How Many Black Holes Are In The Solar System?

[@WilliamNeacy]

I found my keys under my cat a couple weeks ago. How they got there, is a question science simply cannot answer.

[@kevinamery5922]

Science can't answer, and the cat isn't talking.

[@Krocxigor]

My money is on a dog with a stealth suit in an attempt to place blame on the cat in the never ending war between cats and dogs......or quantum entanglement that bound the particles of the keys and the space under the cat shortly before transferring locations......has to be one of those two options, no other explanation.

[@enverse244]

@@Krocxigorfinally, someone that understands the true of extent of feline capabilities

[@commentaliasni3835]

@@Toxicpoolofreekingmascul-lj4yd And the keys were both there and not there.

[@LuisAldamiz]

Schrödinger has an answer to that: the keys were neither there nor anywhere else until you looked. 😆

[@houstonisfake]

I was wondering if the PBHs in that mass range would still exist after 13.8 billion years of hawking radiation evaporation, but the calculator I found online says they will live for ~1 sextillion years

[@LuisAldamiz]

Really?

[@dennisestenson7820]

Hawking radiation takes a very long time to carry away any significant mass-energy.

[@ShihammeDarc]

They would. PBHs under 1 billion tons would have evaporated by now. You should watch the PBH as black holes video on this channel that rules out various mass ranges for PBHs.

[@houstonisfake]

@ this is unrelated the pbhs in this video are 10^17 grams = 10^11 metric tons

[@ShihammeDarc]

@ a billion tons is 10^15 grams so they are below the range being discussed

[@webslinger911able]

I clicked that notification at relativistic speeds.

[@nicholasleclerc1583]

God damn, comment is from "4 min ago", and the video's from _ONLY_ "3 min ago" !!! Damn? you traveled back in time, man ! 😂❤

[@user-hw6ky2xe6i]

@@nicholasleclerc1583 nope, just traveled faster than information can

[@LuisSierra42]

@@nicholasleclerc1583 it's called time dilation

[@huckthatdish]

Was wondering what that atmosphere igniting explosion sound I heard was

[@stevewebber707]

The speed relative to what though?

[@timmykenny717]

Please bring back comment responses. I learned/laughed a lot from them. It doesn't have to be every episode but i think some of what others have to say made this channel part or why i love it still today. I miss it. The 'it rings like a bell' quasi particle joke you missed the chance for a quasi moto joke and i loved it

[@oberonpanopticon]

“Credit: Anton Petrov” YEEEEAAAAAA

[@baseformrolf6710]

“Hello wonderfull people 😁”

[@TheMissingLink2]

@@segfault- You don't have to put his business out there like that man. Sometimes _not_ saying anything, is doing more for someone than expressing your condolences. Let his family heal without continuously spreading the news.

[@enverse244]

@@segfault- yea. I think you meant well, he did talk about it publicly, but I think there are many, many more interesting things about Anton than that one tragic event. You may as well use his son’s name too. Neil Apollo Petrov.

[@hangender]

My fav space tuber

[@enverse244]

@@hangender agreed, and he’s so consistent too Idk how he maintains the energy and motivation, but I’m so glad he does.

[@twisterwiper]

That was a very interesting episode and unlike most episodes, I actually understood all of it. Thanks for the great work that you and your team do ❤

[@EebstertheGreat]

9:24 "An hour later, your car will be ten meters ahead. That's an entire car length." Dang, your cars in Melbourne are huge!

[@kezia8027]

Everything in australia is bigger and out to kill you, even our car lengths!

[@sd6gaming367]

An entire car length lead in this scenario implies that 2 car lengths were gained if both started at the same point. Poorly worded but it's too be assumed that the car is 5 meters long.

[@Iv_john_vI]

maybe the space dilatation is more pronounced there

[@Priapos93]

If you're driving next to another car at the same speed for an hour, you're doing it wrong

[@LostLargeCats]

​@@Priapos93 agreed! You need to drive side by side with someone else at different speeds.

[@RussellBeattie]

Apparently, the proverbial Planet 9 that Mike Brown's Caltech team is trying to find could be a grapefruit sized black hole.

[@1.4142]

But they've ruled out masses between half the moon and 1% of the sun.

[@jamesmnguyen]

​@@1.4142 I'm pretty sure they ruled out that mass range as a predominant portion of PBH, there might still be some PBHs in that range but not a lot. (Don't quote me on this)

[@tortenschachtel9498]

Size or mass? That's an important difference.

[@mezu-e]

Think of all the physics you could do with a local black hole

[@TheCardil]

If planet 9 mass range is ruled out as PBH, that means it's likely a real planet. And that completely defeats the premise of knowing every large body in the solar system to calculate the expected position of Mars.

[@TJF588]

"for twenty years" My '90s Kid brain: "Oh wow, we sent Martian satellites back in the '80s??" The same brain, a split moment later:

[@Ellohir]

Great episode, I love how you bring cutting-edge science to the masses :) Speaking of, I recently read about a paper that explained away Dark Energy as a product of defining the universe as homogeneous, and that the redshift can be explained as an effect of light traversing through patches of void and dense regions of space. I didn't really understand it, I would love to see it in the show :)

[@1.4142]

16:30 Camera almost got eaten by micro black hole!

[@IntentionalQuintessence]

Matt's hologram was hit with an extra solar asteroid!

[@jamesbailey4581]

I came here to make that same joke! You beat me to it

[@EvenFive]

Instant TRANSMISSION!

[@retrozmachine1189]

Came here to make a similar comment.

[@coldtyre]

Serious question, what happens if the PBH hits a planet? Does it do the same damage as a 100km-wide asteroid, given as the mass and thus momentum/kinetic energy is equivalent? Or does it just punch a neat atomic-sized hole in the object on its trajectory, with any particle below the event horizon disappearing completely, and anything outside of it remaining unnoticed?

[@6Twisted]

16:30 He's a hologram confirmed

[@urbanshadow777]

Looks like there was a glitch in the photonic diode relays on junction c42 of the holo matrix. Someone must bring me a class 3 quantum faze invertor quickly before space Jared Padalecki goes off-line.

[@LoxleyMusic]

His mobile holo-emitter was hit by a tiny black hole.

[@Lambrequin]

caught this too and was wondering if there was an inside joke I'm not in on.

[@evanmcdonald9134]

The legend is back! Happy new year!

[@Secret_Takodachi]

1:55 I was kinda hoping/expecting a "your mom joke" to be the follow-up line. 😂❤

[@jasonrejman1956]

Hands down this was my favorite PBS Spacetime episode. What an exciting prospect to (potentially) detecting PMBHs. You guys are Killing the exposition of incredibly important physics being conveyed to the lay person. That took a lot of vector fields, I'm assuming.

[@hugegamer5988]

This same idea could be used to gravitationally track any and all spaceships even with perfect cloaking and no em signature. Thus the military will likely fund and run a system capable of the same specs.

[@NegotiatorGladiarius]

@@hugegamer5988 Bear in mind that to produce that 1m deviation over several years on the orbit of Mars, we're talking about a 10^17Kg ship (10^20g) or 10^14 tons, i.e., 100,000,000,000 ton ship. Yes, that's 100 BILLION tons. By way of comparison, a Super Star Destroyer is "only" 665,000,000 tons and a regular star destroyer is 6,400,000 T. A Romulan D'deridex class battleship is 4,320,000 tons. Realistically the only thing you could detect is a cloaked Death Star, a year or two after it came and went, and only if it passed very close to Mars. And I think that any civilization which is capable of interstellar travel and has that level of cloaking technology (and in the case of Romulans even uses a singularity, i.e., black hole, as a power source) is way past the level of understanding gravity and its effect on planets. Any captain of such a massive and massively expensive cloaked ship, as well as any navigation officers, would probably be trained to not come anywhere near anything that could give away their position. I mean, WW2 subs were trained how to stay undetected, a more advanced civilization would do the same. On the other hand I guess we could put a billion small buoys in various orbits around the solar system, and see if one gets a violent jolt. The effect on a 1 ton buoy is going to be a lot more massive and immediately noticeable than the effect on something the size of Mars.

[@masonnasty8596]

@@hugegamer5988 I was thinking if it were possible to create a measurement system of things way smaller to see if there's minuscule shifts

[@titaniumO2]

I also enjoyed this episode, and yes, I find this channel's content delivery very reachable from my low level.

[@lynxcato3327]

The singularity before the Big Bang was atemporal, immaterial, and infinite, but that singularity was the universe itself. The Big Bang should be understood more as a metamorphosis in which the universe changed form. Before the Big Bang, the universe existed as a singularity. When we talk about this singularity, our human concepts cease to make sense; we cannot say that this singularity was created by someone. The closest thing to God that science has discovered is the universe itself in its most fundamental form, when we study its most remote past or the fundamental energies that compose it. It is something that eludes us; the reality of the universe is unimaginable. Consider this idea: inside every black hole, there is a singularity, which means it is possible that there are infinite universes within each black hole. Can you imagine that?

[@TheValarClan]

One of the more interesting exclamations as possible candidates for the missing planet beyond Pluto is a primordial black hole. It would have gravitational effects strong enough to do what they’reseeing.

[@thekaxmax]

But functionally impossible to see. It's been discussed and analysed as a possibility. It would require them to be looking at exactly the right place at the same time as a star occultation by a black hole the size of a car. A tad unlikely unless we already know exactly where it is.

[@LuisAldamiz]

That would be a much larger black hole, one of the mass range of 10x Earths (and the size of a mug).

[@kaitlyn__L]

@@LuisAldamiz the size of a mug? Damn, that IS big! It tracks, given the Earth would be a small marble, just... actually going "what would hold 10 ish of those marbles" wasn't a mental exercise I'd done before.

[@LuisAldamiz]

@@kaitlyn__L - I got that notion from black hole astronomer and youtuber Dr. Becky, she actually showed a small potted plant as example of approx. size but I think a mug is an easier to convey concept. It should be perfectly round however.

[@debochch]

​@thekaxmax they could look for objects caught in its lagrange points. They would be visible.

[@michaelmayhem350]

1:35 actually I check under the refrigerator or inside the cat but maybe that's just me 😂

[@Oinkiepiggy]

I looked in my fridge for my keys last week, twice. They still weren't there the second time, and Im not sure as to why, they know better.

[@markstyles1246]

"A ray of light..." "Got it! I can do this." "...a good clock..." "Hmm, this one will do." "...the planet Mars." "I don't feel like going shopping today. Someone else can do this experiment."

[@TheRogueWolf]

Have you checked your garage? Sometimes people have a spare planet stashed away that they completely forgot about.

[@graysonsmith6324]

@TheRogueWolf Okay, Rick Sanchez

[@midbc1midbc199]

Ok I got a Mars. Now what?

[@BoycottChinaa]

A ray of darkness seems to have weight, we just need to wait

[@giacomo8875]

Check under the cat

[@ThoughtsAreReal]

1:44 Matt seeming to wonder if dark matter is in his...pockets. 😂😂😂

[@Julzaa]

8:23 Anton mentioned 🔥

[@ShihammeDarc]

I really like the idea of Primordial Black Holes and want them to be real but I also realize the universe does not care about what I want to be true. The multiple videos on this topic from this channel give me hope though!

[@dangerousdays2052]

Deep Time is real. Darkness

[@ctrainyu]

Matt is the thirty-twoest 52 year old I’ve ever seen

[@Porcuponic]

Black holes? in my solar system? more likely than you might think

[@IntentionalQuintessence]

how do i get rid of 'em??? i have $49.95 ready to spend

[@camp44mag]

At this time of year?

[@decaydjk8922]

​@@camp44magmay I see it?

[@InnuendoXP]

​@@camp44mag oh ho ho noooo, patented Skinner-holes, ollll family recipe.

[@maverick9300]

For this to work, we would also have to account for every rock passing through the solar system.

[@dang4937]

If you're curious - black-holes in that mass range will have a decay time to half their original mass of ​ ~ 7.92×10^97 to 7.92×10^115 billion years via Hawking radiation.

[@valerkand9270]

why use "billions" and not just 10^106 and 10^124 instead?

[@georgehugh3455]

Ok. Not that I don't trust you, but I started the stopwatch on my iPhone...

[@zacharywong483]

Super fantastic video, as always!

[@alankelly1001]

If a PBH has already been orbiting the Sun in the solar systems plane (perhaps in the region of Russell's Teapot) for a long period of time, we wouldn't notice any effect on the other orbits because it would just be one more little chunk of asteroid sized mass we're not tracking that was already influencing the orbits all along. It would be part of the system, not a perturbation caused by the transit of an object from outside the system.

[@CorwynGC]

I don't think we are tracking asteroids by their influence on orbits. So when that starts, unaccounted for asteroids will trigger a optical search.

[@garethdean6382]

Possibly, a large enough or long enough effect will produce an anomaly, we'd know *something* was there. But aside from that, it doesn't matter if another hole approaches our system. We don't need to detect every hole, just some.

[@edtheduck6219]

I presume that a PBH would be unlikely to be found in orbit around the sun, because of the way the solar system formed and the relative speeds of primordial objects?

[@alankelly1001]

The suggestion to use planetary perturbation to detect a transiting PHB was intended to test two previous proposals. First that PHBs account for dark matter; and second, the earlier proposal for the density of dark matter in our area of the galaxy and derived density of dark matter in our own solar system. I was only pointing out a potential scenario in which the detector could return a negative result while both underlying proposals were actually correct.

[@CorwynGC]

@ No particular reason can see that gas and dust would be at low relative speeds but a PBH wouldn't be. What is your reasoning on that?

[@Jobobn1998]

@11:42 - Y'all literally made it so the atomic clock graphic perfectly lined up with the Earth-moon phases of Matt's shirt. I see you, editors! I'm seeing that effort! Also, great episode! I love the almost subversive cleverness of using existing data and infrastructure in a new way to detect this possibility of dark matter candidates. Personally, I think we might simply be dealing candidates that simply don't interact through electromagnetism, the strong force, or the weak force. They very well might have some other fundamental forces that govern their interactions (except for gravity, which we share), but we'll likely never be able to fully define them since we likely lack the ability to ever really test those forces. Still, the correct course is to rule out all other possibilities before we throw up our hands and say, "Welp, looks like the only fundamental-force interactions we share is gravity. That's that!"

[@ZedOhZed]

BRING BACK THE Q&A SEGMENT!

[@no-one-in-particular]

Why was it stopped?

[@randfee]

These smaller PBHs have been my favorite explanation for dark matter ever since I learned what a Black hole was as a teen, especially since the super small interaction cross section would easily explain us not observing anything. My bets remain that this is the solution to the discrepancy. Regards, a German optics and laser physicist.

[@Ole_Rasmussen]

Oh boy, what a title to go to bed on, I'll sleep soundly tonight!

[@chrislaezur730]

This was a great episode of PBH Space Time, my attention span was definitely pulled past the event horizon of this one!

[@reverse5461]

thank you for uploading at 00:00 istanbul time bro, will definitely help me sleep

[@LuisSierra42]

You'll see black holes in your dreams

[@C0lon0]

You mean Constantinople?

[@decaydjk8922]

​@@C0lon0 he lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople

[@pushkins26]

You mean Byzantion?

[@rotarydude9737]

Never heard of it.

[@roblombardi3979]

Another great episode!

[@H1GHdrogen]

“Tiny doesn’t equal zero.” Love it❤

[@gabor6259]

That's what she said.

[@jona5820]

I’m happy to see that people are looking into this still. My thesis was about pbh 6 years ago, and I still find myself thinking about it, even though I unfortunately don’t work in physics now. 😊

[@joncodyhaines]

Love your hesitancy at points. You’re way too smaht. Thanks for acknowledging we’re not all there. The key to being a true educator.

[@StickHits]

Well said I was just trying to put it in to words, for some reason its so satisfying 😂

[@herlandercarvalho]

If you're looking for your car keys, they can simultaneously be and not be under your cat. Good thing I don't have a cat!

[@haph2087]

Yay, new ep.

[@user-hw6ky2xe6i]

it's like 10th worst episode ever

[@ocircles738]

The idea of a black hole passing through our solar system once every decade is terrifying

[@bormisha]

Why? The Solar system is very large compared to an atomic size black hole. The probability of such a black hole directly hitting anything in the Solar system is less than that of a rogue star or planet entering the Solar system and causing much more drastic effects.

[@SLRModShop]

It's really not. If you were to shrink the Earth to the size of a basketball, it'd become a black hole. We'd still have the same mass, so you could be on the Moon and not feel anything. It would continue revolving around the Earth as if nothing had changed. A black hole really is nothing special. It's actually THE most simple and boring object in the universe. Try describing one... Radius, mass, diameter, spin... And? Well, that's it. You cannot find a more simple and boring item in the entire universe. Try it with a sheet of paper, it's infinitely more complex and interesting. You're a victim of sensationalism, black holes aren't mysterious space vacuums, they're just boring masses. No need to worry about them, at all.

[@notsparks]

I loved this. I have long been a beliver that if a PBH had been captured by our solar system it could actually explain the unexpected orbits of trans-Neptunian objects. The so called planet 9 theory. If a large enough PBH (several earth masses) were captured into orbit it could help explain why there appears to be something affecting the orbits of TNOs while we are still unable to find the thing that is a several earth masses and should therfore be fairly easy to find. A PBH of this mass would still be very small and being non visible would make finding it tricky.

[@linusmlgtips2123]

Black holes emit radiation so we should have been able to detect one if that were the case.

[@jamescomstock7299]

I love seeing tangible experiments using existing tech for anything related to dark matter.

[@peteredwards2318]

These primordial black holes are so small that their Schwarzchild radius is microscopic, and they're going to deflect planets by just passing through the solar system? At what distance from, for example, Mars, would something like that have to pass, to start having an observable effect, then?

[@garethdean6382]

Yes, gravity is an infinite range force. You waving your hands affects Mars' orbit. There's no specific cutoff point, only the question of how STRONG of an effect an object has. Mars' moons for example have an effect on its position, despite being considerably less massive than a 100-km wide asteroid. The effects should also compound over time, similar to how a double pendulum behaves increasingly differently over time based on microscopic changes to initial conditions. This is far from guaranteeing that we'd be able to detect such a black hole in our solar system if it existed, but leaves open the possibility that we *could* if we try.

[@RadeticDaniel]

To try an amswer this good question: Even our Sun is far from being dense enough to have an event horizon. However, both Earth and Mars have gravitational wells large enough to have caught some natural satelites (Moon, Deimos and Phobos). What matters in the passage of a massive body through a star system is that it passes through the gravitational well of a planet or has that planet within its well while passing. After all, going into the event horizon would accrete mass to the black whole, rather than just disturb the orbit of the planet.

[@titaniumO2]

I also want to know this! I want to know if the effect of a passing PBH will have a strong enough affect on Mars, that will be observable, if the PBH passed as far as Pluto is from the sun.

[@adamnevraumont4027]

Do ballpark math. Earth is 120x larger in radius than a 100 km asteroid, so has 120*120*120 or E7ish more mass (hence gravity). 1 AU is about E5 larger than the radius of Earth. Pluto is 100 AUish, so E7 further. Gravity gets weaker with the square, so the pull of the PBH at Pkuto-esque orbit is E21 weaker than surface gravity on earth. If we neglect the PBH further than 100 AU above/below the plane, then it pulls for 100 AU/velocity. Milky Way is moving at 2 million km/hour against the CBR, so lets give our PBH that speed. The PBH takes E6 hours to transit. E1 m/s^2 / E21 * E6 * E3 is E-11 m/s. Seems a bit small.

[@k992-o6r]

​@@AliceYobby *Black holes that have such low mass that they haven't been produced since the beginning of the universe, according to this video they would have masses similar to asteroids :/

[@plantnerdguy]

Are you telling me Buffy the vampire slayer is now an astrophysicist?

[@johnbennett1465]

Our asteroid tracking abilities will be quite good in a few decades. What is the probability that a passing PBH will cause a measurable change in the orbit of an asteroid?

[@hugegamer5988]

I’d imagine if you measured a lot of the asteroids they would also make excellent detectors. If we are talking measuring earth mars distances as a detector then all of the asteroid orbits in the solar system would subtly change too.

[@mbj__]

A very clever and interesting idea. Thx for making a video to explain the concept 👍

[@jasoncrispin2496]

Jupiter is our homemade planetary particle accelerator.

[@Numba003]

The thought of an atom- sized black hole cruising around the solar system with all the other bits of rock and dust is such a fun one. Plus, it would be nice to finally have an answer to the dark matter debate. Thank you guys for yet another cool episode! God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)

[@jnawroc]

Could there already be a black hole within the discussed mass range, orbiting stably somewhere in our solar system?

[@f_add_mebowshot5677]

Definitely. These black holes would gravitationally behave just as other objects with the same mass and we know of many asteroids orbiting the sun :)

[@bwayagnes]

That would be scary 🫣 hopefully it won’t grow

[@bormisha]

@@bwayagnes Atomic sized black hole is extremely hard to feed. It's actually a big challenge to feed a micro black hole if you have one.

[@Happyfoam-lw3yt]

Yes, but that also makes them nigh impossible for us to detect because they would be generating virtually no gravitational turbulence, which is literally our only method of detecting these things (if they exist at all).

[@MrDox90]

@@Happyfoam-lw3yt If they exist, and one or more are indeed in our solar system and are stable, it changes nothing. It's just another asteroid in the data. Fly-byes of other pbs can still be detected regardless.

[@nickbarton3191]

Fascinating. I'd rise to the challenge of writing software to track interplanetary bodies.

[@theminingdog7672]

The title has interested me greatly :)

[@JMurph2015]

Just take a moment to appreciate that we've gotten so good at measurement that we can predict where Mars should be down to a couple feet and measure that! A whole planet down to a couple feet!

[@jonahprate8192]

Im gonna be upset if the answer is more than 0 black holes in my solar system

[@dennisje2925]

Very cool video Really loved it!!

[@Immanatum]

I'm backing the point I've heard about on the Cool World's channel - that there is no dark matter or dark energy- the effect we observing is caused by existing mass and it's structures (to be more precise megastructures and voids) which could "bend" the spacetime - and travelling light - in a such way that we inappropriately interpreted as accelerating expansion, invisible mass etc. Dark matter and dark energy is long searched for and little to no evidence has been found so far - and this new hipotesis maybe not elegantly but without any additional entities explains why we observe such effects.

[@thekaxmax]

Waiting on verification from other astrophysicists-- the existing theories that include dark energy and dark matter explain more observations than this new hypothesis.

[@williammcguinness6664]

My idea is that time is slowing down so everything we see is moving faster than should be observed, the further away the faster it appears to be going as you are seeing into the further in the past so dm and de is just an illusion

[@MrTripcore]

There is literally plenty of evidence

[@MrTripcore]

​@@williammcguinness6664you literally don't know what you are talking about

[@Alskaskan]

What an amazing video! Thank you guys for making these!

[@augustday9483]

80% of the universe's matter isn't in the form of "dark matter". Our models or our observations are wrong, and "dark matter" is just a placeholder to make our current models kinda work. Dark matter to the current cosmological model is what epicycles were to the Heliocentric model. Mark my words.

[@MultiplicativeDivision]

I was going to say that the precision needed to measure this is crazy - almost impossible, then I remembered LIGO and what an amazing job they did in detecting infinitesimal impact of gravitational waves!

[@payhemseht]

The subtitles have a significant amount of discrepancies with the audio. A clear example, at 16:04 audio says "20 years" but subtitles say 30.

[@BradW-ye8cn]

Get over yourself

[@mjm3091]

not the mean bot response - people use subtitles when they have issues with hearing, understanding accents or language or are straight up deaf - it's a helpful thing to notice issues with the videos

[@exozoid7883]

​@@BradW-ye8cni bet you feel really good being a jerk online. gets you all the attention mommy and daddy never gave you as a child.

[@old_m8-y8p]

"Significant amount of discrepancies" - 20 instead of 30 F off.

[@alhypo]

Yeah, that's unfortunate. However, it could be worse. Most subtitles on YT are generated by a speech-to-text AI algorithm. And it produces bonkers results sometimes. I guess I'd prefer the occasional typo from a human stenographer than the dumpster-fire that can be generated by an AI. But that's just my opinion. And I'm not even sure if PBS SpaceTime is uploading their own transcripts or relying on YT to generate them. I scanned through them and they looked very coherent which makes me think PBS uploaded them.

[@drewwolfe7462]

To everyone at PBS Space Time: Thank you. In these days of nothing but political commentary, debate, name calling, and the rest of that stuff, your channel brings some relief. I find myself focusing on the universe as a whole and what we know now and what we hope to learn in the future. It brings me hope for us all. Again, thank you for being a rare of light equivalent to that of a gamma ray burst.

[@tomgray8512]

And no lies that they know you no are lies but they saybthem anyway to show younyou do not matter

[@tyreni]

Somewhere in a matryoshka supercomputer, at the end of time, is a digital mind studying 2024 politics. "....heh"

[@barahng]

​@@tyreniOr simulating it right now 😅

[@soaringbumnm8374]

A shame PBS news couldn't be the same.

[@GodIsADelusion]

@@soaringbumnm8374 oh? And where do you get your information?

[@maxmusterman3371]

I have to say i loved your old videos, where you explained less hypothetical but still complex and fascinating physics.

[@alexm-t9d]

Hey @PBS Space Time, please consider adding zip hoodies to the store. I love the designs but I just can't bother with regular hoodies 😢

[@rdhrdhrdh-x1j]

So much fitting going on in this field right now.. A little disclaimer on fitting would be nice to alert viewers on that principle.... Fine tuning stuff... If a temporary source of spacetime distorting element goes by us... The duration of its pull is important and it's not like the car will go 100.1 faster forever... But the orbit previously occupied (more or less the optimal orbit for settled objects) was occupied for a reason, and an escape velocity to knock something of its course and not able to resettle is pretty big is my basic estimation. :) i know that was said in relation to a temporary measurement, but this returning to regular orbit would be good to have added ❤love the series!

[@HobbyHalloween]

If dark matter particles are passing through our bodies in the 10's of millions on them, then perhaps that explains the weight gain... so you don't need a dark matter detector, just a bathroom scale.

[@BrandonDenny-we1rw]

Dark Matter posesses only a single loop and no hook with a tail. Its fundamentally a material with no pull

[@nichtdu4670]

Very informative and good to understand for lay people. Thank you!

[@user-wq1dt7li2x]

Wouldn't the hawking radiation of black holes with such small radii approach observable levels?

[@gregoryfenn1462]

Only if you know where to look!

[@JaapVersteegh]

@@gregoryfenn1462 why? these primordial black holes should be everywhere if they're to account for ~85% of the mass in the universe

[@solsystem1342]

If we're looking for them and can't see them blowing up then they're not small enough to glow noticably. Small but not that small

[@matthewhafner962]

No. Any stable black hole is colder than the CMB.

[@Cyb0rgd3ck3r]

Hawking Radiation also might be BS.

[@ericmatthews8497]

I absolutely love this channel!

[@FlyntofRWBY]

10:18 "Conveniently, the speed of light in the near vacuum of interplanetary space is constant and extremely well known" Derek of Veritasium: "Or is it?" *Vsauce music plays*

[@menjolno]

no, Uttp music plays

[@MaverickBlue42]

@@menjolno wow, thanks for the knowledge upgrade, had to google UTTP....why couldn't google just run their filters twice...reversing the text order the second time regardless of the detected language, or even better, simply rejecting comments if the left to right, right to left code doesn't match the detected language, seems like a stupidly simple fix....like anything latin based is going to be left to right, latin script based languages haven't written right to left for over 2000 years and nobody is going to be commenting in super archaic latin script....that would probably purge the majority of crap for all Europeans and most if not all of the Americas(I'm not personally familiar of anything beyond languages that migrated here from Europe, I know they exist, and probably aren't latin based, and the algorithm won't suggest them to me for obviously reasons so I don't even know if they have a youtube representation), but at least in principle this idea could be applied to many different script types as long as you know the direction they're supposed to be read in and define it accordingly. And reject or shadow ban comments with more than a certain number of characters that have no detected language . Like responding with a few emojis is fine, and appropriate to express yourself, but nobody needs to see a comment with 30+ emojis in a row or completely random non-word gibberish.....I mean the number could vary, Polish has a lot of long words that look like gibberish to most of us, especially if they make a few typos....

[@GodIsADelusion]

That guy is the worst

[@mattmartin6655]

I thought you said purple stars at first and was really excited to learn about some new stars.

[@TadashiKitsune]

I want a purple star! 🥹

[@LevelozePs3Speler]

What would happen if a black hole from the mass range of an astroids would be stationary near you. Since it's total gravity is very low but what about the tital forces? Could it still rip you appart despite it's low mass? By near i mean less than a 100 ish meters away from it

[@taederias1804]

Well, let us consider a mass of 10^19 kg. As, say, an approximately spherical asteroid with a typical density, that would be about 100 km in radius. Such an asteroid does indeed have low gravity compared to a planet - on its surface the gravitational acceleration is on the order of 0.05 m/s^2, roughly 200 times less than here on Earth. Packed into a black hole, however, and going close to that is another matter, though. The gravitational force scales quadratically with the inverse of the distance, so if you change your distance from 100 km to 100 m (while the mass is still packed into essentially a single point), well, multiply our previous value with 1 million, so you and everything close to you would experience a gravitational force towards the black hole cc. 5000 times than that which the Earth normally exerts on you. It would _not_ be fun, and you would _not_ experience it for long. Of course, in reality, a bunch more things would happen, such as the black hole actually starting a free fall towards Earth's center: it is the size of an atom, the ground will not stop it (rather it will pull the ground towards itself in a swirling cloud of matter). Meanwhile, it will greatly disrupt everything within a few kilometers as it goes, until eventually coming out on the other side (only to fall back in again - how the system eventually evolves in the long term would require further consideration). And that is without talking about matter being absorbed by the mini black hole, and infalling, relativistically sped up matter being heated up to ridiculous temperatures and releasing large amounts of radiation. Would this scenario destroy Earth? Doubtful; I imagine the mini black hole would end up being ejected from the messy gravitational interactions after falling through Earth a bunch of times, absorbing some amount of its material, and producing an extreme amount of heat. Would it be extremely destructive? Certainly, and probably much more so than collision with an asteroid of similar mass would be (which would already be _extremely_ bad news), possibly leading to a large part of the Earth's crust being melted at least. Note that this is different from hypothetical so-called Planck relics: black holes with sizes in the range of the Planck length (about 10^(-34) meters, _way_ below the size scale of any known subatomic phenomena) that can not evaporate further through Hawking radiation because a single energy quantum of the radiation would need to carry away more mass than it has left. These would probably be genuinely undetectable with any method we can conceive of now: passing through normal matter without exerting any meaningful gravitational pull, any matter they somehow miraculously absorb is instantly Hawking radiated away.

[@LevelozePs3Speler]

@@taederias1804 thx

[@brown2889]

I finally got to see you guys show in the initial part of this video what I have always thought what everyone calls dark matter is. A combination of effects from black holes, neutron stars and other collapsing heavy matter that warps space. Stuff that makes the motion in the ocean. 👍

[@jonathanbyrdmusic]

So, you’re saying Soundgarden might have been onto something.

[@zealman79]

won't you come...

[@leepatterson5710]

There as an old guy on reddit years back that said he travelled through time when he was younger and we would find a black hole (he might have said primordial) in the solar system and we would figure out how to harvest energy from it.

[@bwayagnes]

@@leepatterson5710that would be amazing!

[@tagirkabirov5010]

that's a good one! I always thought this idea of nano BH is fascinating!

[@SverreMunthe]

Can and such black holes have ben caught by the sun or Jupiter’s gravitation and be forced into an orbit around them, just as any other object? And what about collisions, over time?

[@garethdean6382]

In theory yes, if they approached at the right angle and speed. Though given their rarity we shouldn't expect too many, the planets haven't captured too many regular asteroids of that mass, and we know there's a lot of those about.

[@SverreMunthe]

@ I asked because we know Jupiter acts as a vacuum cleaner for the inner parts of the solar system and the sun will gobble up anything that comes too close to it.

[@ImadogGarcia]

PBH are not created in our solar system. Therefore there are interstellar objects with a lot more speed compared to known asteroids. My guess is that no PBH are orbiting any planet, but maybe our sun

[@radar9561]

9:12 Why did Matt say One Hundred Point Zero ONE like a vocaloid right there? I'm dying🤣😭😭

[@contemplatingangel]

Could you use the tracks of normal asteroids to detect pbh's as they would be effected much more and enmasse than a planet,like dust particles in a sunbeam when an insect flies by?

[@cordlefhrichter1520]

I can't imagine how they couldn't have thought of that, but I also can't figure out why that's not a better option than trying to track cm movements in planets' orbits.

[@garethdean6382]

Yes, and this is something we already do, if only as part of our efforts to track asteroids in general. The main issue is that they're harder to pin down than larger bodies, they can be unevenly shaped and colored, making visual approximations inaccurate, while we don't have any satellites or reflectors on any of them. So if one suddenly was flung from its orbit we'd be quite interested, smaller deflections will probably be missed.

[@jamesmnguyen]

We would need to place detectors on a lot of asteroids in order to get a good enough picture to start detecting them. I think Mars is easier.

[@joyl7842]

I own a poster of Columbia on approach taken from the chaser during its first landing. High quality as well because it hasn't faded at all in over 3 decades since my parents bought it for me.

[@laotianye7752]

0:33 does everybody in this universe always travels through the bottom slit?

[@ForemanJF1]

😂yes

[@xpndblhero5170]

I looked at it as if I was going right like birds do when they almost collide, they always go right... I thought it was already agreed upon. 😊

[@michaelkemper1127]

Tastiest way

[@TheXterminator3000]

…what???….i only ever go through the top..??!!!

[@retrac3180]

Only when a human is observing it

[@jonathanbyrdmusic]

There’s a tiny one in my dryer

[@yotobianoacaso]

Let me guess: but it always takes only one sock from each pair

[@littlefurrow2437]

There's one in my wallet!

[@abhishekjain6452]

Yes PBHs are everywhere atleast that's the case on KZbin.

[@JackDaniels-ex9mf]

Im very excited by the idea of us finding a primordial naked singularity in our solar system. Primordial black holes could have much lower mass than most "modern" black holes formed when matter was first condensing in the universe. Some of them extremely small less than a planet even. A black hole could also become a naked singularity where there is no event horizon. With the combination of low mass and no event horizon we would be able to safely observe its properties! This would be immense to bridging the gap between the quantum physics and classical physics. One of the biggest problems with calculating quantum gravity is the particles have so little mass they barely have a gravitational field, and suffer from uncertainty principle and whatnot. A primordial naked singularity would be a particle sized object but with the mass of a macro object, meaning we could actually potentially see quantum gravity in action. This type of knowledge i believe could teach us things we never understood before and our technology can betome even greater.

[@LuisAldamiz]

They can't be "naked singularities" but true black holes with a very small event horizon.

[@JackDaniels-ex9mf]

@LuisAldamiz cosmic censorship says they cant however if there were conditions that could create them then then it would be similar to when PBH are also created. PBH would have very high spin, which is also what naked singularity would need to form.

[@LuisAldamiz]

@@JackDaniels-ex9mf - Conceptually: a gravitational singularity can't exist without an event horizon: it just doesn't make sense. Small enough BHs can have very very small horizon radii but that's about it. IF the BH evaporates (which I don't believe it happens) the singularity also does vanish. Is your spin faster than light? If so it cannot exist either.

[@IamPreacherMan]

@@LuisAldamizI agree with you. I think hawking was wrong. Observationally I think all we have seen is debris ejected from the accretion disc. I don’t even think whole atoms enter BH’s tbh. I’d be willing to bet it’s only the nuclei.

[@JackDaniels-ex9mf]

@@LuisAldamiz cosmic censorship is not definitively proven to be true yet. Under special circumstances a naked singularity is theoretically possible.

[@arty2k]

This PBH idea was very interesting and made me hungry for PBJ.

[@itubeutubewealltube1]

All I care about is the black hole Voyager 6 goes through....

[@callenkoester9078]

Particularly good episode

[@Elliott.Revell]

I was literally asking gpt about this today. Thankyou for giving such a delicate answer to me

[@ArchDudeify]

appears to be an excellent argument for solar system wide repeater probes - like self-replicating would be kinda cool, some small reflectors could provide a bucket of data

[@luudest]

8:27 Hello wonderful Anton

[@stefanhensel8611]

"I miss my keys." "Have you looked inside the black hole?" "That's impossible!" "So is your attitude!"

[@xodiaq]

I can’t do the math, I can’t even understand the math, but it feels like the simplest answer to dark matter is that it’s a thin spread soup of unbound subatomic particles, just too far from each other to combine. It’s literally all the potential mass in a form that doesn’t interact with anything but gravity. I’m probably wrong, but it makes sense in my head.

[@michaelsommers2356]

If they exist, they don't interact at all, regardless of how close, except through gravity.

[@ShihammeDarc]

That's like axionic dark matter, which there is a video about on this channel kzbin.info/www/bejne/qYixhaaBjZp7a68

[@garethdean6382]

In the case of normal matter particles, such a soup exists, indeed it contains about half of all the regular matter in the universe. It's called the warm-hot intergalactic medium. What prevents it being dark matter (aside from being too little) is that its particles are so energetic that they don't 'cloud' like dark matter seems to do, instead being spread pretty evenly throughout the universe and thus having zero average gravitational effect on matter clumps.

[@StickHits]

Ahh, if only the universe provided "simple" answers

[@JohnW118]

Interesting conjecture and testable, of a sort.

[@clearlypellucid]

Is Q&A over forever?

[@garethdean6382]

I believe it has migrated to the discord.

[@brandonkatta9714]

I love when Billy Butcher uses fancy words and tells me about the universe.

[@thedonal]

What about Blackburn, Lancashire?

[@Beegrene]

Ten thousand, I think. But my data is a few decades old.

[@thedonal]

@@Beegrene Enough to fit The Albert Hall?

[@duaneeitzen1025]

4,000. Which is many orders of magnitude more than the number of escape capsules on the Haggunenon.

[@acousticpsychosis]

If black holes are positively charged, does that mean they love to turn you on?? lol

[@acousticpsychosis]

If black holes are positively charged, does that mean they love to turn you on? lol

[@jessehatred3667]

I like the opening montage thing~

[@Creamagination]

I am 100% confident that there are more black holes in the solar system than there are white holes

[@leepatterson5710]

I am 1000% confident there are less black and white holes combined in our Solar System than there are assholes.

[@dieldoejr]

😂😂😂😂 ​@@leepatterson5710

[@hungchoonghow5857]

Wrong. As of 2024 last year there are more dark brown holes and yellow holes in the solar system than black holes and white holes.

[@Tokahax]

I am 50% confident our solar system is in more white holes than black holes.

[@Merrinen]

I am 0% confident

[@adampreslar2802]

I propose a multi-episode review/analysis of the Bobiverse book series. Make it happen Matt!

[@Aybeliv_Aykenflaev]

We want vid about timescapes theory

[@jayk9068]

That's a pretty old idea, and my understanding is that the news blew it up, but while intriguing, the new paper doesn't add much yet. Meaning, lambda CDM still explains way more than the timescape model currently does despite those authors saying they found a subset of data where the timescape model fits better. That's cool, but it needs to fit better on more than just a subset of data... Still has been an intriguing idea for the few decades that it's been out though! Hope it gets legs

[@user-hw6ky2xe6i]

just you. all of us, exept for 4 dudes, know about that

[@Zoratoune]

I'm split between wanting the simplicity of dark matter just being black holes and the excitement of an exotic state or matter that would bring more questions and be a source of research!

[@kokoado]

As soon as I have seen dark energy mentioned at the beginning, I've wondered if the staff at PBS Space Time have heard of that new paper trying to explain the acceleration of the universe's expansion without Dark matter. Apparently, simply considering the relativistic effect of gravity on time would explain the observation. Indeed, compared to an empty spot of the universe, if time were to seem to flow a third slowly inside galaxies like ours compared to those empty spot because of gravity. Then the acceleration of the expension of the universe would be a consequence of us observing those empty spot expand at the same speed, but accelerated 30%.

[@xyzpdg1313]

As a lay person who knows nothing about physics, it's certainly astounding that "time dilation" is the _more_ intuitive explanation

[@IamPreacherMan]

@@xyzpdg1313it astounds me as lay person that scientist are just coming to this conclusion.

[@iam1hobbit]

If true, does this theory basically make dark matter… not a thing?

[@six1free]

some may say you went into too much specificity - but I was riveted.... great vid it makes me think of what kind of funding would be required to place a great reflector on pluto, say half the planet - which would allow for the most accurate PBH detector possible.