How to Identify the Color of Soil Using the Munsell Soil Color Book (HM-519)

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The Gilson HM-519 Munsell Soil Color Chart is an affordable tool for evaluating the type of soil that is present within a given area. This established and accepted process to assign a soil color is especially useful in the geotechnical engineering profession and construction industry.
The Munsell Soil Color Chart has tabbed color range charts (10R, 7.5R, 5R, 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y and 10Y-5GY color ranges), as well as charts for tropical and semitropical soils, Australia and SE Asia soils, very wet mineral soils, as well as a page to describe white soil such as carbonate, silica, gypsum, and soluble salt participates.
Hue, Value, Chroma
Three elements are used when accurately describing the color of soil when using a Munsell Soil Color Chart: Hue, Value, Chroma.
Hue identifies the basic color, such as Red, Yellow, Blue, or in between Hues like Yellow/Red. Hue is abbreviated as R = Red; YR = Yellow‐Red; Y = Yellow, numbered 0 through 10 that is preceding the R, YR, or Y.
Number values change within the Hue color chart in 2.5 increments. Within each letter range the Hue becomes more yellow and less red as the numbers increase. For example: 2.5YR is more red than 5YR, and 7.5YR is less yellow than 10YR.
Gley Charts include Neutral, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple Hues, and combinations therein.
The page within the Munsell Soil Color Chart are organized from the most red at the beginning through most yellow toward the back. Further back is the Gley and White charts.
Value indicates the degree of lightness or darkness of your soil sample, on a 0 to 10 scale. 0 equals black and 10 equals white.
As you can see lightness increases from black at the bottom of page, through the grays, to nearly white at the top of the page. Pure white is 10 whereas pure black is 0.
Chroma represents the color’s intensity, saturation or relative vibrance on a scale from 0 to 8. Zero indicates your soil sample has almost no color and 8 indicate your soil sample has a very intense color. On your Munsell Soil Color Chart page the Chroma numbers read from left, no color, to the right, very vibrant color.

Color notation should be in the following order: Hue, Value, Chroma. As an example, the color notation 10R 5/8 means Hue is rated 10R, 5 is the Value, and 8 is the Chroma. Or in other way, your soil sample’s color is 10R, and its lightness is 5, middle of the road lightness, and the Chroma, or color vibrancy is high, so it received the highest rating of 8.
Also, it is important to keep your color charts in the proper order within your binder. A Color Name Diagram is on the opposite page, to the left, that corresponds to the Munsell chart, on the right.
Proper Color Identifying Technique
To accurately use the Munsell Soil Color Chart the user must follow proper technique when determining soil color.
First, Color Chart pages must be usable. Damaged or excessively dirty pages may not be useful in identifying soil color (Contact Gilson for replacement places).
Optimum field conditions to determine your soil sample color are under natural light on a clear sunny midday. Be sure to avoid wearing sunglasses.
Soil should be moist, not wet, nor dry. Moist soil will not glisten in the sunlight, and when texturing the soil, the soil should be easily manipulated within your hand. A dry soil sample will have a higher Value and a lower Chroma, and therein a misidentified color classification.
Color Identifying Process
Depending on the color of the soil, start at the most appropriate hue. It is the universally accepted to start at the 10YR page.
In grey soils like the soil found in a wetland, begin on the Gley page.
Always hold the soil sample behind the Hue card.
Now, determine which color chip the soil matches.
Next determine the Value, which is the vertical reading, and then the Chroma, across the bottom.
You can quickly identify the soil sample color rating by referring to Color Name Diagram on the opposite page, to the left of the Munsell chart.
Once you have identified the Hue, Value, and Chroma rating, note the identified color of your soil sample in your report.
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