only stood behind our Canadian team! We wanted the Russkies to be defeated.

[@merc340sr]

74 series was way OVERSHADOWED by 72 series. Team Canada was not that good in 1974.

[@poiu7777uiop]

merc340sr. Команда Канады играла в хоккей без правил, потому что если бы играли по правилам, то не могли бы выиграть ни одного матча у сборной СССР.

[@merc340sr]

Translation from Russian: "The Canadian team played hockey without rules, because if they played by the rules, they could not win a single match against the USSR team." I cannot agree with you. Team Canada broke the rules several times, but there were rules nonetheless....

[@bobbyhulll8737]

very close just not quite as deep

[@ms.felonystrutter2472]

@31:11: WOW!! You are a pro hockey player and you're running round wth something looking like THAT!!??? OMG!! IT IS 1974!! The era of neck scarfs...long frosted hair....boots...OMG. Really?

[@BrockRandy]

WTF is with the hair?LMFAO

[@408Magenta]

Naw, this doesn't work for me.

[@smi8181]

Canada & the USSR will always remain the best ... the Greatness of one shines because of the value of the other ...and vice versa.

[@sizhigarkovsizhigarkov3150]

Боб Халл -хорош.Боб Кларк-гавно.

[@user-co1gi7yd2r]

sizhigarkov sizhigarkov pravdo

[@primastik1]

Canadians play very dirty/

[@basilcarroll9729]

Women's hockey for you.

[@primastik1]

@@basilcarroll9729 Russians play hockey. Unlike Canadians.

[@navkanavka7085]

​@@basilcarroll9729Canadian women don't play hockey either. They play wrestling on ice instead, just like men. Is it a national practice, not to learn how to play better so that you wouldn't have to break your opponent's leg to win? Be careful, or you'll develop a new Canadian style of running, where your athletes will bump into opponents to kick them off the track so that they could walk to the finish line, alone and peaceful. And call it "North America style for real men". 😁

[@georgevila122]

Unlike Game - 1 of the 72 Summit Series in Montreal, were the Soviet press branded our boys as sore losers for failing to shake hands at centre ice, WHA ' 74 remembered the international hockey custom, and shook hands with their opponents after the 3 - 3 tie in Quebec, which in reality should have resulted in a Canadian victory.

[@basilcarroll9729]

The Soviet teams that played NHL teams were bolstered with players from other teams and yes the red army team was bolstered so no they do not as you say win here over Montreal.