A description of the working principles of an electron gun, plus a few demonstrations.
Пікірлер: 154
@kari5487 жыл бұрын
That god you are the person that I have been looking for because no one else has made a video on an electron or when they did it was an animation but this totally opened my mind.
@rodrigofreitas32882 ай бұрын
Inventors, scientists and engineers from the 20th century were literally wizards.
@benruniko16 күн бұрын
Man I miss New Pepco mana potions
@johnenalstos48215 жыл бұрын
Wow, fantastic explanation and a wonderful setup. This is so educational, as I am trying to understand exactly how an electron microscope works for the first time. Now I am just thinking with your knowledge and skills, you might be a great person to explain exactly how the electron microscope works! ;-).
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
Thank you, I'm glad you liked the video! I'm working on a bigger and better electron gun for the next videos!
@jawaharbabuadapa3 күн бұрын
thank you for making these videos available
@selektor25675 жыл бұрын
Thanks so much! This helped a ton when writing my assignment.
@69iqtutorial3 жыл бұрын
Wait.. are you the iridocyclitis guy?
@selektor25673 жыл бұрын
@@69iqtutorial iridocyclitis. I-r...
@icwiz6 жыл бұрын
Bravo! I was looking for a video of someone who had done this. Quite impressive. The 1 bar gun with the foil is crazy! I didn't know that was even possible. subbed!
@miinyoo Жыл бұрын
That was more fun than I expected.
@Green_Lept5 жыл бұрын
Eric, I know this is a little old but I’m really curious if you could recreate the double slit experiment with electrons using this?
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
Cool idea! I'm working on a better electron gun now, so that might be a fun experiment to try
@guy0lan4 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty be great to see it in KZbin.. I think you will be the first to do so
@redneckrevolt12 жыл бұрын
I’m the double slit experiment, how do they know they’re shooting only ONE electron at a time that interferes with itself? Then you measure the electron before that slit and that just takes one electron away?
@jacenkun29313 күн бұрын
I wonder how much light or electrons are going through my arc welder.
@GUNVALKERIE Жыл бұрын
Very similar to the ion thruster clip I saw... electrons being attracted by copper pipes a DYSONs fan of sorts only this version does not have any moving parts literally
@tgrey_shift..mp3347 жыл бұрын
Also, I was wondering, would you like to hear a invention concept I plan to build with an Electron Gun?
@boring1101020 күн бұрын
Yes please share
@blackburgundy1659 Жыл бұрын
"Congratulations sir, u have created a new element"
@chydedelaplace89477 жыл бұрын
Why does it have to be in a vacuum? Nice video.
@EricDalgetty7 жыл бұрын
Cylde Dellafish The vacuum allows the filament to get extremely hot without burning by preventing contact with oxygen. The lower pressure also allows the elctrons to travel in a straight path without bumping into air particles.
@chydedelaplace89477 жыл бұрын
Eric Dalgetty Thanks.
@heroinmel6 жыл бұрын
It also helps the electrons from being bombarded by other atoms that would be in the air
@skepticalopen-mind40312 жыл бұрын
tHIS IS THE VERY FIRST THERMOIONIC VALVE OR VACUUM TUBE
@tgrey_shift..mp3347 жыл бұрын
Does the object have so many electrons, it could work even after our lifetime?
@agustincruz4 жыл бұрын
Hi. Thanks for your video. Is very simple and illustrative. I have a question. Did you bought the tungsten filament with the V shape or did you bend the filament by yourself?. Many thanks
@EricDalgetty4 жыл бұрын
I'm glad you liked the video! I bent the filament myself, it is not too difficult. You can buy very thin tungsten wire on eBay (I think the one here is 0.3 mm)
@cryora Жыл бұрын
Are there safety hazard to worry about? High voltages means the possibility for capacitors to be charged to high levels and can inadvertently discharge if shorted. My PhD advisor would never let me use a high voltage source on my own unless I give him detailed descriptions of how I plan to use it and his express permission.
@richardtwinn3575 жыл бұрын
Is this similar to how they fire a neutron to start a nuclear reaction in a uranium fuel rod? Seen loads of videos of how nuclear fission works but none thay explain how they start the reaction and where the singular neutron comes from!
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
Not quite, but I had always wondered that, too! They actually use a neutron source, like a mixture of plutonium and beryllium. The alpha particles from the plutomium have a reaction with berrylium and produce enough neutrons to start the reactor. You might check out the wiki article for "neutron source"
@fickrymuhammad9207 Жыл бұрын
hello sir, i'm need for wiring diagram for connection component, please give me wiring for the system electron gun, thanks a lot
@jmg95096 жыл бұрын
1. After accelerating the electrons into a vaccuum, can the electrons be stored there indefinitely? 2. If no to question 1, can they be stored there indefinitely using a magnetic bottle? (using regular magnets, not electromagnets)
@EricDalgetty6 жыл бұрын
Hi, good question! I'm not a physicist, so I don't want to use the word "indefinitely", but there is something called a penning trap and something called a cyclotron, both have ways of keeping electrons in an orbit, but I'm not sure that they will stay there forever.
@jmg95096 жыл бұрын
Thanks for replying so soon, i'll check them out.
@Bunicutaintelectuala4 жыл бұрын
Nice work!
@samuelmoss70013 жыл бұрын
Great video. I am making my own electron gun at home, and the tungsten vaporizes/smokes excessively. I am using a 6v battery as the current source to the tungsten filament. How do you keep your filament from smoking?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
That sounds like there is too much oxygen around the filament, are you running it in a vacuum? And are you able to measure the pressure around it?
@samuelmoss40143 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty Eric, thanks for the quick reply. I do have it in a vacuum, but I am using an old mini fridge compressor which only is allowing me to get to -16 Hg. Which means it is about little more than halfway to a perfect vacuum. I am assuming that the tungsten needs a perfect vacuum to work effectively. Did you use a two-stage vacuum compressor to get your vacuum chamber perfect?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
That's definitely going to be tough to keep the filament alive at those pressures. Generally I would guess that you need
@samuelmoss40143 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty Thanks, I will definitely change out the pump or use a sorption pump. I will let you know how it goes, as I am using this for a tabletop experiment for a new confinement method for fusion. For the tabletop, I only want to test the electron confinement capabilities. I created a website on the new concept called fusionandgravity.com, feel free to check it out, and thanks for your help and advice on the vaporizing tungsten issue.
@alexanderrydberg61182 жыл бұрын
@@samuelmoss4014 That seems really interesting
@DevinBates3 жыл бұрын
I would like to build this. How did you make the vacuum? What is that Pyrex bowl, how do you create the vacuum with the wires? What's the seal under the plate?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
So the vacuum in this video was generated by a cryopump, which is very out of reach for most people. Probably the easiest way that you could achieve a vacuum of this pressure is with a diffusion pump and a roughing pump. The pyrex glass is something called a bell jar, and I bought mine used, they can be quite expensive. The wires enter the vacuum chamber through an electrical feedthrough, in this case a ceramic one. The seal for the bell jar is a gasket made for that bell jar, but I've seen people use a silicone mat to create the seal as well. Hope this helps!
@courcol_jean24626 жыл бұрын
awsome video!I have a question though: in the second experiment is the electric potential between the copper and the foil or between the heater and the copper?
@EricDalgetty6 жыл бұрын
Thanks! The potential is still between the copper anode and the filament.
@chrisdeerleg9757 жыл бұрын
Very nice, would you explain how you build the phosphor screen ? I try to build a SEM and try to proof the electron beam.
@EricDalgetty7 жыл бұрын
Sure! You can order a chemical called "Zinc Sulfide" online, I bought mine on eBay pretty cheaply. Make sure that the zinc sulfide is made to glow in the dark. I usually add water to make a paste and then paint it onto a surface. Hope this helps!
@poojasharma-sc1dc6 жыл бұрын
hindhi MA bhi explain kijiye
@rafs60456 жыл бұрын
good job! keep it up!
@MikeFougnie3 жыл бұрын
How is the filiment active and held at a low potential?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
It is possible to have both AC current flowing through the filament, and to have a high voltage potential on the filament at the same time. You can see this in the design of some vacuum tubes. You can google the circuit diagram of a vacuum tube diode. I hope this helps.
@MikeFougnie3 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgettyAwesome, thank you.
@reviewexpert41113 жыл бұрын
What about coolent? As the sheet absorbs a lot of energy it might melt right?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
You're correct, in high power systems like an X-ray tube, you definitely need coolant to stop the target from melting. In this system the power was only a few watts, so the target likely wouldn't have heated up very much.
@artkoala12435 жыл бұрын
can i use just normal LED that i can buy in thrift stores? or a special one? sorry😅 i don't really know much about those stuff but im interested into building one... if that's possible 😅 great video BTW😀
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
Thanks, I'm glad you enjoyed the video! Yes these are just regular LEDs, other loads work as well. I have also powered a small motor with this set up
@adiliraliyev58823 жыл бұрын
Is your red wire connected to your anode?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
The red wire is connected to ground and the LEDs positive lead
@huangvincent65494 жыл бұрын
I am very interesting you science video. Could you provide the circuit diagram of electron gun in this video?
@paulmoity13183 жыл бұрын
Eric, What is the name of the material (white board) all this sits on? Thanks in advance Paul
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
Hi Paul, this is a piece of UMHW polyethylene. I'm not sure that it's a great material for vacuum but it seems to have held up okay
@paulmoity13183 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty Thank you for the response & love the videos.
@habbokoreiapix5 жыл бұрын
The formula you used to calculate the electrons' speed is considering just one electron? So the filament only emits one electron "per time"?
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
The number of electrons won't matter for that formula. Any number of electrons in that electric field will all be accelerated to the same velocity
@habbokoreiapix5 жыл бұрын
But is there a way to know how many electrons are being emitted? I got curious about the quantity of them
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
@@habbokoreiapix The number of electrons is directly related to the beam current of the electron gun. There are 6.242E18 electrons in one Ampere, so at a beam current of 0.5 milliamps, there are roughly 3E15 electrons in the beam. I hope this helps!
@habbokoreiapix5 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty thx! It helps a lot
@jmg95096 жыл бұрын
Hey man, I've decided to look into building and electron gun for an idea I have in mind. Do you have any plans or a viable site I can get the plans for the device from? Thanks
@EricDalgetty6 жыл бұрын
I watched Applied Science's videos to help me when I started building the system (there's a reason my chamber looks similar :) ). My advice is to go through eBay and find the materials that you can cheaply. The vacuum chamber ends up being the much more difficult task than the electron gun, I think. Good luck! Ask me if you have any specific questions, maybe I can help.
@jmg95096 жыл бұрын
Ironically I just started watching the disassembly of a cathode ray tube as I saw this message from Applied science. I just learned that the old tvs used cathode ray tubes to generate a picture, one of which I have in my house so I'm going to attempt to take it a part tomorrow to see if I can use the electron gun in that for the experiment. Will keep you updated!
@younessking98744 жыл бұрын
good job
@ricardocasimiro64242 жыл бұрын
great job! how vaccum you are using?
@EricDalgetty2 жыл бұрын
This was probably about 1E-6 torr, but anything lower than 1E-4 should be enough to keep the filament from burning.
@user-hv7pc6ju8g9 ай бұрын
Can it use for welding 😊
@EricDalgetty9 ай бұрын
Probably not with such low power, but I'd really like to build an electron beam deposition system!
@HomeDistiller6 жыл бұрын
what are you using as the screen?
@EricDalgetty6 жыл бұрын
Zinc sulfide. Its a glow in the dark powder, you can buy it very cheaply on eBay. I've found MgO also works, but it is not as bright
@tanishkulkarni79583 жыл бұрын
now i got to understand the gun
@pici242 жыл бұрын
nice, ty !
@JinghuiWang2 жыл бұрын
Supper cool!
@EricDalgetty2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@reviewexpert41113 жыл бұрын
Did it generate any EM waves?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
If you mean like x-rays from the target, i don't believe so. Typically much higher energy collisions are needed to create x-rays. If I put a phosphor, like zinc sulfide, on the target that will glow very brightly at only a few hundred eV
@tgrey_shift..mp3347 жыл бұрын
And I have a question, why do you have a collector?
@EricDalgetty7 жыл бұрын
[T://Grey_shift.]#.mp3 The collector was used to measure the output of the device, it is similar to a "Faraday cup"
@ella-gm6bz6 жыл бұрын
Could anyone explain how the electrons are accelerated? thanks
@ella-gm6bz6 жыл бұрын
like how does it gain energy i thought p.d. was when it lost energy
@EricDalgetty6 жыл бұрын
Basically, the electrons are in a very strong electric field between the cathode and anode, which produces a force on the electrons. This accelerates them towards the anode (copper loop), but some miss and go through at very high speeds. Applied science has a really good video which can explain in more detail (kzbin.info/www/bejne/kHqtYp1_Zt13nrs)
@adiliraliyev58823 жыл бұрын
Is your anode connected to a different circuit than your led lamp circuit
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
The anode is on the same ground as the LED
@adiliraliyev58823 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty thx, I understand now, it doesn't go to ground right away, instead it flies past that to the plate, but why? Inertia?
@adiliraliyev58823 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty is it because it chooses the leat resistance path through air instead of pushing it self trough coper wire at first, but then gets trapped in a circuit and has to do it anyways after?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
@@adiliraliyev5882 This is all taking place in a vacuum, so there is no way for the electrons to lose energy except for colliding with something. I think you are correct that it is the electrons inertia that keeps them going. When they are at the cayode, they see the anode as a solid plate because it is so far away. As they get closer, they only experience a net force forwards because they are attracted equally in all directions towards the loop
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
When the pass the anode (copper loop), there is no more force exerted because the entire chamber is grounded. There is no electric field to cause a force.
@YathishShamaraj3 жыл бұрын
You are awesome 👍
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@user-mw1gk1io7l5 жыл бұрын
Hi, Eric. I want to get the schematic of this electron gun. Where can I get the schematic??
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
Hello, there isn't really a schematic. Are you wondering about electrical connections?
@user-mw1gk1io7l5 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgettyThank you for your quick answer. Actually yes, i want to know how can i connet those like you
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
@@user-mw1gk1io7l I think this is a useful schematic: qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-db083012c51a6e2308b2ac23bcd37d9f
@user-mw1gk1io7l5 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgettyI saw some schematic about electron gun in the internet, and they used variable resistance and balancing resistance when they heat the filament. You didn't use them, right??
@user-mw1gk1io7l5 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty like this. kzbin.info/www/bejne/kHqtYp1_Zt13nrs
@jujuthehoms54825 жыл бұрын
What does Vacc represent at 1:29?
@EricDalgetty5 жыл бұрын
The voltage used to accelerate the electrons. I should mention this formula is really only accurate below 10 kev, because after this point the electrons are relativistic
@jujuthehoms54825 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty Thanks!
@arkohmay4 жыл бұрын
Can the electron gun function outside of the vacuum?
@EricDalgetty4 жыл бұрын
Good question. There are two reasons why the electron gun DOES need a vacuum. The tungsten filament would oxidize and burn out if it was exposed to atmospheric oxygen, and the electrons emitted would only be able to make it a few micrometers before they lost all their energy through collisions with air particles. There is something called a Lenard tube which you might find interesting. It uses a very thin window to allow high energy electrons to pass into the atmosphere.
@arkohmay4 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty is it possible to provide high enough voltage, constant or pulse in order for the electron beam to reach greater distances over time? Specifically applying voltage to the accelerating anodes and such?
@EricDalgetty4 жыл бұрын
@@arkohmay If I understand your question, yes the electrons will travel faster with higher accelerating voltages. This is not a linear relationship, though, because the electrons are traveling at relativistic speeds (speeds which are somewhat close to the speed of light) around 10keV. These higher energy (velocity) electrons can also penetrate further into matter before they are stopped.
@arkohmay4 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty Another question if I may ask, but, could you use a nichrome alloy filament instead of tungsten to act as the cathode so that it may function outside a vacuum and not oxidize as quickly as tungsten?
@EricDalgetty4 жыл бұрын
@@arkohmay Potentially, but the filament usually needs to get very hot for thermionic emission to take place. But, if there are enough gas molecules you don't actually need a filament. There is something called a "Hollow Cathode" which uses ionized gas to produce the electrons. I think you would need incredibly high voltages if you wanted to make an electron gun that way, like more than 1,000,000 volts
@alexanderrydberg61182 жыл бұрын
Does anybody know if magnets could slow the electrons down just so that the collector isn't as hot? The electrons are going pretty fast so
@EricDalgetty2 жыл бұрын
A magnet can only change the electrons direction, it can't make them speed up or slow down. If you wanted to slow them down they would need to pass through an electric field (the reverse direction of how they were accelerated). There is something called a beam degrader, which is some material that the beam has to pass through on the way to it's target. The beam will deposit some of it's energy in the degrader (as heat) so that it has a lower energy when it reaches the target.
@alexanderrydberg61182 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty But what if like instead of a collector you have a powerful magnet? Electrons are charged and they have little kinetic energy, wouldn't they change direction and go backwards
@EricDalgetty2 жыл бұрын
It is possible for them to turn around, but it won't change their kinetic energy. You could cause them to hit the collector at different angles which would probably affect how much energy is transferred to the collector vs. how much energy is retained by the scattered electron
@alexanderrydberg61182 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty Thank you! My plan is to have an electron gun and use magnets to keep the electrons in a container and I want to see if I can store a little energy
@alexanderrydberg61182 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty By the way, what transformer so you use/recommend?
@empiresekiz5 жыл бұрын
why ? how ? the electron is a wave ? how ? why ? -_-
@blakefrancis45387 жыл бұрын
wowie
@discoverlight3 жыл бұрын
A neutron gun works the same way?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
Generally speaking, neutrons are much more difficult to produce. Because they are not charged, they can't be accelerated by electric fields. A more typical way of producing neutrons is by accelerating protons and having those protons hit a target. You can look up a "spallation neutron source".
@discoverlight3 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty ok thanks for that info, I’m not a physician or anything, but I have curiosity about almost everything so lately I’ve been learning about nuclear fission, and I’ve managed to learn a lot of basics, but I still wanted to know how neutrons are shot towards the uranium, since the Uranium is a solid Little Rock (the one used as fuel cells) so I have understood that this solid piece is hit by neutrons. I still have so much to learn btw. 😆
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
Oh so in the case of a weapon, they used something called an "urchin". This is a radioisotope that emits alpha radiation, surrounded by a material like beryllium. When the alpha particles hit the beryllium a small percentage will cause a neutron to be emitted.
@discoverlight3 жыл бұрын
@@EricDalgetty ok that makes sense, I’ll check on that urchin thing, I guess the speed of the neutrons is quite high right?
@EricDalgetty3 жыл бұрын
@@discoverlight Generally neutrons will be several MeV, unless they are thermalized, like in a nuclear reactor
@jimhalpert98034 жыл бұрын
A quintillion electrons flowing in my phone? Jeez.
@Bacchian5 жыл бұрын
But can you use it to take over the world?
@bigdesignspop2 жыл бұрын
Are people electron guns ? If our mental focus, or attention, in our minds, creates a similar reaction in this video, within our internal systems of imagination and feelings. If so, that would tie into the slogan, "what we think about, we bring about" ( thru heated up thoughts that electron transfer Into the atmosphere , and they manifest events
@anonymousshawn99964 жыл бұрын
1:37 cowboy hat
@EricDalgetty4 жыл бұрын
Haha good catch! That was for a thumbnail that I was making but decided not to