How to Kick a Football to Space | Because Science Live!

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[@notsogreatsword1607]

I was just thinking about how you were meant to do this. Dr. Moo might be the one doing the science today but without people like you there wouldn't be anyone to do the science tomorrow. You have surely inspired countless people in your 5 years and if even a tiny fraction of a percent of the people who have viewed your work are inspired to go into or stay interested in a given scientific field then you will have made a huge impact on the scientific community. I think one could make the argument that this is a statistical certainty- despite however vaguely I've defined it here.

[@NathanielNow]

I like how he says Superb Owl, only to mess it up a minute later

[@sugarraybow]

how come he cant say super bowl in his live stream?

[@NarwahlGaming]

Big Bowl will sue!

[@kamikazexd1125]

I think this football thing is like the chicken situation where if you kick it with this theoretical force there would be no more foot ball and you lose your foot

[@duality4y]

i think it wouldnt be a very pleasent situation

[@RogueEvasion]

You lose both the ball and the foot

[@duality4y]

@@RogueEvasion i think you could lose more then just your foot. there is a lot of energy going around there

[@skylx0812]

...why would a chicken want to kick a football?

[@fearless4him595]

skylx08 it’s about losing your hand slapping a chicken.

[@sleeplesssessions6337]

This guy should do an episode on “ A Certain Scientific Railgun “

[@notorious_majora]

Kyle's just an Asgardian that come to earth to educate us Midgardians. Probably sent as punishment for his villainous deeds.

[@tenkaiechi01]

5:08

[@SEVEN-ip7tv]

What a good man

[@Masenken]

You'd think they'd learn to link it in the description by now

[@Xalelf]

MVP

[@GadgetBoy]

You're this week's hero.

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

I don't get it

[@rune12358]

Re: Earth having rings. In the past, Earth _has indeed had_ rings. Shortly before we had a moon, we had a ring of debris from the impact (most likely anyhow, the whole Theia thing is very not proven). Likewise, the impact of two massive things on orbit (say, one future space colony impacts into an asteroid being mined in high earth orbit), if it creates enough debris, will create more or less impressive rings eventually when the orbits settle down in a plane (the more particles, and the more reflective, the more impressive the ring system). Of course a ring system means a lot of crap flying around, so while visually impressive, it would be a very big problem for navigating any orbital assets. As to the rings forming through something passing through its Roche limit, well, the Roche limit depends on the parent object's mass _and_ the internal strength of the object orbiting it. If we grab a very loose pile of gravel held together only by its tiny internal gravity, and bring it reasonably low, it seems perfectly reasonable that it should spaghettify and disperse into a ring due to the tidal forces being greater than its internal gravity, AKA, pass the Roche limit.

[@ReaperUnreal]

I was about to type this, thanks for doing all the work. Also debating on your definition of rings, we've got a pretty serious artificial geosynchronous ring.

[@rune12358]

@@ReaperUnreal You are welcome! Your kind of reaction is why I comment. :) As to 'my definition' of rings and the geostationary arc of sats, well, maybe you could technically call that a ring system, but it is not quite visible to the naked eye. I myself don´t know of any proper definition of ring systems, and if there is one, it must be quite arbitrary and based on solar system examples. Anyhow, bring up a couple of magnitudes more of objects (or have a very destructive Kessler event or something like that), tough, and you might start to see it at night. But proper rings should be dense enough to be visible during the daytime, IMO. Imagine the view of a sunset either against, or _through_ a decent ring system.

[@GLstormchasing]

Kyle's a Packers fan? I hereby forgive all his villainy

[@Freefalen97]

GO BUCKS

[@theplanetmercury7487]

FTP

[@bobbybalogne2565]

@@Freefalen97 bucs?

[@Dr4g0nCl0ud]

What the crap KZbin?!? I didn't get a notification until AFTER the stream was over!

[@qpSubZeroqp]

Same here =(

[@gifctdotorgthought-police3706]

just got mine

[@jeffgrencik1295]

me too

[@ts25679]

The Superb Owl half time shows are a hoot. (It had to be done, don't @ me)

[@gfle1626]

The show is amazing, is it possible to block a neutron star explosion with a black hole?

[@MaxRamos8]

No? Isn't that what FORMS a black hole?

[@timg375]

​@@MaxRamos8 Yes and no, All Blackholes come from Supernovae but not all Supernovae become Black holes. It depends on the Neutron density of the remaining core after it goes nova. IF you could move a Blackhole into position between the Supernovae and US then yes if could block if, but then you have the gravity from the Blackhole to deal with. Also if it was to small it would accelerate the solar mass around it and hit us with even more energy.

[@purplecadence7390]

@@MaxRamos8 its just a fun thought dude. like put a black hole next to a neutron star exploding. literally like what would happen.

[@notsogreatsword1607]

Tim G this is a good answer, kyle better watch out you're doing his job for him!

[@otakuman706]

@@timg375 btw, it's now thought that it's possible that not ALL blackholes come from supernovae. At least theoretically at this point, anyway. I think the 'official' term for such a blackhole is a primordial blackhole. Afaik - main (or maybe only) 'source' aside from stellar collapses like a supernova- they postulate that these blackholes could have formed shortly after the formation of the universe. At that point as things were settling enough to allow for star formation, if the conditions are just right the material may collapse into a blackhole without the preceding stellar life cycle. As with anything blackhole related, it's all theoretical, but it's a 'popular' idea. Iirc one point of this theory is that these could lead to the formation of supermassive blackholes; ones that are so massive they should have required too much time to trap the mass we calculate them as currently having, again, at least based on current thoughts/calculations. Not the only idea to solve that issue, but it is one of the more recent and somewhat accepted.

[@Multipolo07]

Superb owl i cannot unhear it now

[@otakuman706]

New official name. Because screw them for being so litigious that just saying the name like that is a possible problem. What are they- like that flat faced, slit nosed, Magical Hitler, It-Must-Who-Not-Be-Named or somethin', eh?

[@robertjensen7415]

"what happens to all the air in the football when it goes into space" -Visibly goes through all the stages of depression- It'll explode!

[@Venniebee]

Please Complete All Fields r/wooosh

[@Yenncor]

Cody's lab actually put a football in a vacuum and calculated the results, though the vacuum he had wasn't the same as the one out there in space, it was still pretty accurate.

[@LostWhits]

Would temperature effect the air pressure?

[@Venniebee]

Achu 03 chill out dude I wasn’t even talking to you

[@zackmarkham4240]

INB4 A football is stuffed into the landing capsule with the drone with 'Suck it Kyle' written on it. XD

[@deathsyth8888]

"Go Pack go." - Kyle Hill, Certified Cheesehead

[@jamesharrington2385]

Can we just take a moment to realize how impressive it is that he can write backwards that well

[@Tharkon]

Yeah, and not even using his dominant hand, like he lived inside some kind of mirror dimension.

[@RJ_Ehlert]

Holy Science, I'm living in Wisconsin!

[@Freefalen97]

Meeeee too GO BUCKS

[@Animaniac-vd5st]

I just now realized that he has to write all that stuff mirrored for us to see it right. Now i have even more respect.

[@timothylaquerre3377]

Simply put. No sir, THANK YOU KYLE. You're service to humanity is priceless and on par with any teacher, scientist, police officer, or trash man in its importance to society. Keep it up brother.

[@timothylaquerre3377]

*****Your***** service, lol

[@pixl3l]

Just want to say thank you back. This channel is one of few that I watch everything on. It is always interesting and entertaining to watch, and educational. Personally I think it is inspiring as well, make me want to learn more about everything. So once again, thank YOU for all your hard work.

[@BrianKirsch]

Great call out to the folks in Wisconsin! Go Marquette / Packers - from a IT teacher at MATC. Also can a full sized Mechwarrior be built? Will the size and weight of the armor be to much for joints and structure, we know hydraulic pistons can move massive loads but the stress fractures of a joint have to be insane at something like a elbow joint without cable support like a crane that has no armor .

[@Freefalen97]

I live here but I dont hear about the BUCKS just say reading down stream I love them

[@dogman8339]

A full size mechwarrior? Sure. It’s just a human. A battlemech I’m not so sure :)

[@Joe-sp6tj]

Thank YOU Kyle, this show has really been able to pick me up when i'm down, and learn interesting, (and sometimes silly) things! Your effort is very much appreciated, keep up the great world. And keep being the pioneer of science you are!

[@jennajackson7892]

Super nerd award for calling Autism a condition, and not a disease. Thank you, Kyle!!! ❤️

[@misacleanjr9356]

Love the vids you’re a inspiration to a lot of people and are basically the only reason I passed science this year keep up the good work and keep making science cool

[@earnestbrown6524]

14:00 She has also been on the show "How the Universe Works."

[@420DarylMr]

Thank you and the team for all the hard work yous put into these videos ❤

[@yamilh8910]

16:10 activates my "ok google" assistant. Weird but cool

[@beardlessdwarf1047]

i absolutely love how careful kyle is when he's says the "i know a little about a lot" . i can feel see his brain contract and slow in order to get the wording right lol.

[@DrakeMagnum]

I feel like Kyle could have a button on the floor he can step on that silently turns a light on so the Void Voice Nate can know exactly when to ask the next question. It's not hugely important, but would make transitions more smooth for Nate, and also might make Kyle more disciplined about moving on. I love the show and just want to secretly make it even better.

[@sternis1]

I think I've followed the channel for about a year now, and I absolutely love the work that you do. I'm never able to catch the livestream, because 1. I never know when it is, and 2. because itäs probably in the middle of the night for me (I live in Sweden). But this is the kind of show I love: SOmeone doing nerdy calculations about completely irrelevant pop-culture subjects, in a an effort to teach people science in a fun way. You deseve all the best, and keep up the good work!

[@ts25679]

Thank you and the team for all your hard work making this show and thank you for showing the fun side of the sciences. Science is a wonderful wonderous thing and it really helps when science communicators like yourself put things into terms lay-people like myself can understand since maths and I never really got along. I have a question with regards to phytoplankton, climate change and ocean desertification: Would it be possible to farm phytoplankton as a method of carbon sequestration and of (re)generating ocean ecosystems and if so what kind of impact would it have?

[@guitardavepdx]

I have mad respect for you doing this. I am a spiritual person and believe we have a purpose and this is yours. I can't tell you how much I appreciate you keep this family friendly. My kids watch with me and I love I don't have to worry about the content. Keep it up man, this world needs geeks like you

[@otakuribo]

9:23 _football sun, won't you come_

[@andreubotella6464]

About rings, the most prevalent hypothesis for how the Moon formed is that very early in the Earth's history, a planet (planetoid?) the size of Mars called Theia (after the mother of the Moon in Greek mythology) crashed into the Earth. This exposed the Earth's core and blew a lot of core, mantle and crust of both planets, some of which came back down to Earth, and some of which formed a ring around the Earth. I'm not sure about this, but it's probable that due to its formation, the ring was beyond the Roche limit, which meant that rather than spreading thin it ended up collapsing into one single body. This also explains why the Moon is drifting away from Earth unlike all other natural satellites we know about, because it keeps some of that outward kinetic energy.

[@williambarbre4404]

"Superb Owl." I love it!

[@Ceastment]

So the neutrino density thing reminds me of the brilliant Randal Monroe book "What If?" Where towards the end of the book he talks about what would be a "lethal dose of neutrinos" It's cool when I get to see different takes on the same concept. Also, obligatory love the show. But really I do.

[@umerpk4188]

Football? Oh, you mean AMERICAN football. 😂

[@skepticalbadger]

@carl carlson He's effectively broadcasting to the entire world, so that logic doesn't hold. If his *audience* is majority American, then fine.

[@TeronGer]

carl carlson says who?

[@Tharkon]

Since air resistance is ignored the shape of the ball becomes irrelevant and an association football is only about 3% heavier.

[@otakuman706]

I love how happy Kyle was with that dad pun when he heard it. Just lit him up 🤣 Also a Kyle who can really appreciate some bad dad jokes

[@Mike504]

100 pull ups a day. Holy cow Kyle. I haven't done 100 pull-ups in the last 10 years. Back in high school I would do pull ups with a backpack of books on, but can't do 1 now lol.

[@shazamham5203]

I just have an image in my head where the rover Dr. Moo is helping with, when it lands on Mars, opens a compartment and out comes a football. Maybe have a recording of Dr. Moo saying " HAHAHA, I did it, Kyle!" or something along those lines.

[@tiborpejic2341]

Hi Kyle, love the show. I have a small note regarding the escape velocity/speed. I believe ti should really be called velocity because it has to act in the direction opposite to the pull of gravity. If you're moving at an angle, then the vertical component of your velocity (v*sin t, where t is the angle from horizontal line) must be at least 11.2 km/s. If this was really speed, then you could move towards the centre of Earth at that speed and escape the Earth's gravitational field. And if you want to be really pedantic, it is a velocity whose direction depends on your current position; thus, it is actually a function whose input is your position x and output is the vector with magnitude 11.2 (if we assume uniform gravitational field) and direction opposite to the pull of gravity.

[@CamaroAmx]

Somebody watched Superman 1 with Christoper Reeves, where he kicks a football into space after the football player knock over the equipment after he had neatly stacked them.

[@dekacj3]

I love this channel! Please keep making us a little bit smarter every episode...lol.

[@Treethinking666]

Would that have to be at a 45" angle? I love you Kyle 'Thor' Hill! Keep science and love up!

[@kczcb4697]

Even at that speed a bears kicker would still double doink the field goal. Now I’m convinced kyles evil lair is under lambeau field.

[@sunny-sq6ci]

hey Kyle, have you thought about what the yield of the thermonuclear explosion of the atmos plant in Aliens really is? keep up the good work

[@timg375]

She is also a guest on How the Universe Works.

[@timg375]

@Please Complete All Fields yeah

[@storyspren]

The Roche limit also happens to be when you don't wanna see Vernon again.

[@RexYoung206]

Off-topic question: When a bolt of lightning strikes, are all the EM poles of all the bolt's electrons aligned? If you can call down a bolt of lightning from a storm cloud with a wire attached to a rocket (or maybe a kite with a key on its string), could you manipulate the polarity of that lightning bolt?

[@strykersigma]

Hey Kyle. First time commenter and I think I got a good one. What if the earth entered another ice age? A. Would humans survive? B. Would it save the earth (help with global warming). C. Is it even possible to have another ice age? Thanks for all the info/entertainment!

[@tyrannasaurruss6329]

Oh no, you said it! @1:08. They're gonna get you Kyle.

[@Unknown-fl2vj]

Just a question how much more would the Death star have to be to Destroy a black hole.

[@leighvanderwal3438]

What time will i need to be watching this in perth western Australia. Big fan and would love to watch live and ask some Juicy questions!

[@kylewiggins1172]

All these interesting videos and subjects and I’m just sat here amazed by how Kyle writes backwards effortlessly 😅😅

[@smokenchoken1736]

I would love to see Kyle and Kneel-in-de-grass Tyson sit down and nerd out for a few hours

[@Tutbjun]

Hey Kyle. Love the show. Your calculations of the escape velocity of a football was great, but I think that the atmosperical calculations were missing, so I attempted to estimate the escape velocity from the surface with the atmosphere in mind. First, the acceleration can be expressed with the genereal formula of drag: a = - A * v^2 * C * d / 2 * m - g where: A is the cross section area of the ball v is its speed C is its coeficient of drag of the ball m is the mass of the ball g is the gravitational acceleration d is the density of air (this will later be the average density up to the karman line) This can be multiplied by the time (t), that the ball is inside the atmosphere, to give an equation, that would be about equal to the speed, that you calculated in the video (11800 m/s): v1 = -t * (A * v^2 * C * d / 2 * m + g) The speed can be very roughly estimated by saying that v(t) (the velocity as a function of time) is a third degree polynomial (although i have no idea if it's true), and thereby the average speed would be: va = (v0 - v1) * 2 / 3 + v1 where: va is the average speed v0 is the start speed (this is what needs to be isolated later) v1 is the speed at the end (11800 m/s) Then by saying that the ball should be shot straight upwards, the time can be estimated like so: t = h / va where: h is the height to the karman line (although that is kind of arbitrary value) Then everything can be put together i the formula, and v0 can be isolated: v1 = h * (A * ((v0 - v1) * (2/3) + v1) * C * d / (2 * m) - g / ((v0 - v1) * (2/3) + v1) v0 = ( A * C * h * d * v1 + 3 * v1 * m + 3 * sqrt( -2 * A * C * h^2 * g * m * d + m^2 * v1^2 )) / (2 * A * C * d * h ) It was a whole task in itself finding all the necesarry variables, but I got a velocity of 9.7 * 10^11 m/s or about 3200 times the speed of light. By newtonian physics, that would be about 4.7 * 10^23 Joules, but in reality, it would take a couple infinities of energy (and the breakage of physics).

[@skihames1813]

hey Kyle, always fun to watch your video's what do you think about the great filter? and if you think its real were do you think we stand?

[@bentoth9555]

The Roche limit for Earth is about 2.863 Earth radii, so it's certainly doable to have a ring system around a planet our size. The smallest object I'm aware of with a ring system is the centaur (small body in the outer Solar System) 10199 Chariklo with a diameter around 250 km.

[@jasonmschleyz]

If you were to kick anything with escape velocity wouldn't it just explode?

[@truthteller880]

WISCONSIN!!!

[@Freefalen97]

Goooo BUCKS

[@ShaunHusain]

Think on the pole would have gyroscopic procession effect on the earth.

[@tretozo]

Even if Earth isn't destroyed in a super nova event, the planet probably will be set in a crash course with Jupter.

[@SkyChu0]

How does the force requirements change if, instead of providing the kinetic energy with the kick alone, the kick set up a trajectory for a slingshot manoeuvre?

[@lawmansama]

sounds like the force used to kick a ball out of orbit would destroy the actual ball. Wouldnt you need a denser material to survive the impact , which inturn would require a greater force to propel the ball heavenward? BTW Love your Luminous Lustrous Locks, keep up the good work!

[@MonkeyJedi99]

Rockets survive the trip in large part because they gradually accelerate to escape velocity. Jules Verne's methodology, while visionary in the extreme, would wreck a hollow structure, and the squishy people inside of it.

[@benesguerra4609]

Hey Kyle. Show’s awesome. I was watching the episode of you explaining what going into hyperspace would look like and I was curious. What would happen if a space ship passed by a black hole? Or how close could you get without getting sucked in?

[@pucknorris3473]

your take on simulation theory sir please ...you would be the first sceptic ive heard speak on it btw love the show

[@olahisawsome]

HOLY CRIPES IM FROM WISCONSIN! It's nice to see a big youtuber that's from Wisconsin

[@RicardoMorenoAlmeida]

First, love the show. Now, you understood the rocket on the Earth question wrong. He was asking about accelerating our path around the sun so that the year was closer to exactly 365 days so we could avoid leap years, not about spin to avoid leap seconds. i.e. It was not about rotation, it was about translation.

[@SovereignwindVODs]

the rocket would have to be attached in such a way that it could rotate independent of the earths spin. otherwise it would accelerate the earth in whatever direction it happened to be pointing at any given time. and even if we could get it to do that, it would probably change the earths overall orbit in a way I can't really predict.

[@MrTrunks2432432]

I believe the earth rotates due to the gravitational forces in our solar system. The rockets might effect it for some time, but those forces would eventually rereach equilibrium.

[@RicardoMorenoAlmeida]

@@MrTrunks2432432 Rotation is the movement around the earth's own axis, which generates our days. Translation is the yearly movement and is "generated" by gravity. This is what "deviates" the Earth from going in a straight line through the galaxy to an elliptical movement around the Sun.

[@weirdkitty07]

"Superb Owl" Is that a 2014 Colbert Report reference? Nice. If not, well Colbert did make an episode about it.

[@amnesiaride]

Thank you for calling it a condition, and not a disorder.

[@Penjulum]

That is one freakingly resilient football. :}~~ (because it should have wrapped up around the foot that kicked it as it blew the freak up)

[@falcocofield3404]

GO PACK GO!!!

[@Freefalen97]

GO BUCKS

[@EyesOfByes]

You make it round.

[@InsaneApparition]

Damn. It was already crazy enough that Banner mixed up with Hulk, but now we got Thor with Tony Stark's brain? THAT'S INSANE!

[@TiagoTiagoT]

Changing Earth's orbit to address leap years is different from how Earth's rotation induces leap seconds

[@superdragonblade12]

What would happen to the person who kicked the fooball I assume it would not be good.

[@allmybasketsinoneegg]

If we're still ignoring atmospheric pressure, there's still the shockwave of the foot, kicking the football at hyper sonic speeds. It would bounce around inside the person and he/she'd die from massive internal bleeding. Probably. Or just.. also explode. It would be like stepping on a few landmines at once. If we're NOT ignoring atmospheric drag, the velocity the football would need when leaving the kicking foot would be ridiculous to the point we're no longer measuring energy in car crashes or sticks of dynamite. We'd be measuring forces in rocket launches (conservatively) or Tsar bomba's if we're being pessimistic about it. And now there's an atmosphere to propagate the shock wave. Conservatively, a city's worth of area would simply cease to exist. At worst, the shock wave would kill everything, everywhere.

[@GuitarsRockForever]

@@allmybasketsinoneegg Only if the ball is indestructible. That much force would immediately blow the ball to "nothingness". Using an online calculator, 25mj is about energy of 10kg TNT. So nowhere near a mess destruction level.

[@RagnarOdinson]

So NOW I'm curios, Lol. What Would be the Escape Velocity of a Bullet, or let's call it a 6mm projectile with a weight of 103 Grains (roughly 6.68 grams), in the interest of specificity. 🤔... And/Or the Escape Velocity of a .50 caliber projectile similar to the bullets used in the 12.7x99mm cartridge... *aka The venerable, 50BMG! (AKA The .50 cal Browning Machine Gun round. 👊💥). Just one of the many Gifts left to us mere mortals by The Great John Moses Browning!! ...hallowed be thy name.* Ohh sh*t! 😜 Sorry, got off on a bit of a tangent there, Lol 🍻🍻😎. So, Anyway, let's just say the .50 cal/12.7mm has a Bullet weight of about 750 Grains (or 49 grams). What are the Speeds and Energy required based on the equation? P.S. Thanks ahead of time if anyone actually answers this question, 'cause I think I'm slightly drunk and therefore do Not feel the inclination to do the math right now. 😂😜! ✌️

[@skylx0812]

Charlie Brown would cause Lucy to explode. So there's that.

[@heartyxpunk]

Nah, Justin Tucker can do it no prob

[@KrepsyK]

Nate can't pronounce a name and immediately a commercial with sad music comes on. Best timed coincidence ever

[@cryophile]

Thanks for suggesting Neuro Tribes! I'm autistic, and I didn't know about it. I look forward to putting it on my shelf.

[@TeeteringTod]

Kyle is gonna be ripped by the summer if he keeps doing all those pull-ups.

[@TheRivanKing91]

Hey Kyle, the Earth could support rings but the proximity to the Sun would cause enough gravitational force to dislodge their orbit. So while it's possible, any rings the Earth could have would dissipate relatively quickly. Artifexian did an exellent video on the Roche limit for terrestrial planets and how they could form.

[@matthewdavis363]

Love your show bro!!!!!

[@kermitthorson9719]

Kyle. I love you. Keep on educating. Nerd fist bump

[@no_nope_knope]

Thank you. 💙

[@rafilosofo]

Kyle, I recently discovered my autism, and I want to read more about it. I just wanted to thank you for the book's recommendation, I had never heard about it here in Brazil. Seems very good.

[@cartercordingley6062]

Kyle love the show, but got a correction. Putting rockets on the equator would speed up or down the length of the day. Not a year. It would be easier (and safer) to change the calendar (man made measurement) then alter the spin of the earth. Side note a because of leap year a calendar date will fall on the same day of the week in a 6,5,6,11 cycle Also before Oct 1582 / sept 1782 (UK and colonies) most place on earth did not observe leep year and had to skip 10/11 days to fix it when they switched from the julian to gregorian calendar

[@xelasoccer]

I didn't know you were from Wisconsin. That's so cool! I have lived in Wisconsin my whole life and was born here. Did you hear about the UW Madison School of Veterinary Medicine getting a Super Bowl commercial?

[@tyrudd3003]

Do one on bending elements

[@jonc5467]

The Roche limit for earth is >18237km per www.quora.com/What-is-the-Roche-limit-of-the-Earth . Which puts it well outside the 480Km atmosphere, but also within the Moon's orbit. Another interesting question would be, how big could rings around the earth get before the moon's gravity started cannibalizing it?

[@creativeprop540]

I had no clue you’re from Wisconsin. Awesome!!! If you don’t mind me asking what part of WI are you from? I’m from Green Lake county.

[@Lagwin]

we could all be dead in an instant,....kyle with a big cheesy grin.....YES

[@allmybasketsinoneegg]

Found a clip from brainfoo where they overinflated a football which exploded at 45 psi, roughly three times atmospheric pressure. So yes, a regulation football pumped to around 13 psi would be fine in space. Fine here being relative. Assuming nothing physical happens to it, and that the material doesn't degrade over time, nor leaks, as well as a near infinite journey, the ball would still end up exploding. It would start slowly freeze down to around 3 degrees Kelvin, it lowering the pressure at the air inside turns liquid, and then solid. The football reduced to a sad, frozen sack of hide (still mostly football shaped, because there's no external pressure to squash it down), with air ice cubes in it. Occasionally it would get exposed to enough light to heat back up enough to briefly re-inflate itself. Eventually, it will get close enough to a star to heat up and slowly increase internal pressure as the air ice cubes turn back into gasses. Possibly multiple times, but at least for one glorious moment it would be back at regulation pressure, about 13 psi. But eventually it's luck would run out and it would get close enough to a star that it would keep heating up increasing internal pressure as it does so, and at around 30 psi it would explode and the journey of an inflated football through the universe would have ended.

[@MrFishcooKie]

Hi Kyle, I think Science Communication is an awesome field to be a part of. I believe it's called the 'rho-sh' limit, like the rho in density, you have the second part down.

[@Deakore]

Been watching since I saw one of your vids during a break of a critical role episode on geek and sundry's twitch stream and I've watched every single video since. You're a joy to watch and I always feel that I come away from your content having learnt something new. Thanks for everything you do.

[@esajaan]

Superb owls already sound more interesting than the super bowl...

[@GryphonBrokewing]

Behold, the power of cheese. Funny with the Packer references.

[@cryspyd]

Hey Kyle. I would like to hear your thoughts on the gaia cosmic disclosure program' or the citizens hearing on disclosure

[@jdave420]

Whereabouts in WI are you from?

[@RexYoung206]

Another fantastic episode, Kyle! Off-topic question: If you were able to watch a red giant star collapse just before exploding into a supernova, would the red giant visually appear to Doppler shift in color as it collapsed?

[@johnseeger5305]

Hi i dont get escape velocity becouse gravity extens infinetly so shoudnt the ball come back eventually ? Btw sorry for my grammar and spelling im not a nativ english speaker

[@thunderman0880]

John Seeger yes but gravity gets exponentially weaker so it doesn’t really matter in calculations far from earth

[@daonlydarknight7254]

Hey Kyle would it be possible to restart/create mars an internal dynamo as to gave it a magnetic field like earth