How Small Is It - 03 - The Atom (4K)

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In this segment of our “How small is it” video book, we cover the atom. We start with J.J. Thomson’s Plum Pudding model of the atom. We then introduce Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation, and show how Ernst Rutherford used Alpha Particles in his scattering experiments to develop his version of the atom. We then cover Niels Bohr’s quantized atomic model along with input from Louis de Broglie who used the wave nature of electrons to show that they take the form of standing waves enveloping the nucleus instead of point particles orbiting the nucleus. We then introduce Schrodinger’s Equation, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and the Pauli Exclusion Principle together with electron spin to fill out what we know about electrons around atoms. We explain electron tunneling as an example of these concepts and introduce the Scanning Tunneling Microscope based on these concepts to see atoms by “feeling” them. In closing, we introduce the atomic nucleus and Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron, review how small the nucleus is and ask how is possible for protons to hold together in the nucleus when there like charges should push them apart.
Music
@00:00 Albinoni - Adagio in G Minor - Berlin Chamber Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013
@05:02 Haydn - Cello Concerto No 2 II Adagio - Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra, Miklos Perenyi; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces”, 2013
@09:12 Mozart - Violin Concerto No 3 - Christian Altenburger, German Bach Soloists; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013
@20:01 Dave Porter - Breaking Bad Theme - Music from the Original Series Breaking Bad
@22:16 Bizet - L'Arlesienne Suite No 1, Op 23 - Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013
@26:57Mahler - Symphony No 5 III IV - Budapest Festival Orchestra; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagio Masterpieces” 2013

[@loganciappa94]

Funny how we learn about this stuff when we’re younger and most of us don’t care. Now this stuff blows me away. Science is incredible

[@Chadlcarroll]

Could NOT agree more!

[@justicewillprevail1106]

I’m EXACTLY the same way. I wasn’t interested in any of this until my 40s.

[@Chadlcarroll]

@@justicewillprevail1106 me: failed physics in high school. Me now: reading The Tao of Physics at 42 😂😂😂

[@kevinjasickjr8682]

Well said indeed

[@kingtungstenworldwide4472]

Yes, I wonder what it is that makes it so much more important later, which I suspect has something to do with knowing so much more later

[@seanmcdonough8815]

David's calm voice is a delight to hear when the concepts make you hair hurt

[@shazbotgaming7576]

He green screened himself into an office, lol :) I love the video. I will definitely re-watch it a few times to really solidify some of this information.

[@kalashnakov0477]

Yeah I was looking at the same thing lol the green screen

[@deejayy3421]

makes you wonder how crappy is his real office lol

[@damondziewiontkowski5623]

I came to the comments to say the exact same thing lol Pure KZbin right here!

[@Stereo3DProductions]

I would laugh if we found out the real background is actually identical to the one that's composited in the video!

[@kalashnakov0477]

@@Stereo3DProductions Lol Me too man, me too

[@muddwhistle7833]

You can really see the electrons around this guy’s hair getting excited

[@jorgevazquez4193]

Ok, be nice.

[@renishdestiny]

Yeah so excited that...the radiation blackened my screen

[@Perforu]

It's radiation ionizing the air surrounding his head. If we fly over the head, we'll be dead within a week, DEAD!

[@arsenlifestyle]

You guys are savages. He tried hard to create a nice green screen background

[@donzxcv1]

comments here remind me of monkeys swinging from trees .. only not as perceptive

[@verecion]

Learned more here than I ever did in university chemistry.

[@garrysekelli6776]

Cause this is physics class. U were in wrong building. Got too stoned at the frat house.

[@pmichael590]

@@garrysekelli6776 some of the concepts explained here are shared in a Chemistry but not as deeply.

[@bille77]

Not quite, my very sire. Not quit.

[@machiavelliancheese9681]

Well in the sense that you have to understand how atoms make up molecules to form chemical compounds... yeah. It's not just physics class lol

[@ArchYeomans]

Same here.

[@djgroopz4952]

It's the bioshock background music that gets me every time in these videos. That violin... 🎻

[@djgroopz4952]

@Baldur Vizla Yes! Mozart, Bizet and Mehla. Too good to miss, made the learning enjoyable.

[@darkpandemic5802]

The Breaking Bad sound when he mentioned Heisenberg is just awesome

[@jimc.goodfellas226]

Yeah that was a nice touch, very subtle

[@slidey1788]

Are you certain?

[@jjosbun8380]

Mr. Butler, you are an angel. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.

[@utrocker7]

I couldn’t agree more. Thank you Mr. Butler. I lobe your documentaries.

[@johnqpublic2718]

Mr Butler loves to learn? You definitely didn’t love learning English grammar.

[@2BachShakur]

You should look up misplaced modifiers and then re-examine your statement.

[@jjosbun8380]

@@2BachShakur Thanks.

[@virgilmccabe2828]

Watch out! The grammar police are on the case 🥸

[@davedave1064]

You know your doing it right when i don't understand most of it but still can't turn it off.

[@SquirrelASMR]

The perfect video to watch at 3am. Thank you for all your hard work creating and sharing these wonderful lectures with the world! They are so well organized and presented, and also the most relaxing natration ever to listen to as our minds drift off to sleep at night while our imaginations dream of the wonders of the universe.

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It might take ya a year to finish the series if ya watch it in bed :) This is literally one of the best series ive ever came across.

[@JP-wx6uh]

3:21 AM here to be precise

[@ynoten]

@@westypoprocks772 Ive been watching these for years after laying down in bed, ive yet to finish the series 😄😴

[@JonMurray]

Yup, 3:24am here…

[@THEVAN3D]

holy fuck i just turned this video on for the first time and its 2:57am here.

[@ln5493]

Perhaps the best overview of classical and quantum modelling of atoms I have ever seen. Watched it with my 16 yr old son. Very enjoyable thankyou. He also stated it was the best explanation of spin he had also seen.

[@MottiShneor]

Agree. it is VERY good. Much much better than any explanation I got in my Physics BSc. studies.

[@tendaychart]

This series is among the top videos on You Tube for the subject matter. The photographs of the actual equipment, the maths, the clarity of the narration, all of which provide an excellent and extremely educational tutorial.

[@ericfan9149]

Best explanation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle I’ve seen; it’s often simply stated, but rarely illustrated so clearly. The whole video is very educational. I like that you refer to the actual experiments that were performed, which shows the scientific process underlying the theory.

[@myshieldisdisgust5318]

I love the classical music, and I appreciate that you dressed well to make this video.

[@TruckerJenkins82]

Never has somebody made such fascinating videos that capture my attention so thoroughly whilst also doubling up as a sleeping aid that has never failed me once.

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I'm glad I'm not alone. I suffer from anxiety, depression and am a recovering substance dependent user. I struggle with the stresses of life and I find that content like this is just very soothing. The intellectual stimulation is wonderful, but it's done in a way that doesn't scare me back under the covers.

[@TruckerJenkins82]

@@DanielVerberne great comment, Daniel, he really is that good at it. Good luck in beating your afflictions, whatever it takes to help you through is worth it. All the best.

[@jimc.goodfellas226]

Check out the French Whisperer...his content is super interesting but also can put you right to sleep

[@TruckerJenkins82]

@@jimc.goodfellas226 Thanks, Jim, will check that channel out.

[@SuperYtc1]

Never heard of John Michael Godier? :P

[@antoniomaglione4101]

The clearest description of an atom I have ever heard or seen. Thank you!

[@robinblankenship9234]

Clever musical reference at the first mention of Heisenberg. Nice sense of humor.

[@robinblankenship9234]

BTW, intensively informative and enjoyable vids. Thank you.

[@Atmanyatri]

I can’t express how much i appreciate your channel. Thank you from the bottom of my heart

[@DanielVerberne]

I love, love, love the *space* in your videos, Mr Butler.... The gaps,the pauses... so much of what we see on KZbin is hyperactive, where every second must be filled...

[@MrSatan-xq8gm]

The gate bothers me. It would be nice if he used a de-esser as well. I do appreciate his vocal cadence!

[@DanielVerberne]

@@MrSatan-xq8gm A 'de-esser' reduces sibilance or something, doesn't it? I'm assuming when you mention a 'gate', you're talking compression? Yeah look I'm no audiophile and so I can't critique his vocal recording technique, but yes I do agree he's got calming tones. One of the best 'enunciated' American voices I'm aware of is left-wing political 'pundit', David Pakman, for my money anyway.

[@JP-wx6uh]

Younger generation is doped up on industrial chemicals from in-utero exposures.

[@MottiShneor]

@@DanielVerberne the gate causes the gaps. every time the sound level drops below some point, the gate makes it complete silence, and vice versa - it only opens the gate again when sound level reaches some minimum. This kills background noises, but also, when applied too generously, introduces unnatural pauses and gaps.

[@ArchYeomans]

Agreed... 100%... because.. every..body.. is.. trying.. to.. cram.. everything.. in.. 9.. min..utes.. I think this is great!

[@VincentGroenewold]

Thanks so much for these, I finally have a good grasp on what spin exactly is! After all the years hearing about it.

[@SilverEye168]

Thank you so much for your work over the years David, it is greatly appreciated.

[@rossmcleod7983]

Extraordinary work and much appreciated. Couldn’t be clearer or better presented.

[@timb7775]

I always end my day by relaxing on the couch watching one of these videos, very entertaining and I feel I'm learning something new.

[@sandwichbreath0]

Another fantastic video. Thank you, David!

[@Radtastical]

Your videos how honestly changed my life, and the way I think about things. Relaxing, wonderful teacher. You deserve a million or more. If anyone deserves it, it's you. Sub to this man everyone! And thank you again from the bottom of my heart, Mr. Butler. Truly. Much Love from Moore, Oklahoma.

[@Kombivar]

I love this series, especially when it adds to my higher physics course the very important missing bits so I visit it regularly, but today for a first time I noticed music from Breaking Bad when Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle was explained - what a great addition! Thanks to you, my summer project will be to build a cloud chamber with magnet and camera for my physics teacher - she did a great job and she deserves this apparatus - also her specialization is radioactivity and we've already seen her drinking tea from radioactive ceramics pot :) - Thank you a lot Mr Butler. All the best!

[@burjalmadre]

You deserve a million subscribers minimum. Your channel is an absolute JOY to browse through.

[@pufferjack]

So informative and peaceful! The best bedtime listening ever. Thanks David!

[@TheDisabledGamersChannel]

David, always a pleasure to watch, thank you for the great content, i know it takes ALLOT of time to put these together and it's greatly appreciated, ty sir.

[@exoyt7575]

thank you for all the hard work and editing you put in this video. The tranquille setting really helps to better absord the given information.

[@mr8ty8]

I simply adore your explanatory works regarding physics. I'm learning so much from it,sir Butler. Its really hard to read in textbooks how all separate experiments and theories fall together in one place. This is the fundamental flaw of textbooks,I find. Your channel is simply wonderful in communication and understanding. Thank you.

[@Tinker1950]

That was absolutely riveting. It's such a pleasure to have materiel of this quality available at my fingertips. I do hope you manage to continue your work for years to come - and I must explore your fascinating library of videos and teaching materiel on your Web site. It's a real pity the Internet wasn't available when I was a student. I am of course subscribed and 'belled'.

[@fazergazer]

The clearest explanation of these phenomena I’ve seen! Bravo!

[@ArchYeomans]

Man. This is an awesome find. I love the music playing in the background and the pace of the speech. Perfect!

[@miesp61sleepytimegal]

This is perfection. The voice, the clarity of explanation. The music is magnificent. What a find!

[@Vikezupa]

Finally someone who can explain the experiments and their results where I can understand. Thank you so much! Subscribed!

[@starman2420]

Thank you for this excellent presentation. As many science and quantum mechanic videos as I have watched, this provided a lot of new information that I had not been familiar with, ie; the difference between alpha, beta and gamma rays. I also appreciate that the associated math and various quantity values are given.

[@chasingamurderer]

Thanks David! Wonderful video ! Always so perfectly directed. It is a great lesson that will hopefully continue to expand minds of our future youths.

[@andrewpickering5180]

Thank you for making sense of everything.

[@jaredjk2]

Thanks so much for sharing your scientific expertise. I really enjoy watching your "how ... is it" playlists!

[@paolobarberis6827]

an amazing, clear explanation of the main quanto mechanics menu. Thank you very much!

[@samstiernhufvud1786]

I thoroughly appreciate your didactive ability and calm way of explaining the wonders of our existence. Keep up the good work.

[@CalSprigley]

Love your channel. It’s so relaxing to listen to and you explain everything so well

[@kthwkr]

I am more clear on the "orbitals" of electrons than ever before. Especially the idea of the standing wave. Thanks. And I now know enough that I can see a direction for further study.

[@siddarthgopal2423]

I don’t have enough words to thank you enough. Appreciate your knowledge sharing

[@ravencole2740]

Wonderful! Thank you, Mr. Butler!

[@zakirzak1494]

How amazingly you have explained it .....all of a sudden many disjointed pieces of knowledge joined together perfectly in sync inside my brain, thank you so much !!

[@kirbymarchbarcena]

Such a very informative yet simplified presentation.

[@echoromeo384]

I like how you played the theme song to breaking bad when speaking about the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Your videos are always amazing, the best on KZbin.

[@ReinisLusis]

This is exactly what I was looking for. So interesting to understand what experiments brought us to modern theories. Thank you!

[@pwnzerelli]

comprehensive and laymen accessible, thank you much

[@murius007]

Glad the 4k version finally came out, 1080p wouldn't do this justice. :P Thanks for the video.

[@JerOCx]

Your videos are fantastic, always informative, educational & extremely well done. Thank you!

[@d0nscicchign029]

Dear Dr. Butler, please always keep up your work! From a social perspective, it is simply IMMENSE!!!

[@nunosilva2910]

David I Love Your Work, thanks so much. So much inspiring🙏🙏🙏

[@jlo2017]

Best explanation I've ever encountered - and by chance (no pun intended). I'm going to find episode 1 and start the series as intended.

[@chris7brook]

Love your work Mr.Butler! Thanks!🌙🪐🌃

[@mattheww9656]

Great video! I really liked the visualizations. Thank you.

[@ThomasJr]

Mr. Butler is a gentleman, his channel is among the top 10 best science channels on KZbin. But he usually makes the videos very complete, so they are like a complete course, not just skimmed topics.

[@davidstepniewski7242]

thank you for making these videos Dave

[@ThePromptWizard2023]

LEGENDARY!! Not only have I learned tons about the universe in all of your videos, but as Squirrel ASMR mentioned, these videos also are an AMAZING sleep aid for those of us cursed with insomnia. Hot shower, melatonin, herbal remedies, Benedryl, and How Far Is It playlist. BOOM.

[@angel_machariel]

Wow, this was massively illuminating. The explanation on spin was most notable to me. Now I understand that "spin" is that thing that makes a particle go up or down, depending on it's spin-value in relation to a magnetic field.

[@michaelpipkin9942]

Aahhhh... More sleep medication dispensed in a calming tone. Spiked with intellect and a hint of excitement, only strong enough to put me to sleep but just the right amount of re-watchability.

[@seanmcdonough8815]

Holly friking heck! This guy just filled In many of the gaps that my other youtube physics channels leave in my paltry understanding Thanks

[@robertburpovsky865]

Super interesting. Very complex for me. I am impressed by how much knowledge these scientists have to know to understand physics. It is beyond me.

[@jefferyzielke7665]

This video was amazing!! I am beginning to get a grasp the understanding of quantum mechanics.

[@watchthesefools]

This is very soothing to watch

[@rubberplantsandwich]

favourite video this month!

[@KR-zd4xt]

The breaking bad music during the Heisenberg explanation was amazing. 👌🏻

[@Christopher-N]

This was very good, thank you. I'm interested in watching the followup videos.

[@kag8975]

i am saving this channel to show my kids in the future may be to my grandkids. the quality of the videos are amazing, I wish netflix make series with him.

[@AnalogDude_]

hmm, why would he do that? he got his series published PUBLIC for years and not behind closed door, where people need to register and pay for it. things like Netflix, Spotify, etc, etc is a bare illusion, people just don't get it, witch is pretty sad.

[@jataim4197]

Love at 20:00 the theme from "Breaking Bad" plays! ROTFL! I didn't think I could love this dude/channel anymore than I did! ;) Also, I really, wish to say "THANK YOU", for only having 1 commercial before these episode's play. I have yet to see an annoying commercial, in these programs. P.S. I would forgive you if you did-cause if anyone should be compensated for there time,(space), making these wonderful video's, then I say you good Sir, are 1 of the few who should!! Thank you, thank you, thank you!~ Keeping thing's straight!!! ;)

[@howfarawayisit]

Thanks. The channel is not monetized. I want this to be free for all. Add are for KZbin and music owners.

[@bibleredpill]

This is one of the most mind blowing science videos I have ever seen and at least somewhat understandable for a regular Joe like me. Damn!

[@apparition6765]

Just found your channel. Love your videos please keep uploading 👍🥇🙏

[@audioelitist3677]

Great video David. Thank you.

[@endsinvention1390]

This was awesome. Thank you so much!

[@wundermax1993]

I know I'm beeing redundant, but youtube algorithm does not know this. So I just wanted to say I love these videos. They are very informative, well structured and the narration is top tier. Thank you so much for your hard work Sir!

[@raptango_na6199]

Vary nicely done. Thank you!

[@jrdeckard3317]

Quantum physicist walks into a bar. Bartender says, "Weren't you here tomorrow?" Quantum physicist says, "No, but I'll be back yesterday."

[@audioelitist3677]

I find this joke offensive. Well done.

[@angel_machariel]

This joke gave me a chuckle tomorrow.

[@donaldstewart9873]

You made that so clear, I think that I had a revelation! Thank you for this content. I will have to delve in to it. In the meantime, I'll keep watching your videos. 👍ed and Sub'ed 😁

[@peterbrink373]

Thank you for your presentations!

[@SeanClarke]

Your videos are wonderful. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.

[@mjaukraft2988]

Amazing content. Let's get this on KZbin trending!

[@lesbueckert7913]

So glad I discovered your videos!!!

[@w13rdguy]

I like what you've done with your audio, professor. That's all I'm gonna say about that. 👍🏻

[@francrivera]

thank you Mr Butler !!! knowledge at it’s best !!!

[@bl8896]

I've learned more from these vids than any other physics material including school, these are so well done I question who this Dave guy is and how does he educate so well??

[@CodeLeeCarter]

Thanks again, David

[@tameimpala2166]

The way this guy's explains space, atoms, seriously probably whatever the subject, is magnetic.....damn Dave!

[@aaron2709]

You explanation of 'spin' is very clear.

[@AA-gu1xv]

I really like your videos, so smooth and insightfuls

[@mrrn100]

Beautiful teaching makes for beautiful learning.

[@outterboxthinker]

Thank you, Mr. Butler.

[@samanthakumara841]

Thank you very much for your explanation. Great.

[@Evansthoughts]

Thank you for this extremely informative video.

[@bibleredpill]

How can anything be 10,000 times smaller than an atom? And yet, it gets even smaller. This stuff is mind blowing

[@severinopereiracarollofilh5933]

Excelent explanation! Thanks.

[@edwardlee2794]

Thanks Mr Butler, mindboggling but captivating. And I just added spin into my potential intellect pursue. Thanks again and keep up with the good work. From Hker worldwide

[@awolgeordie9926]

Incredible presentation.

[@shriyasworld9552]

What a beautiful video made so simple good graphic and easy to understand thank you sir