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Victor Gruen's Southdale Mall in Minnesota was supposed to be a utopian community center that would replace the street life of a downtown for suburbia. This first modern indoor mall would provide a gathering place modelled after the street life of Gruen's native Vienna, making up just one part of a planned community. Instead it became a place to buy and sell and make money, and was an agent of suburban sprawl, which Gruen opposed.
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