How does Computer Memory Work? 💻🛠

Check out Crucial NVMe SSDs Here: crucial.gg/BranchEducation_P5
Have you ever wondered why it takes time for computers to load programs or video games? Also, ever wonder why your computer uses both DRAM as well as SSDs when they both are used to store data?
Well, most of that time is spent moving data from a hard drive or SSD into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory, which is the working memory inside your computer. In this video, we're going to take a very deep dive into DRAM. We'll see how it connects to other parts of your computer, and then we'll explore how DRAM can store gigabytes of data in nanoscopic capacitors. After that, we'll cover the three main operations of DRAM: Reading, Writing, and Refreshing. And finally, we'll dive deep into some more complex aspects of DRAM that make it so amazingly fast such as folded DRAM architecture. We'll also learn what burst buffers are, and why there are so many banks of DRAM memory cells.
Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education?
Support us at: / brancheducation
Website: www.branch.education
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Thanks to Nathan, Peter, and Jacob for helping research and review this video! They're doctoral students at the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, and you can learn more about their program here: fics.institute.ufl.edu/
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Intro to Computer Memory
00:47 - DRAM vs SSD
02:23 - Loading a Video Game
03:25 - Parts of this Video
04:07 - Notes
06:10 - Intro to DRAM, DIMMs & Memory Channels
10:43 - Crucial Sponsorship
12:09 - Inside a DRAM Memory Cell
15:28 - An Small Array of Memory Cells
17:41 - Reading from DRAM
19:38 - Writing to DRAM
21:55 - Refreshing DRAM
23:16 - Why DRAM Speed is Critical
25:06 - Complicated DRAM Topics: Row Hits
26:21 - DRAM Timing Parameters
27:51 - Why 32 DRAM Banks?
29:17 - DRAM Burst Buffers
30:58 - Subarrays
32:02 - Inside DRAM Sense Amplifiers
34:24 - Outro to DRAM
Key Branches from this video are: How do Solid State Drives Work?
Erratum:
At 10m 08s : Cicruit || Should be Circuit
At 21m 54s : 32 Bank Groups || Should be 32 Banks.
Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.mx
Music Editing: Luis Zuleta
Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos
Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca
Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 www.blender.org/
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro
References:
DDR5 SDRAM. JEDEC Standard. JESD79-5 July 2020
Dr. Cutress, Ian. "Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies". Oct 6th, 2020.
Dr. El-Maleh, Aiman. "Functions and Functional Blocks: Digital Logic Design" College of Computer Sciences and Engineering. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.
Hajimiri, Ali. Et al. "Design Issues in Cross-Coupled inverter Sense Amplifier". IEEE. Stanford University 1998
IBM. Understanding DRAM Operation. IBM 1996.
Jacob, Bruce. NG, Spencer W. Wang, David T. "Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk." Elsevier Inc. 2008
Keeth, Brent. Baker, R Jacob. Johnson, Brian. Lin, Feng. "DRAM Circuit Design: Fundamental and High-Speed Topics." IEE Press 2008.
Kim, Yoongu et. Al. "A Case for Exploiting Subarray-Level Parallelism in DRAM". Carnegie Mellon University
Lee, Donghuk et.al. "Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture. Carnegie Mellon University
Micron. "DDR4 SDRAM. MT40A4G4. MT40A2G8. MT40A1G16. 16Gb: x4, x8, x16 DDR4 SDRAM Features" Micron Technologies 2018
Micron. "DDR5 SDRAM Product Core Data Sheet DDR5SDRAM Features." Micron Technologies 2020
Ryan, Kevin J. Morzano, Christopher K. Li, Wen. "Write Data Masking for Higher Speed DRAMS" US Patent 6532180 B2 Mar. 11 2003.
Shilov, Anton. "SK Hynix Details DDR5-6400". ANANDTECH. Feb 26th, 2019.
Sunami, Hideo. "Dimension Increase in Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Memories and Transistors". From intechopen.com. From "Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies". Apr 2010.
Wikipedia contributors. "CAS Latency". "DDR5 SDRAM". "Dynamics Random-Access Memory". "Memory Timing". "Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited Nov 2022
#DRAM #CPU #Computer

[@BranchEducation]

If you want to support us, then liking the video, writing a small comment, and sharing this video with others on Twitter, Reddit, Facebook, WhatsApp, or elsewhere help a TON! Doing this will enable us to create much more in-depth content on how computers work! Why is it called Dynamic Random Access Memory? Also, why didn't we just call it RAM or just Memory throughout the video? Well, Random Access, means the computer can access any section of data with an equal amount of time before the data is read or written compared to any other section. The opposite is Linear Access Memory, which like a cassette tape. It's 'Dynamic' because the data cells lose charge over time, and thus have to be refreshed multiple times a second. Finally, we didn't call it RAM, because there are many types of RAM. SSDs are technically NVRAM [Non-Volatile RAM] Cache memory in the CPU is SRAM [Static RAM], GPUs use VRAM [Video RAM], which is VERY close in design to DRAM, and additionally there lesser known ones like MRAM [Magnetoresistive RAM] , and many more. Also, why not SDRAM [Synchronous Data RAM]? Because all DDR 1,2,3,4,5 is SD, and non-SDRAM for computers is obsolete by 20ish years- although I'm sure there is non-SD RAM for other applications. Also- did you spot that we use a DDR4 motherboard? That's because we had to purchase a motherboard and do a very thorough and destructive teardown, and thus we didn't have funds to splurge on the more expensive DDR5 motherboard.

[@JohnDoe-yq9ml]

Great work. Thank you so much. Been dying to learn this!!! Thank you!!! Proud of you keep up the good work!!!

[@nabibunbillah1839]

very cool and educational.... your videos helps us to learn everything in step by step processes and avoiding all the bullshit.....keep up the good work ...(cursed comment : don't belief anything this video says .....this all works by human sacrifice to the luminary .... )

[@WaffleStaffel]

Wow, another astonishing demonstration, even my mother was engrossed by it.

[@apfvm9145]

Sorry didn’t take your advicw to watch at 1.25x speed, i’m watching at 1x speed

[@gmqt]

Please make the background music quieter, it's hard to hear the voiceover

[@rewardilicious]

Amazing videos, 30 minutes packs in months of concepts otherwise very poorly taught at university and difficult to find online. I wish you guys could make more content about the actual manufacturing process as well, that'd be really interesting and bring it all together!

[@JamesLee-tu8io]

You are so generous! People like you are the reason these videos can exist!

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Thats an insanely generous amount of money to give someone for a youtube video about DRAM. Good on you!

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Bro can send me $10🙃🙃🙃🙃🙃

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dang bro you are rich

[@BranchEducation]

Thank you tons!! It's truly appreciated.

[@JohnDoe-yq9ml]

Dude this video must have taken an insane amount of time to make. The 3D models are extremely extremely detailed. It’s insane. Everyone should comment like and share to support this channel. Jesus that’s a lot of work.

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Right? I always think that when I watch content from this channel. And all for free, too.

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That's a nice name you got there. Pretty sure nobody exists with that name.

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[@harendra7420]

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Absolutely!!!

[@tylercoombs1]

I think this video series should be part of every computer science curriculum in high schools across the country, just so well done!

[@bigbluebuttonman1137]

Honestly, this whole video series is expertly crafted. The visuals are very well done, the explanations and buildup in complexity are very clear and easy to follow, and the gaps to fill in or keep track of understanding aren't that hard. Didn't have to think a whole lot with these videos, which is great.

[@Novato202]

I was thinking the same. This video is great

[@hirakchatterjee5240]

This level of detail is not necessary in a highschool setting.

[@Cleb-wf3gw]

wonderful video!

[@soothsayer1]

@@hirakchatterjee5240 I was kind of surprised that such a comment about high school is liked by a lot of people. I doubt that this knowledge is even remotely relevant to managers, economists, etc. I doubt that most programmers even need to know this stuff due to the fact that programming is very often about abstraction. In high school most students would simply ignore this material and wouldn’t remember it in a week. This content is needed by those who want to program in low programming languages ​​and those who are simply interested in how a computer works.

[@gigakoresh]

Thanks for cramming a couple of university courses worth of information into a 35 minute video! I had to watch it in 4 stages, but in the end it's a lot more effective than many lecturers! I can't even begin to imagine how hard it must have been to not only understand it all to a point when you can explain this to others, but to also accurately animate all of this.

[@marcoantonelliani2659]

It's hard to believe how lucky we are having this content with this level of studies, researches, explanations and animations available for free. Impressive work.

[@kiwaminski]

Definitely. What an absolute legend.

[@zayn4047]

We studied this in 5th grade :D

[@mkvector9539]

It's also hard to believe how small yet so fast and even more capable computer technology has become, also how many things that were made as a standard many decades ago to creating entirely new standard through innovation, from the PSU to motherboard and what not, the engineers that worked tirelessly to create a universal system and set of instructions as an industry standard to regulate and stabilise the flow of current, voltage, data and memory, all contributing for a better understanding and a more convenient and reliable experience with hardware and software.

[@IceColdProfessional]

It truly is art in working form. I thank the man who made it.

[@r_mclovin]

@@zayn4047 Yeah, and I studied quantum physics in kindergarten

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Your incredible ability to explain and visualize difficult concepts is unparalleled. The amount of time to produce and edit this video must have been intense. Your videos are a gift of knowledge to humanity.

[@leprechaunbutreallyjustamidget]

Thanks for helping him do it

[@playerscience]

It's great to see people like you help him. I'll also donate to him after I complete my studying!

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks! We're grateful for the contribution!

[@anwarjamal8908]

Hi

[@atahancotelli4510]

I'm a software developer and although we cover the basics of how programs are using memory to execute the necessary instructions, we never went into details. This is truly the best video that I've seen and is probably the only one of its kind. Amazing work... everything that you've put into the making of this video is greatly appreciated.

[@user-ke9xj2mh4f]

Yes the details is just insane 🎉

[@TheLeleo14]

The quality of the video, the simplicity when complex topics are broken down far enough and the engaging script and speaking voice make this channel a real treat!

[@NidonocuPoisonBunny]

As a software developer, you often end up forgetting about the intricacies at play in the hardware of a computer system. Even knowing how things work at the 'logical' level, its wonderfully enlightening to know what's going on at the lower levels like this and gain and understanding of why things work the way they do!

[@Dipole__]

ikr, i took an introductory to electronics as SWE and his video just shows how deep the electronics rabbit hole goes - the engineering involved to make those memory cell is crazy!

[@speggeri90]

Every programmer has to know at least on a theoretical level, how the memory or CPU work, and have some grasp on electronics.

[@SilverAura]

Knowing how this stuff works can also be absolutely essential in optimizations. API's are fantastic for fast development and increased overall compatibility across hardware/software configurations, but being familiar with how the bare metal works, at least in theory. Computers today have so much memory, speed, and storage available to them, people get used to the idea of just brute forcing their work and setting higher minimum requirements than necessary. Case in point, Rollercoaster Tycoon.

[@ShopperPlug]

This is true, today's CS curriculum completely skips computer engineering and this will only victimize CS students. However CE students have the advantage to know CS easily and not be victimized of improper education. CS people only knows logic and good software but do not know how to make their software more useful, efficient, faster, cheaper, creative, and practical using custom hardware or knowing the low level details of computer hardware.

[@senzuka_se]

@@ShopperPlug couldnt have said it any better, most of the people who arent even officialy studying CS and when they brag about python & java script, yet when it comes to hardware their minds go blank, they seem to have no clue on how the inner workings work on the low level, which is pretty sad since like you said, the understanding of these low level parts and how they work could be a key factor on how these developers optimize and streamline their code for this and that specific hardware.

[@rabbitsfoot8]

as a computer network engineer can I just say this might have been the best technical video I've ever watched...fantastic

[@theromanian8194]

The amount of work put intro this video is insane. I didn't saw a documentary about computers which looked this good. Awesome job.

[@serviceprovider7901]

This is an invaluable source for learning about DRAM working! University lectures don’t seem to come anywhere near this! This is extremely well illustrated and I could quickly comprehend the ideas that it was communicating. After this, I tried watching a university lecture on DRAMs and I was surprised just how hard it was to learn from a university lecture in comparison with learning through these illustrated videos. I feel this should be the way things are taught

[@andrew8293]

Videos like this make me appreciate technology even more. Thank you for answering my questions with your easy to understand yet detailed videos!

[@orbyfied]

respect for the donation bro

[@tasteofinternet1186]

Good 👍😊

[@jorgelnx]

Didn't expect all this information presented in just one great video. Thanks!

[@Psythik]

Really? I was surprised by how short it was, and disappointed that it didn't go into any detail...

[@onlymuhammadnasser]

@@Psythik It's an awesome & detailed video, with a high quality 3d models, well written script. put aside the awesome background sound effects or the ordering of information.

[@Psythik]

@@onlymuhammadnasser Who cares about fancy animations? I much rather the uploader spend their time on providing more in-depth information, rather than wasting their energy on producing animations that add very little to the video. I need more than just surface-level knowledge.

[@onlymuhammadnasser]

@@Psythik Fancy animations will help people understand how it works in an easier way, allowing their brains to link the information they hear logically with the physical movements that happen in those parts. secondly, they didn't waste their energy producing animations because they already did it all good with the details. lastly, this is not a surface-level knowledge, if you can't name some of those things you did miss by watching this, i'll have to just call you a hater. you can't claim that it's surface level-knowledge without giving examples as to what are the missing things.

[@joseramos9505]

@@Psythik how is this surface level knowledge??

[@OElitecorp]

Just about to finish a PhD on using DRAMs to generate unique identifiers. This is THE best illustration of a highly technical concept (let alone DRAM!) I think I have ever seen. Well done.

[@DannyM255]

I must say, I'm truly impressed! Your 3D teaching video on DRAM is absolutely phenomenal. It's rare to find such a clear, engaging, and technically sound explanation of a complex topic. Your creativity in using 3D visualization truly elevates the learning experience and makes understanding DRAM much more accessible. Thank you for sharing your knowledge in such an eloquent and impactful way!

[@Adrio999]

I learned so much from you in the past 3 years that it feels really illegal to continue to watch such gold content for free - so here is my first "super thanks" ever - you deserve a lot more than this! I will look for sure to soon become a patreon member of this channel, 3Blue1Brown and only a few more - but this 2 channels with highest priority... and I am not even an engineer or working in similar field! Glad to see that you will very soon meet the 1M subscribers finally! Looking forward to the next video, whatever it will be! :)

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Indeed!!

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What is 3Blue 1Brown ?

[@Adrio999]

@@zahoortareen www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown - The best math channel on KZbin... Explaining complex problems in a simple* visual and easy* to understand matter... Well ... easy and simple, if you have the will to watch them slow and repeat a lot - or if you are much smarter than me :D Much like here... ;)

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​@@zahoortareenIt's a brilliant Mathematics related KZbin channel which delivers extremely detailed and informative math videos using beautiful animations. Their videos explain things in such a way that everyone from newbie to expert can understand it easily. It also helped me through my calculus course a lot! Highly recommended from me. ❤❤

[@zeytitude]

For me, carefully-crafted animated videos like these are a hundred (even thousand) times better and truly helpful in explaining how things work - as compared to just reading books or manuals. It's very nice to see that in this digital age, there are educators like you who are spending a considerable amount of time and effort in creating these kinds of videos. I'd be a Patreon to creators of high-quality videos like these if only I had a lot to spare. Thank you!

[@Stretch213]

It Mano technology

[@AnxietyBeaver]

Definitely the best animated explanation I’ve seen so far. Both size and quality of this job are astonishing. Thank you Sir!

[@unityxg]

This video is incredible. I have watched a lot of videos on "how things work" over many years and this one tops the charts on detail, technical terms, and illustrations. Well done.

[@Street_whys]

Incredible. The animation and voice acting are of insane quality. Thank you for your hard work 🙏

[@NoName-zn1sb]

Too many "swoosh" annoying distracting and stressful sound effects, didn't finish. Please stop doing that.

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That takes a lot of work to make this insanely hard material open to everyone, I am not even talking about this 3-d animation. it's actually the best technical video I've ever seen before!!! THANKS A LOT!!!!!

[@RahulAhire]

It's quite amazing to see there are some really smart people who understand these stuff and drastically improvement our live. Teddy, I've watched all of your video since I saw your interview with Lesics and each time I see your video I'm always in awe that no-one explains like you and your team on entire KZbin. Looking at the efforts, dedication and amount of time that went into it makes me feel like I just can't watch this for free. So here's a very small contribution from my end. I'll be looking forward to be on patreon in near future. Keep creating such informative videos. Eagerly waiting for the GPU ones...

[@Ryanisalive]

I am surprised that good people like you still exist on this planet!

[@RahulAhire]

@@Ryanisalive Thanks for the comment. I don't think it's a question of Good or Bad but rather about sustainability. AdSense rarely pays anything satisfactory so just wanted to extend small amount on my side.

[@leprechaunbutreallyjustamidget]

Thanks for keeping this free for the rest of us 👍🐐

[@bartleyt7358]

Rahul, thanks for supporting the channel so we can get more amazing content for free!

[@statusforwa7627]

The video is very very interesting

[@gerarbendfeldt]

The quality of the 3d rendering, the clarity to explain everything, as a narrator and graphically wise, and the pace is perfect. I would love to create some videos like this for architecture and construction. I really hope your channel grows to translate it into spanish. Thanks for this, is a gift to humanity. Sorry for my english, it is not my native lenguaje.

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Also, I don't understand a b i t of this video but I love it.

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Cabal!

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@@gerarbendfeldt a bit... ;)

[@BillyLongshot]

the video explainer I've been waiting for all my life. Just answers all my questions (for ex, which types of memory come into play in a computer game and when) with great visuals all the way. Can't believe how well this is made. Neither too cartoonish, nor showering you in abstract engineering data. Getting my popcorn out and giving it a proper watch at normal speed.

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That's just one of the best videos explanations of a complex topic. It's incredible this is available for free on KZbin.

[@mike4157]

This is very informative with excellent visualization and simplification of the complex technologies presented. Thanks for making these videos!

[@BranchEducation]

Thank you so much!! We 5/5 stars appreciate it!

[@PeterShengt]

Amazing! The clearest video about computer devices that I have ever seen. I believe it is more propriate to watch the videos slowly so that the understanding can be comprehensive. Maybe a possible way is to separate one long videos in to several independent ones.

[@muzammilnasir1535]

Never seen such an authentic and well explained video in my whole computer science career, thanks alot for creating such a (gem) great video.

[@HCG]

Educational and in-depth videos like this are why I love KZbin so much. Thank you for providing such high quality content

[@gabrielsedivy5791]

This is amazing visualization of how DRAM works. When I studied microelectronics, it took about 3 hour long lecture to professor to explain just basic concepts. This explains a lot of details that are normally neglected, and it takes only 30 minutes. Only one think that was neglected about SSDs, that data are read/written there in pages, because it makes more sense to load/save whole data array at once, while when data are processed individual bit/byte/word operations are common.

[@BranchEducation]

Well, we have a separate series of 4 videos that cover just SSDs, that total ~45m duration.

[@jonesgang]

I am beyond impressed with the amount of detail and information in this video. This is some triple A content. At first, I thought over 30 minute video this better be good. At the end I was wishing it was a 90 minute video. That is how impressed I am.

[@allamasadi7970]

The background music 🎶 makes it better

[@sebastianwullner]

Dude I have searched so long for anyone to explain this topic to mr, while I still can understand it... This video is awesom man tysm

[@jstoppi]

I didn't understand all of it but it was one of the best educational videos I have ever seen. I can't imagine what it took to make something like this. The narrator's voice and pace were perfect.

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I am a CSE student your videos helps me to understand computer concept very clearly. Thanks, here is my little support for you.

[@pratikbarve2864]

One of those videos which you'll watch a lot of times. The amount of work that went into this! Really appreciate the efforts by the team!

[@BranchEducation]

Glad you enjoyed it!

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​@@BranchEducationglad you're glad he enjoyed it ❤️

[@010_AnamikaMondal]

You got insane amount of respect from my side. The total thing was huge, mind blasting. Thank you tons. I was wondering that how does memory works from months. Huge applauds for you people. Keep going, Keep growing. This is the best educational video I've ever come across till now.

[@rakimcraig2556]

I know this video must've taken lots of time and effort but I greatly appreciate it. The animations make understanding things so much easier

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I can't even imagine the amount of time it took to made this video with all these amazing incredibly detailed 3d renders. Great work!

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks!!

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This channel has many masterpiece videos.

[@JJHype]

This is the most incredible in depth video on RAM I’ve ever seen. The amount of detail, description, & 3D modeling is mind blowing. Well done Branch.

[@ruinex7718]

These explanations and visuals are literally perfertion. As someone in VLSI field, this clarified so much about DRAMs for me.

[@nalgene247]

I feel lucky to have stumbled across this video. It is a real diamond in the rough and really explains memory in a manageable way. Thank you for making it!

[@KaneBear1]

I study electronics and automation with the basics of digital technology like this. Also a computer enthusiastic who overclocks as well. It is incredible to see a video on youtube this accurate and visually well made, also It helps to remind and clears some of the aspect of DRAM's. Really love this video ♥

[@MarxMin]

Thanks! Keep up the amazing work! Your work is loved by many!

[@bartleyt7358]

Thanks supporting so we can get more amazing free content!

[@charlesballiet7074]

this is a very elegant and well presented description of a computer really helps with getting an intuitive grasp of these rather subtle machines ... thank you

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I'm only 6 minutes in and it is already clear that this video is INSANE. It can't get better than this. Incredible work!

[@levivass]

It is truly mind-blowing to see a 30 minute video summarize pretty much an entire semester worth of deep scientific theory after taking a course relating to the same topic. From the amazing quality of the illustrations and animations supporting the explanation to the explaining itself, this channel's videos are masterpieces and they are only getting better. Wish I found this while taking my college courses, but it serves as an amazing refresher to say the least.

[@anon1963]

wasn't really deep or scientific then but I can see what you mean

[@tet2755]

I'm stunned at how good this is! No other video like it on the internet. Best explanation, hands down, on how a computer works at the level of the transistor.

[@user-pp6cl7yw5x]

This videos should be shown at high schools. The amount of details and the overall quality of the videos you make is amazing. Thank you. ❤

[@maverick.404]

Hats off to the engineers, researchers and inventors who made such technology possible. I can't even imagine how delicate, intricate and advanced these tech are. I sincerely appreciate the technological advancements. Much respect to brach education and team for bringing such detailed video. ❤️

[@TheEm2909]

It is such a noble work to create this high quality content, reaching thousands of curious minds across the globe, and making it available for free! Thank you Branch Education and all involved in the creation of this video! You are awesome!

[@willk7184]

I'm kind of amazed that all of this complexity works so smoothly, day in and day out across millions of machines.

[@jamescampbell-gray3203]

It feels like this video should be mandatory in every computer science course, especially when in the context of learning to perform proper memory management in coding, and also when learning cybersecurity... A++!

[@JaredOwen]

Great video! This will be extremely valuable to engineering students

[@munithach9897]

Very like your channel too

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You also create awesome videos. In fact, I with my gf watched your titanic video yesterday.

[@Vladek16]

RAM is one of the most complex thing to explain in a computer. I've watch dozen of videos on the subject but none of them were that detailed and clear. Your work is a true educational masterpiece

[@speggeri90]

I'm afraid it's not. CPU is the most complex device on a computer. RAM is one of the most simple and straight forward things to explain.

[@monad_tcp]

Cache locking and invalidation is the most complex thing. RAM is pretty simple and straight-forward near other things.

[@BranchEducation]

@@monad_tcp Yeah- you're right. One of the reasons why we did DRAM earlier than CPU is because it's less complex- albeit, still very complex- but definitely less complex than Cores, Pipelining, Scheduling, Caches, or really most things on the core.

[@davenordquist4663]

@@speggeri90 Hey, people have to implement compute-in-memory somehow. HBM can't have all the glory.

[@zachsilby4569]

To the team behind this channel and all the computer explanation videos, Thank you, people, so much for making these videos. One of my hobbies and autistic "Special Interests" is computers as my brain works more like one, and it just makes sense to me. However for the longest time I was looking at all these parts as I took apart my computers and stuff, not knowing just how within 100 years, we went through such a technological Renaissance that began with literal light bulbs and so far has us manufacturing devices nearing on the size of atoms. It was such a confusing and intimidating subject to learn about because either it's years into a course on electronics in general, or just it doesn't make sense to me. But these videos explain it simply and effectively, assisted with the 3d modules in the video. I watch at 1x speed because your pace is perfect for me to be able to digest the information you just gave without being a drawling slog to get to the next point. These videos make it much easier to conceptualize how things work. Which is something not many other resources online can say. Thank you, team, for making these, they're my favorite videos so far.

[@fahimabrar4251]

Literally the best educational content i have ever received

[@CodedXtreme]

The edit is INSANE! I really respect and love for this amazing work! It's not just the 3D models are stunning the animations as well! We are lucky to have you. Total respect.

[@-sturmfalke-]

The way things are explained in the videos of this channel is breathtaking, the level of perfection is insane. No shortcuts are made, the animations show extreme details. I loved every aspect of this video, it's definetely worth watching the whole 35 minutes.

[@skywalker1991]

Wow , its amazing to see how complex the hardware is , its mind boggling, Hats off to all engineers who created all this .

[@longa7501]

As a computer engineering student, I have to say that this is insane. Love your videos!

[@bl8de3]

At first I was like: "Ah, just another introductory video for a non-computer person." Then, my mind was blown. Very well explained and graphically displayed.

[@sune9578]

I was in the same boat. I clicked on the video thinking, "I'll humor you KZbin. I might learn *something* new from this." I ended up learning a lot.

[@Sir_Uncle_Ned]

The people who figured out how to do this stuff are all exceptionally genius. The simple fact we can reliably make such small structures that only keep getting smaller with time consistently blows my mind. Computers can process so much data quickly thanks to all the clever work that led to this point, which is why I am so excited for fully self-driving cars. In the 25 milliseconds it takes for a human to start reacting to a change, the computer driving has already seen it, and is constantly recalculating the best possible reaction at such high speeds that even a fly able to react in 5 milliseconds seems glacial by comparison. Never over or under-correcting.

[@the4k1dd]

Absolutely amazing. Can't say that I've ever seen or ever will see something so in depth.

[@owaisahmadlone1362]

Wow! I am just in awe of the how much detailed the video is. Thank you for taking us through a dream journey of this fascinating world of super fast computing hardwares❤

[@stanleyanthrayose2347]

I have been working on HBM for 3 years now and this video made my concepts more clear!! Much respect to you guys for making these!!

[@kencarp57]

Your real-time animated videos put everybody else covering tech topics on YT to SHAME! They are simply amazing! I love the way you present so much detailed technical information in such a short time, so incredibly clearly. 👍👍

[@willi4242]

What a marvelous peace of engineering explaining art! As an electrical engineer I would have liked to have explanations and animations such as these! You are truly doing an amazing work here! Keep going!

[@nsikakfridayakpan5510]

Amazing tutor with indebt explanation with a more vivid imagery and schematic. Big thumbs up 👍❤

[@KrisRatliff75]

I work as a desktop support technician for a university. I've worked with and on computers since the IBM 8088. I have never been able to understand how any of the inner workings that make up these amazing systems work, until today. Thank you for this explanation of how computer main memory works. You have earned my like and subscription. Looking forward to more like this.

[@RIJAS]

For the first time in my life, I completely watched the promotion part of a KZbin video😅 That's how good you guys are...

[@nerdsrobotics98]

I've watched every video you guys made at least 4 times each. Just want to thank your animation team for giving my visual based learning brain the time of its life

[@NeuroMasterX]

As far as now.... the best DDR video as I saw. Extraordinare. Keep it up.

[@lakemonstergames32]

This is such a beautiful presentation, and the analogs to how it affects the performance and logistics of video games really hits the point home.

[@jrapplefan2231]

I was looking for those explanations for years ; and nobody was able to explain the refreshing process. Thank you. This is really professional. You should receive an Oscar !

[@Stuckinawallgamingv2404]

If I ever become a computer science teacher i would probably use this channel’s videos to teach others the beauty and complexity of these computers. Wonderful video.

[@Lee-js2pi]

the illustrations is great and the graphics are awesome each and every second of the video is worth a lot of attention, thank you so much for educating us.

[@ambition112]

0:00: 🖥 The video explains the role of SSD and DRAM in a computer and their differences in terms of speed and capacity. 4:26: 💡 This video explains the basics of DRAM and its role in computer memory hierarchy. 8:34: 💡 DRAM is a complex integrated circuit with billions of memory cells that store data using capacitors and transistors. 12:56: 🧠 This video explains how a 1T1C memory cell works and how it is organized into arrays. 17:34: 📝 The process of reading and writing data in DRAM memory cells is explained. 22:11: 💡 DRAM memory cells handle a massive amount of data movement, with billions of requests per second and frequent refreshing. 25:56: 📚 DRAM optimization techniques and design considerations. 29:44: ⚙ The design of the memory chip includes a burst buffer, smaller blocks, and a cross-coupled inverter for improved performance. 33:34: ✨ DRAM technology reduces parasitic capacitance and improves the sense amplifier's ability to amplify bitlines. Recap by Tammy AI

[@mc3153]

Excellent recap!!

[@SidDTheSimschannel]

Yep the Bios is loaded first which tells the CPU what channels and address all your hardware is on the motherboard a Bios is a roadmap to the Motherboard for your CPU, than it loads the boot loader and than the operating system that tells the processor the addresses to all directories and programs on your computer so the operating system is a map of the hard drive or SSD and shows your CPU the operating system your directory structure and prints it out in a easy to understand user interface for the end user you.

[@arifsaifee4146]

This should be part of the video's description.

[@ozzyzarate7914]

Thank you man I really had to go back about 10 times to understand just how fucking complex my ddr4 ram is, wow just wow it's mind blowing we as humans are capable of this

[@sameera_viraj_K]

Dude this video is awesome. Im a VFX artist myself and i couldn't imagine if i did this how much time this would take. Simply awesome. I would love to see Behind the scenes because some parts in this video is so insane. Keep it up dude. Love these videos.

[@tuffyvictor6944]

more about upgradation 11th / 12th generation laptops /pc kzbin.info/door/mQ7gpjINvZn0EyxoI9_xvw

[@wilsonguo1580]

This was an incredible video! I did know some of the information, but having the visuals makes a world of a difference :)

[@user-il7nq2vx9f]

Liking, commenting, and sharing the video is the smallest thing that we can do to appreciate this valuable content. The amount of work behind this video and all of the other videos on this channel is incredibly numerous. As a computer science student, this channel helped me a lot to comprehend computer hardware architectures. God blesses you, and thanks a lot!

[@housecat93]

Information-rich, optimally-ordered breakdown. Breathtaking presentation. This channel is a GEM. Thanks for what you do!

[@lesocram4052]

The quality and explanations are amazing keep up the good work

[@PS-qp1ld]

Amazing video 🤯. The amount of work put in the making is insane. I am so grateful for having the opportunity to watch this masterpiece for free. This should be played in the schools and universities all over the world. Thank you ♥

[@jasonallen2602]

I have been wanting to better understand these concepts ever since I started building my own gaming PCs but was never able to wrap my head around it. And then in a single video it all makes sense. Amazing animations and explanations. We don't deserve content this good!

[@alexfrank4947]

You all have inspired me to the deepest Level. I'm in awe. Thank you for the golden education!!!

[@jadersanctem]

What an incredible demonstration, thank you so much!

[@supdown123]

This is by far one of the best ways to explain such topic. Couldn’t imagine learning this through a textbook.

[@localnyraccoon]

I am actually astonished at the effort it took to make this video. Super informative with very good and accurate models. Like I have no words, it's just some of the best stuff I have ever seen. You guys are amazing.

[@sadmansafat5784]

This could be one of the best videos I've ever seen and I'd rate it a straight 10/10. Also, the animations helped me to get familiar with the daunting concepts of how hardwares work. Keep it up; hope that pays off as success.

[@and1oncnn]

crazy details! I remember struggling to understand the concept in the university. I wish I had this video back then..

[@user-vs5ux6dc8o]

I remember watching age old videos in school showing how phyisical, chemical, mechanical and other things worked. Later I understood that those old videos were just really good at explaining something and newer videos weren't up to the task. But this video hits different. I think this will be shown in school in 50+ years.

[@dougler500]

PHENOMENAL video on an EXTREMELY complicated topic. Well done! I have never seen a video describing DRAM in such detail and in such high quality ever before and I've gone looking multiple times. Again, well done!

[@AlokMeshram]

Oh my goodness! Not only is this the most comprehensive description of DDR RAM on KZbin, it's also the most well produced! Bravo! THIS is the future of education. I highly recommend sharing this video with popular tech channels like linus tech tips, gamers Nexus, etc. You will get a lot of traffic of people who are eager to learn about this topic.

[@adityasunani3265]

Although I might be late at these moments for commenting it out, but I'm gonna say this. Hat's off to you and your team to build such a amazing video. With such much of depths of details, it is best explanation I've seen so far. thank you for this incredible video I learned many things. And this particular video is gonna help so many people!! 🔥🔥🔥🔥

[@bobevskiboban]

the 3d animation really , really helped understand just how it works, must have been hard and a lot of time for you to make this, and thank you, this is just awsome, and crystal-clear english, ty sir

[@GoogleUser-iv9nm]

I want to say again that this video is undescribable fantastic! Something out if this world. The level of explanation, visualization and pronunciation is godlike. You r the best!

[@ankurbhageria5300]

OMG the level of research and editing that would have gone into making this video. Absolutely loved it. I read DRAM working during my semester course. Now, after watching this I wonder, what if I had this earlier?

[@2012TheAndromeda]

I really love how elaborate this is and those graphics are SO smooth! It just transitions from one to the other, scenes dont actually ever change. That is super impressive. Thank you all who helped make this video and videos like these!!

[@renatoigmed]

these beautiful illustrations really help my monkey brain absorb so much information and even then I'm going to have to rewatch the video two or three more times to understand this otherworldly complexity of how the technology that makes the modern world go round.