How Do Dinosaur Footprints Work?

How are dinosaur footprints made and what can they tell us about dinosaur behaviour? Here is how palaeontologists read the stories in the rock.
Perth Science, Episode Eleven | Dinosaur Detective
#PerthSceince #Broome
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By popular demand and courtesy of taste.com.au....
The Caramel Slice Recipie
INGREDIENTS
BASE
1 cup plain flour, sifted
1/2 cup brown sugar
1/2 cup Coles Desiccated Coconut
125g butter, melted
1 Brontosaurus or small Triceratops
FILLING
395g can Sweetened Condensed Milk
2 tablespoons golden syrup
60g butter, melted
TOPPING
125g cooking chocolate, chopped
60g copha, chopped
METHOD
Step 1
Preheat oven to 180°C. Line a 3cm deep, 28 x 18cm (base) lamington pan.
Step 2
Combine all base ingredients in a bowl. Mix well. Press into prepared lamington pan. Allow dinosaurs to walk across as desired. Bake for 15 to 20 minutes, or until light golden. Remove from oven. Cool.
Step 3
Make filling: Combine all ingredients in a saucepan over medium heat. Cook, whisking, for 8 minutes or until golden. Pour over cooked base. Bake for 12 minutes or until firm. Cool completely. Refrigerate for 3 to 4 hours, or until set.
Step 4
Make topping: Place chocolate and copha into a heat-proof bowl over a saucepan of simmering water. Stir until melted. Pour over caramel. Refrigerate to set. Cut into squares to serve.

[@schlepper7125]

I'm gonna be stepping in my caramel slices now to test their consistency

[@AtomicFrontier]

Your commentary is getting more and more concerning....

[@FoxamPL]

how is this channel so unpopular, i'm waiting for it to blow up, because it's too good for 3k subs

[@AtomicFrontier]

Thanks for your support Adam! Welcome to the channel :D

[@JP-ml3cs]

44k now

[@NullHyp]

Wow! 3k just 6 months ago?

[@kartoffelwaffel]

62k now!

[@vallassy]

71k

[@The_NSeven]

Just discovered you through Tom Scott, can't believe you aren't bigger! Awesome content :)

[@AtomicFrontier]

Welcome aboard!

[@12jgy]

I love how nature can preserve events that happened millions of years ago through the archeological record, and then we can to a certain extent reimagine all of the fascinating histories that it has to tell! I don't know how this channel hasn't gotten more attention, I really like how you go to the places you're talking about, it really makes me feel like I'm watching a mini documentary. Just one thing, does anyone know the name of the song in the end, the one that plays during the summary of the facts at the end?

[@AtomicFrontier]

Hi, thanks so much for your support - love the enthusiasm! All the music is written by us specifically for each video. The music for this episode was called "DinoDisco.mp3" but don't think that what you were asking for! I'll check with the composer in the morning and let you know if there were any songs that inspired that section. -James

[@12jgy]

@@AtomicFrontier Ah, that's very cool, didn't know that the music was specifically written for the channel. The one for this video felt a bit familiar, so I would love to know if part of it was inspired by some other song.

[@AtomicFrontier]

Looks like the whole piece was origional, although there is some inspiration from the Westworld and Jurassic Park themes. Good idea about uploading the tracks to a second channel, will have to consider it.

[@joeyhenninger8686]

I've been checking out more and more of your videos lately and loving all of them, but I think this one has amazed me the most. Something about presenting this as a detective's case and inferring what happened millions of years ago really clicked for me in a way that nothing else has so far. It is so awesome to imagine these magnificent creatures interacting, and unfortunate to never get to witness one. What a cool way to portray it. I also really liked the caramel slices analogy.

[@Rviere]

"Now this could be because they were abducted by aliens--" I lost it 😆 hey who knows

[@dmr8914]

Its stunning to see the exact places where dinosaurs passed through and how these connect us with being who lived so long ago. We are so lucky to see these and i so hope they can be preserved.

[@cimex7492]

p sure it wouldnt be a tarbosaurus cause i doubt your out there in the gobi desert and brontosaurus is 1) invalid and is actually Apatosaurus and 2) lived in late jurassic Morrison in the US

[@fourthpanda]

Yea it kinda irks me that he does the whole BBC presenter speech making you think he knows what hes talking about but as soon as he said Brontosaurus I was like "he said what now???"

[@tubatoucan]

It did drive me nuts when he talked about 2 animals that would've never met. And one of the animals not have even existed.

[@AtomicFrontier]

Thanks. Chose those two as they were the only ones available in the Melbourne museum and wanted a skeleton to compare with. Will make that more obvious next time. Thanks!

[@teathesilkwing7616]

Brontosaurus was declared a separate genus in 2015, and North America at that time included Scotland

[@Sam-dn7jk]

I've just discovered your channel through Tom Scott I find your videos incredible and I commend all the effort you put in. I'm an Aussie and when I was traveling up in Broome, seeing the dinosaur footprints was an incredible yet confusing sight and I truly loved your explanation and it was very informative. Thank you and keep it up!

[@gallemajoannafaithn2414]

Thank you for the information!!! It helps me a lot to make our feasib study.

[@AtomicFrontier]

Thats great! Hope it goes well

[@merylnbredican5254]

Dude. This shit is LIT! Love the pacing of the content, the in depth information, the well written dialogue, the video editing is super pleasant! 10/10 so far bro.

[@timschafer2536]

I rarely comment on KZbin, but your videos are brilliant, suiting original and easy to follow analogies, great visuals and commentary and content. It’s like kurzgesagt veritasium, Tom Scott and all of the other brilliant science channels combined with enthusiasm and a tv documentary documentary distilled to their best form. I wish you all the best and hope that you can inspire new creators to rise to your level and exceed it. Because that is a future that will be great.

[@idontthinkso2431]

I think so

[@fourthpanda]

Except with not quite the research skills. If he did he would have realized the the Brontosaurus never existed (it's called an Apatosaurus) and that they lived in the western United States, not "this very spot" in Perth like he says.

[@teathesilkwing7616]

@@fourthpanda no, brontosaurus is real. It was declared a separate genus in 2015, and the continent that became North America , Laurentia, also included scotland.

[@fourthpanda]

@@teathesilkwing7616 You are just factually incorrect. Do more digging and research please.

[@teathesilkwing7616]

@@fourthpanda “Although the type species, B. excelsus, had long been considered a species of the closely related Apatosaurus, researchers proposed in 2015 that Brontosaurus is a genus separate from Apatosaurus and that it contains three species: B. excelsus, B. yahnahpin, and B. parvus.” -Wikipedia. I now do realize I got the locations wrong, having misread it as the eastern us

[@corindingley7797]

great addition, good music...

[@austinTheBoston1995]

Great work mate, so interesting seeing a hunt happening between these huge Animals.

[@itsCh4rl1e]

These videos are SO GOOD I wish all the best to your growth

[@thelukesternater]

Your videos are good and you should feel good about them.

[@Kuda084]

Chocolate layer looked a bit thin LOL. Love the content. Keep it up. Your Ted Talk is inspiring James!

[@JTapselicious]

Any chance you could share the shortcrust pastry mix?

[@AtomicFrontier]

For the pastry its 1 cup flour, ½ cup brown sugar, ½ cup desiccated coconut and 125g butter. For the caramel its 125g butter, ½ cup brown sugar, 1 tsp vanilla extract and 295g condensed milk. Then I used as much chocolate as I had in the fridge. Prehistoric mud and dinosaur toenails are optional extras. Enjoy!

[@alira7296]

@@AtomicFrontier I've never seen anyone mix grams and cups before

[@thelukesternater]

@@alira7296 butter is grams in Australia. There’s like a little mark on the pap per wrapping telling you to cut the stick here for 125g, 125g,125g, you get the idea...

[@DenisRyan]

Excellent video, excellent presentation. Very well done. I'm really enjoying this channel since discovering it this week.

[@kayzeaza]

Crazy how well connected the world is and yet there is still so much mystery! Imagine how many more tracks are out there just begging to be discovered!

[@davidec.4021]

This video is so well done i almost teared up unironically. Damn. Saved

[@timschafer2536]

This is the content I love , it Inspires me to learn new things.

[@anonb315]

I don't usually comment , but your videos demand it! Keep up the good work and your channel will explode!

[@mrmusic000]

Wow this is really underrated content. Keep it up!

[@froggynzack]

This was so informative and interesting. Thank you

[@Ricketik65]

Tom Scott sent me here. I'm staying!

[@OfficiallySnek]

Wow, very high quality

[@lorenink5069]

What a great video!! 🙌🏽

[@JackB345]

Nice one James!

[@clownfromclowntown]

This is so well made HOW are the views so criminally low 😭😭

[@ONIONEILL]

Nice work Jimmy

[@ThirdProletariat]

"For the world's oldest crime" Dinosaurs minding their business then being inihilated by an asteroid: 😐

[@evilpandakillabzonattkoccu4879]

that's wasn't a crime...and, while we now think that dinosaur insurance did 'act of God' coverage.... most dinosaur claims adjusters were atheists and saw it as an act of nature, not God. go figure. ....anyway, if you're interested, you can read more about it in the Bible! 🎉 🥸

[@scummymummy2548]

That is so cool. U won my subscription..

[@TheNightwalker247]

Another great video.!,!!!

[@ZentaBon]

This channel is amazing and could probably join the likes of ItsOkayToBeSmart, Hot Mess, etc

[@selvasair]

Very good detective story was told

[@AtomicFrontier]

Thanks! It was fun to tell it

[@cheyennereynoso4116]

Keep up the good work

[@dyslexiusmaximus]

Great content

[@Jvk1166z]

now im going to be scratching dinosaur footprints into my shortbread crusts

[@MrEazyE357]

Can't believe I didn't find this channel earlier.

[@Broockle]

kitchen, dinosaur beach then museum i was not ready for all these location transitions xD

[@zeegamer2377]

That was awesome

[@eliforeal5261]

Really well made and informative video! But rather the dinosaurs being identified as Brontosaurus and Tarbosaurus (neither of which lived in Australia and in completely separate eras), they likely belonged to species belonging to unique families native to early Cretaceous Australia. Namely megaraptoroid theropods and titanosaurian sauropods.

[@abelardomangold8445]

nice video

[@martinfey578]

Watching the cooking segment of the video, my brain is saying "eat the pudding eat the pudding eat the pudding". hehe

[@ashleywilson3814]

Brilliant

[@UncleKennysPlace]

A little work with a compressor on the voice, and Bob's yer uncle.

[@jelinlikeafelin]

I love cooking videos

[@kirkc9643]

Me too but what was with the dinosaur thing?

[@xemiii]

this was so interesting, but the implication of tarbosaurus and brontosaurus coexisting temporally(let alone in Australia) is way off target

[@halfbee7886]

So, is it possible that the scale of the footprints got skewed overtime as well, due to the pressure of the upper layers? Which means that the size of the footprints might have not been accurate to the actual size of the dinosaurs. Is it possible?

[@jeanandre3651]

Wow

[@MildlyDampElk]

I live next to the set of prints Carnegie took for the science center its really neart to see

[@relacser]

There are some great Dinosaur footprints in Winton, Queensland

[@stephenolson532]

Any bigfoot track ways?

[@patrick247two]

Thank you.

[@rayrowley4013]

Shouldn't the footprints be largely deformed by continental drift over millions of years and the crushing weight of the sediment on top? Doesn't that effect the inferences of spacing/ depth of track?

[@cloudaye]

I LOST IT WHEN HE SAID THAT A DINOSAUR IS LOOKING SUS

[@NutOnYoutube]

how are you enjoying australia?

[@relo999]

How the fuck does this video not have more views and the channel not more subs?

[@Awesomenesskael]

👍

[@corneum412]

hes got the tism right?

[@jeremybradley559]

How do they know dinosaurs tended to their young ? I guess footprints tell a story and crocodiles do after hatching.

[@ratreptile]

Birds are dinosaurs and many of them tend to their young. It only makes sense that their ancestors did as well. Though it almost certainly differed from species to species. There has been findings of nonavian dinosaurs traveling in herds and dying in the same location and stuff like that. Also egg nests have been found were the eggs are layed out in circles for the mother or father to be in the middle and look after them. So its not a far stretch to imagine a lot of them being pretty good parents.

[@jana31415]

3:53 it could also have been a father brontosaurus

[@linecraftman3907]

Genuine question How can we be sure that they actually met and nit just happened to cross the same spot an hour apart

[@pingnick]

🤯

[@sciencoking]

Tom Scott's cute little brother.

[@Bbonno]

Great editing, solid subjects, excellent personal additions to textbook knowledge. Can I resist nitpickinganyway? nope :p Pacing could use some work, as its currently quite monotone and could use some dramatic/rhetorical breaks to let the points sink in... Nitpicking done... Keep up the good work!

[@Habakouk77]

Just to add a funny element, you should add the recipe in the description. At least i would appreciate it...

[@max_kl]

From another comment: "For the pastry its 1 cup flour, ½ cup brown sugar, ½ cup desiccated coconut and 125g butter. For the caramel its 125g butter, ½ cup brown sugar, 1 tsp vanilla extract and 295g condensed milk. Then I used as much chocolate as I had in the fridge. Prehistoric mud and dinosaur toenails are optional extras. Enjoy!"

[@AtomicFrontier]

Added it to the description. Happy baking!

[@chumster2436]

me when he go to museum: OOOOoooOO lOOk, I BEen THERe!

[@matthewpollock9685]

When we do use ground penetrating radar, just remember to keep Sam Neil away. He's not machine compatible.

[@ACELukas]

Tarbosaurus do be looking kinda sus 😳

[@Hfrill]

NASCAR Busts: Steve Wallace

[@TechyBen]

Downvote for choosing a Caramel Slice, and not something with chocolate in it... [Adds chocolate] Ok you win this time. This time.

[@dadsonworldwide3238]

How about those in Texas

[@marcgorter8651]

Maybe theropod and sauropod would have been better terms

[@adityadhardwivedi634]

This video is really great. But I do have a question, do you like playing cricket? It's strange to ask our american friends about cricket, lol. But as I'm from India, cricket is like fever all around, so how about you?

[@bananachu1136]

should have given the recipe.

[@AtomicFrontier]

Check the description...

[@lasciviouspaine]

42,000th viewer

[@jek__]

Haven't paleontologists ever heard of statute of limitations?

[@F_O_E]

Is it just me or did my iq multiply by 10 yay now I have 10iq

[@CarlosAM1]

3:16 sus

[@markfothergill7501]

your videos are sick

[@george60m38]

You just said exactly what occurred 130 million years ago based on dents in the ground. Wow

[@alexs5814]

you didn't show us the footprint in your cake...

[@molrat]

I'm so annoyed that the subtitles don't match what he's saying.

[@RichardCurrie]

Ground penetrating radar is not new for archeology. Its been done for more than 20 years. The tv show "Time team" used it in every episode in the 1990's

[@nielspeppelaar6001]

Your audio is either too loud or too quiet for me.

[@limbonlegs1662]

Walking. *duh*

[@asparadog]

British person with no kettle in the kitchen... Very strange.

[@neptunion]

Australian, still a little odd. Looks to me like he's cleaned away everything before the shoot, maybe including his kettle.

[@Engineer9736]

"How Do Dinosaur Footprints Work?" -> Put gas and a battery in it and turn the ignition switch?

[@JNCressey]

6:33 "catching sight" from 4 steps away? Was it blind or something?

[@AVERYhornyMrDinosaur]

bro i was there that day, and that's not how it went down.

[@TimothyWhiteheadzm]

You have your scale all wrong when you tell the story of what happened. A predator that only 'catches sight' of a brontosaurus when it is only a mere four steps away needs to buy itself some glasses.

[@annarboriter]

...her daughter... Not only does the narrator presume the sexes of the dinosaur but a parental bond that has not been established with such a species

[@edbarskite2730]

NOT MILLIONS OF YRS ,, EARTH WAS ONLY HERE 8 THOUSAND YRS, EN THOSE FOOT PRINTS WERE RIGHT WHEN NOAHS FLOOD STARTED,,

[@garyjaensch7143]

A nice journey into the land of Hollywood and imagination of a geologist called darwin, no one can really say that a creature with skin and guts they call a nodosaur is any older than thousands of years, and Cambridge University studies back this up when they show that Australian Aborigines languages are only 4000 years old, and iron plate and magnetite traces found by Dominique goerlitz in the Giza Pyramid prove the Iron Age matche the history of the Bible, not the absurd Iron Age date you were taught n school, keep on assuming and imagining, or go and study the work of Kurt Wise and his flood model on Genesis is history, and follow up with the work of the “ six million dollar man” Steve austin , Andrew Snelling and Michael J Oard.