How atoms REALLY make molecules!

What is molecular orbital theory and how does it work? Are you confused about frontier orbitals, HOMO and LUMOs? These essential concepts in chemistry and science are explained with examples and 3D animations.
How three oxygen atoms come together to make ozone: butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/...
For a detailed academic lesson on molecular orbital theory, I recommend Chad’s Prep:
• 9.5 Molecular Orbital ...
Visit us on Instagram:
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Three Twentysix Project Leader: Dr Andrew Robertson
3D animations/production assistant: Es Hiranpakorn
Graphic Design: Maria Sucianto
This video was produced at Kyushu University and supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K02904. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Kyushu University, JSPS or MEXT.

[@ChadsPrep]

Loved your engaging presentation Dr Robertson! And already more views than mine on the topic in 6 days!!! Really well done. Thank you so much for the referral...truly a surprise!

[@ThreeTwentysix]

Thanks Chad, I really appreciate that. Our videos are for different purposes but yours are great and well worth watching for a properly academic explanation.

[@ogi22]

@@ThreeTwentysix This is so great! Just as i commented before, because of you i'm getting a different view angle on chemistry, one closer to my heart - physics perspective. And your examples like not sitting next to a stranger in the bus, if there are other seats available, is just brilliant. Goes straight to imagination and makes it all "click" together much nicer. My only hope is that KZbin will not destroy this lovely science and makers community... Thank you for your effort. There are many people hungry for knowledge, waiting for your explanations. 🥰

[@Ultrafocused]

​@@ThreeTwentysixsir please make a video on organic chemistry

[@pan_cimrman]

Chad and Dr Robertson! Two of the best creators of chemistry podcasts! I follow you both. I'm a volunteer tutor for AP and General chemistry and I'm always seeking to be better at making chemistry more clear and interesting. Both of you are instrumental in that task!

[@avathenoob1]

You should really focus on quality of video like thumbnails and stuff to increase viewer attraction just like this channel

[@benjaminlum5894]

Yes, please cover more topics like aromaticity please! I've always had a feeling that textbooks simplify topics for introductory purposes, but I've hardly felt that way towards aromaticity until you've mentioned it, and now my interest has been piqued! P.S. The way you cover topics are so clear and the visuals are fun :)

[@ChemEDan]

If aryls are aromatic, esters must be called aroma-ey.

[@Ice_Karma]

Regarding textbooks simplifying things, look up the concept of "lies to children". 😻

[@stylis666]

Hell yes! And I would _love_ a video about making catalysts as well!

[@waelfadlallah8939]

Count me in!!!!!!!!!!!

[@MissionSilo]

What's aromaticity?

[@nilseisen6514]

Definitely would watch your explanation on catalyst design! P.s your teaching rocks, leaving my curiousity vibrating

[@mykeprior3436]

110% this

[@hrig]

Oh yes, so hungry for that precious knoledge

[@TheAremihc]

Holy moly. This is it. I’m a microbiologist and I could never understand why uni textbooks didn’t dedicate too much paper on this fundamental theory. Even the exercises where very mechanical and didn’t go beyond biatomic molecules scenarios. Of course, as a microbiologist, i’am more interested in linking chemistry theories with the unique molecular world of the cell, that is very messy. I mean this theory it’s crazy difficult but it’s immensely powerful. I must say that if I had you as my chemistry teacher I would be a chemist now, the energy, the passion and the amount of knowledge you put in is immensely inspiring. Thank you so much.

[@squeezter]

Finally a good and not superficial chemistry youtube channel

[@gumtreeterry9904]

I have a first class in Engineering from UCL and a PhD in physics, UMIST, and a lifetime of learning - I’m 66. Your work is incredible!

[@ThreeTwentysix]

UMIST? Then we have something in common.

[@gumtreeterry9904]

Yes, I did my EngD there after leaving the Army, 1996-2000. I was quite old 😅.

[@HyperactiveMelon]

Learning chemistry without any visual imagery ability sucks

[@Ritziey]

that's why i learnt nothing properly in school . neither this or nor physics ... teachers made it only worse😢😂

[@Erosis]

Would love that catalyst video! Aromaticity would be great, too. Awesome work!

[@miladeskandari7]

A video on the catalytic mechanisms would be very interesting

[@DwarvesAndDice]

This one video essentially summed up multiple years worth of my chemistry course... in a better, more concise and interesting way (losing essentially no detail!) Your videos are seriously amazing!

[@Harsh8163]

Am 18 years old and Always try to find concepts on KZbin which i have difficult and finally find best video on Chemistry of bonding, orbitals ...and so on

[@triple_gem_shining]

😆

[@dj6P5U]

I just want to say keep making these videos. You fill a niche on KZbin that no one else has done, you are personable and have good camerawork, you are going to explode upwards! Thanks to your passion of chemistry and education you are helping a lot of young people learn what they don’t exactly teach in school.

[@umbraemilitos]

I would definitely like a deeper dive on aromatics, catalyst design, and other applied MO topics than some textbooks give us.

[@andyburns]

I never studied chemistry beyond A Level, I like your method of explanation, we can listen to what you're saying, while allowing our brains to run ahead a little, that allows us to feel somewhat clever that we've worked out the next step, when in fact it's your very carefully laid-out path of breadcrumbs that guides us there.

[@joshberna5801]

My friend, you could fill the entire KZbin library with 'stuff they don't teach in school' 😂😂😂

[@SackbotNinja03]

They do talk about this at school tho...

[@AySz88]

A bit of a self-own, really... "I didn't get in the school that talked about this."

[@triple_gem_shining]

in a real university chem class they DO tell you about it. LOL

[@SackbotNinja03]

@@triple_gem_shining I suppose he means high school

[@tjorvenblader]

@@triple_gem_shiningI got told this in high school when I was 16

[@BearRealOfficial]

Having just been introduced to crystal field theory in class today, I’d love a video on the design of catalysts and even how molecular orbital theory and crystal field theory are related. I love your videos by the way. You explain concepts in a really engaging manner :D

[@triple_gem_shining]

Even though it's not entirely about what you commented, he does have a great about chemical crystal structure!

[@notzero6806]

Man...this video made my day...I was struggling to understand how everything works this video covers it all...please keep up..

[@davidgunther8428]

I've taken several years of university chemistry courses and this connected some ideas that I hadn't connected before. Thanks! A video on catalyst design and aromaticity would be great! I think they might even go together. At least when designing orbital energies the molecules usually have an aromatic part somewhere. 🤔

[@ryanahern4213]

I’d really like to know how this relates to energy bands in solids! Thanks for the great video!

[@jannickharambe8550]

Yes, please more on aromaticity and catalysists.

[@davidmcc8727]

I’m a PhD chemist. Great video, I always loved MO theory

[@triple_gem_shining]

You quickly became one of my favorite chemistry KZbinrs!!! You do a great job explaining complex topics and I genuinely appreciate it!

[@ingenuity23-yg4ev]

Every single topic you mentioned is one i want video for! I love these videos because these topics are covered very sparsely and in short in my high school course but seem very interesting to me! Please continue this, and thank you!

[@MarteenMayjer]

I’m so grateful for your channel. Was so pumped when I saw your teaser on instagram and have been waiting since then for this vid. If I had a professor like you in university, I would have kept going in chemistry without a doubt. Got really turned off to it in my orgo class and made my way over to pure math and electrical engineering instead, but it really is such a pleasure learning from you and seeing your perspective on the field. The world needs more scientists and science educators like you. 😊

[@azice6034]

I have a couple of questions for your next episode of the series. 1. What is Secular Equilibrium in nuclear chemistry? 2. Why are f orbitals not yet fully understood? What is the inherent reason behind why computers and software such as DFT and HF can’t properly model molecules containing f orbitals? 3. What is the size of “limit” for a molecule? Could you theoretically have an individual molecule the size of an entire planet? Why or why not? 4. How does the Jan-Teller effect know which ligands are axial and which are equitorial? Isn’t that just a matter of perspective (assuming all the ligands are equivalent)? 5. Can dark matter exist in the nucleus of an atom? What about in it’s orbitals? 6. Can the electrons of an atom go inside the nucleus? Why or why not? 7. What are Brillouin Zones? 8. The half life of a population of radioactive atoms is estimated well with statistical analysis, yet, how come there is nothing we can do to extend or shorten this half life? Thanks for your videos, they are an invaluable resource to youtube!

[@barriehemming1189]

great video aromaticity and catalysts videos would be enjoyed.

[@bioboi4438]

Yes! Catalyst design as well please

[@konstantinos2818]

One of the best videos I have watched on youtube, great explanations, intuitive, in depth and inspiring communication of the subject. Being a chemist with a background in theoretical chemistry myself, can't help but feel like a student again and be excited to learn (and relearn) more. Thank you, I wish I had found your channel earlier 😂

[@theodoe946]

YES please do aromaticity. I really wished I found your channel while I was taking organic chemistry but I finished orgo 2 already (Im a cellular biology major) but I still find chemistry fascinating and this video made it so much clearer.

[@Nanorooms]

Wow. I’m incredibly impressed once again. This is one of the best videos on MOs I’ve watched so far! Kudos

[@sandeshkhemka5302]

Thank you for the great content. we want more because you explain concepts in a really intriguing manner.

[@Me-ld8bt]

Yes please! All of those video ideas sounds so interesting.

[@RobertoHernandez-gp3gu]

The 3d animations make the whole difference. This channel is gold.

[@bioboi4438]

Yes! Cover aromaticity please.

[@theshire]

This is interesting, a video about designing catalysts would be really interesting 😊

[@Nobody-xp6ip]

Dr Robertson, this is the BEST FREE content available online on molecular orbital theory. Your explanations were easy enough for a sophomore to understand this. I would recommend you change the title of the video to something like 'Molecular Orbital Theory explanation' or something similar because that would help you with getting your target audience, and enhance view count. D Otherwise people are going to click the video and leave because its too complex of a topic for them to watch at dinner. This video is criminally underrated. Just subscribed.❤

[@amitygames9318]

There's intelligent life on KZbin ! This guy explained the subject better than my ChemE instructor from years ago....

[@phillupson8561]

KZbin only recommended you to me the other day, I studied science up to college but work in IT, I've always loved the subject and maintain a keen interest, loving your work. In answer to all of your 'let me know if I should make a video' questions - yes to all of them, your explanations are engaging and superb, thank you for the time you put in.

[@MadScientist267]

Good stuff man. I don't fully have my head around this aspect yet but with explanations like this, it can't be long

[@TheOneAndOnlyNeuromod]

What an *excellent* explanation for molecular orbital theory. I love how you explain how the oscillations giving a visual representation of the quantum mechanical states of MOs - and about chemical reactivity between HOMOs and LUMOs - makes much more sense and explains the link in terms of energy differences. 😁👍

[@roberthubbard5696]

I would like to see the topic of light interaction with molecules. You’ve done UV; how about IR (bending and stretching) and MW (rotational entropy).

[@wayneyadams]

4:50 Thank you for making the point that orbitals are not containers. Too often we cause misunderstandings in our language where we say an orbital is empty, partially filled, or filled implying that it is a container into which electrons are inserted.

[@abs0lute-zer061]

PLEASE MORE VIDEOS ON THESE.

[@guyedwards22]

This video clarified so much for me, it's ridiculous; you're an incredibly fine educator sir :D I've subscribed, and I would love to see a full on knock-out video on topics like aromaticity and catalytic chemistry. Also would love to hear what you have to say on coordination complexes in organometallic chemistry.

[@stauffap]

This was great! Seems to be the clearest explanation of the molecular orbital theory i've heard so far.

[@Jakob165]

Im a big fan of the conception of electrons as the entire orbital, like theyre smeared out across the orbital region, but permeable, such that the protons/nuclei of the atoms can "sink into" the lowest energy position within their "cloud." The molecular orbital theory meshes with that amazingly well. So to speak, the electrons can share space with each other, but only in so far as their orbitals merge in a stable configuration, one which accounts for the mass and probability density of their sum total while also maintaining a stable spin configuration or phase as you put it. Thanks! Id never heard of this theory till now and i greatly appreciate it!

[@aleratz]

It's nice to see Richard Hammond talking about something other than cars

[@MsPaulathomas]

Thakyou for this! The diagrams from school never made sense and this begins to for me! (I'm a mathematician).

[@OceanusHelios]

B.S. in Chemistry and Molecular Biology, here. I loved this. In predictablity the use of AI is going to change everything. We can take a combined approach and use the data and rule sets...comparing measured results and energy levels and iteratively feed it to the computer to get better predictability. This is going to help accelerate chemistry into places we've never seen before. This is important for isolating new drugs and discovering new materials for use in electronics, coatings, pharmaceuticals, and new chemicals for detection. Bravo. You do an exceptional job in making this probabilistic universe more understandable to the layman. No, it isn't intuitive, but matter does not play the same games we do. Matter and space and time live in the realm of probability. It is going to be a paradigm shift when we discover and can prove that particles are just space folded back on itself...and are not entities...but events that happen to the fabric of space.

[@agersoncruz]

Another great video. I simply love your explanations. Excellent job sir! Keep enlightening us!

[@capricornuss]

I'd of course love a dedicated video of aromaticity as well on on catalysts for sure! Just love your work! I think your channel has the potential to become to theoretical chemistry what is PBS Space Time to theoretical physics and 3blue1brown to math. Another topic I would like to see is the Atomic radius, but it even would be better if you would make videos on reactions like the Thermodynamic vs. Kinematic control of reactions, etc. Keep up the good work! :)

[@ThreeTwentysix]

Being mentioned with @PBSspacetime and @3blue1brown is high praise indeed, thank you. You'll be happy to hear kinetics is on the board for our upcoming second or third video. Thermodynamics is going to be some way off because it's going to be a series, but it's slated for some time next year.

[@robin1826]

Catalyst design sounds fascinating! I particularly appreciated the explanation of how OLED's work, this framework allows understanding of the idea better than any other I've encountered, thanks!

[@marcelma]

A really outstanding presentation: - Interesting topic? Check! - Headline fits the content? Check! - Visuals support the narrative? Double check! - Distracting visual eye-candy detected anywhere? Uncheck! (That has become a rare feat on KZbin) - Engaging presentation? Check! - A pinch of humor? Check! - Didactic path finding through the maze? Check! - Creative analogies? Check! - Viewing time well invested? Check! Definitely! This is the 2nd video I watch on the channel and they both have that outstanding quality! Subscribed? Check!

[@ThreeTwentysix]

What a reply! Thank you!

[@wesley6442]

Your videos are awesome, it really helps provide an easy to understand visual representation to molecular bonds using illustrations. I always wondered after reading up on quantum field theory, electron clouds, probability densities translated into atoms bonding and forming various molecules, seeing how phases/constructive or destructive interference determines their bonds and energy states really helped solidify my understanding of it all. QFT, molecular bonds, science in general fascinates me to no end, I can't imagine a life not knowing nor having the desire to know how our fundamental reality works to our best understanding

[@schaap9142]

I discovered this channel today after getting this video recommended to me. Recently I've found a new interest in biochemistry and next year I'm starting a masters degree in biomedical engineering specialised in bioengineering and applied cell biology. One of my most anticipated courses is Advanced Organic Chemistry and videos like these are making me even more excited for what's to come :). Keep making videos, you are a great explainer and I find this way of explaining + your way of talking very nice and relaxing to follow! +1 sub :D

[@0FAS1]

Just mindblowing stuff. Amazing explanations! Thank you!

[@B_r_u_c_e]

Excellent lesson. Thank you.

[@TheMapman01]

Bro... this video give me hope for humanity. We got this.

[@markpwoodward]

Thank you for the great content. Yes, please. Video on designing catalysts.

[@zack_120]

Thank you for the excellent work and sharing !

[@mengbomin]

A discussion of aromaticity in Molecular Orbital Theory would be very welcome. I remember seeing the molecular orbitals of molecules like methane (very interesting in itself) and the HOMOs and LUMOs of more complex linear organic molecules, but don't think I've seen much surrounding aromatic rings.

[@laurogarcia2234]

Doctor Robertson, it has been a great experience listening to this presentation by you, I am a Chemical Eng., for my profession, the Lewis explanation and counting electrons in atomic orbitals had been enough up to this day. Congratulations

[@zachreyhelmberger894]

Fantastic presentation! It sounds like pretty fascinating stuff!

[@idegteke]

If somebody tells me, as a high schooler, that I will willingly watch a video about chemistry at 55, I might not be here today to accomplish that.

[@sakurakinomoto6195]

Thanks for this inspiring video! It closes a gap hurting in my head since I finished studying sciences. Lectures with orbitals and binding theories have always been a warrant for boredom. But there is a way for an understandable explication.

[@shashikantsingh6555]

Thank you for clearing my doubts richard hammond

[@roberttrandafir6066]

A video about designing Catalysts would be greatly appreciated!!! Absolutely amazing content!!!

[@angelo7743]

Terrific! Terrific! Great,great quality

[@WAMTAT]

Finally! The answer to all my questions!

[@jackjambalaya3262]

I absolutely love your teaching!

[@PaulRichards-ui8pt]

I loved this. Its new to me but very enlightening.

[@nettewilson5926]

Very cool explanation!

[@andrej6663]

Do the video about aromatic compounds!!

[@andrej6663]

On other hand do the video about catalysts as well!😅

[@Pha7e88]

Outstanding video!

[@bennyp_thechemist]

As a TA for P-chem, one of my favorite things to say is, "all models are wrong, some models are useful".

[@jean-baptistemichel6239]

Definitely interested by the catalyst effect. Thank you very much for the video. It's so clear I feel I understood everything.

[@kagamer21]

Aromaticity and designing catalysts would be so helpful! Thank you

[@rmadhiwalla]

Very good video. I often share your videos in my fb business groups for their learnings.

[@hric.martin]

Thank you so much for this video! Please talk more about electron orbitals, this is great.

[@hric.martin]

The previous comment I left roughly in the middle of the video. I just finished watching and I have to say thank you sooo much, great explanation, great topic.

[@piedpiper1172]

I’d love to see you do a video using the atomic clouds in your prior video to show all the orbitals in a “simple” molecular bond. I’m sure it would be challenging to get a clean visual on anything but the smallest molecules, but it would still be a great bridge between the two topics. Particularly in showing *why* only the outermost orbitals become bonding or non bonding molecular orbitals.

[@werlynakadera1944]

I needed this video about 3 weeks ago for my molecular geometry test

[@rockapedra1130]

This was great! I for one would like a video describing the theoretical development of a catalyst.

[@Leonardo-wl6pu]

I absolutely love the way you explain chemistry!!! And yes, I would like a video on aromaticity very much...

[@helldad4689]

this is a better explanation than any professor has ever given me. thank you!!!

[@OzGoober]

Awesome. Thank you.

[@vorkaff3600]

Liked before watching!

[@ThreeTwentysix]

That was fast!

[@vorkaff3600]

Great video as always. Keep them coming!@@ThreeTwentysix

[@sadatrahman9551]

I would love another video like this on aromaticity!!

[@_TranGiaBao_A-zy8gh]

You are the best at this! Keep it up!

[@mattkerle81]

Brilliant video. You sum up really well how quantum mechanics causes bonding. That video on designing catalysts sounds super interesting!

[@bide2505]

Thanks i needed the Mot details shared at the end😁

[@Fuubarr]

Yes, please make all the videos you stated.

[@Psychx_]

Thanks for the great video! A video on designing catalysts would be very appreciated. Could you also briefly touch on the use of high-entropy mixed metal alloys as catalysts? These were so hyped a few years ago, but I haven't heard much about them since.

[@sb2h]

Just subscribed, really great videos! Excited to see what other topics you cover

[@sophrapsune]

Wow, that was a really great introduction, thanks.

[@the11382]

The way chemistry was taught to me at school, made molecules look so arbitrary.

[@5ty717]

Yes really like your take on aromaticity and catalysis design as it relates to theoretical and synthetic chemist views

[@spectraphonic5343]

yes please.... more videos on the things you talked about in this one

[@drewcameron3103]

Dedicated aromaticity video please. Love this stuff

[@adeshinajohn3988]

you are good sir. This is indeed a treat in this almost abstract topic.

[@juantkastellar2655]

Maravillosa explicación.